References
- Al-Hasan, A., Yim, D., & Khuntia, J. (2020). Citizens’ adherence to COVID-19 mitigation recommendations by the government: A 3-country comparative evaluation using web-based cross-sectional survey data. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e20634. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/20634
- Anderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., & Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The Lancet, 395(10228), 931–934. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
- Barakat, A. M., & Kasemy, Z. A. (2020). Preventive health behaviours during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic based on health belief model among Egyptians. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 27(43). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-00051-y
- Baroni, D., McCracken, L. M., Matera, C., Nerini, A., & Stefanile, C. (2019). Misurare i valori: Proprietà psicometriche della versione italiana del Brief Values Inventory. Psicoterapia Cognitiva E Comportamentale, 25(1), 13–33.
- Bashirian, S., Jenabi, E., Khazaei, S., Barati, M., Karimi-Shahanjarini, A., Zareian, S., Rezapur-Shahkolai, F., & Moeini, B. (2020). Factors associated with preventive behaviours of COVID-19 among hospital staff in Iran in 2020: An application of the protection motivation theory. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(3), 430–433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.035
- Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797–824. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
- Boss, S. R., Galletta, D. F., Lowry, P. B., Moody, G. D., & Polak, P. (2015). What do systems users have to fear? Using fear appeals to engender threats and fear that motivate protective security behaviors. MIS Quarterly, 39(4), 837–864. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2015/39.4.5
- Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Mabbe, E., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2019). Ups and downs in the joy of motherhood: Maternal well-being as a function of psychological needs, personality, and infant temperament. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(1), 229–250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9936-0
- Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
- Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., Duda, S., Solo, K., Yaacoub, S., Schünemann, H. J., Reinap, M., Akl, E. A., El-harakeh, A., Bognanni, A., Lotfi, T., Loeb, M., Hajizadeh, A., Bak, A., Izcovich, A., Cuello-Garcia, C. A., Chen, C., Harris, D. J., Borowiack, E., Schünemann, F., … Chu, D. K. (2020). Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 395(10242), 1973–1987. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
- De Hoog, N., Stroebe, W., & De Wit, J. B. (2007). The impact of vulnerability to and severity of a health risk on processing and acceptance of fear-arousing communications: A meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology, 11(3), 258–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.11.3.258
- Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., & Machnik-Czerwik, A. (2021). How does stress affect our life satisfaction during COVID-19 pandemic? Moderated mediation analysis of sense of coherence and fear of coronavirus. Psychology Health & Medicine, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1906436
- Floyd, D. L., Prentice‐Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta‐analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 407–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x
- Haque, A., Karim, W., Kabir, S. M. H., & Tarofder, A. K. (2020). Understanding social distancing intention among university students during Covid-19 outbreak: An application of protection motivation theory. Test Engineering and Management, 83, 16360–16377.
- Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 639–665. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80013-3
- Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
- Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
- Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Gao, H., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (2021). Indicazioni ad interim sulle misure di prevenzione e controllo delle infezioni da SARS-CoV-2 in tema di varianti e vaccinazione anti-COVID-19. Versione del 13 marzo 2021 [Interim guidance on measures for the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infections in terms of variants and vaccination against COVID-19. Version of March 13, 2021].ISS Infection Prevention and Control Working Group. Rapporto ISS COVID-19 n. 4/2021. https://www.iss.it/documents/20126/0/Rapporto+ISS+COVID-19+n.+4_2021d.pdf/5ece92de-7793-5f04-4edb-26762a55b47b?t=1615996998754.
- Jahan, A. (2017). A critical analysis of relationship between frustration and values among students of higher education. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 3(11), 180–187.
- Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Value and value orientation in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification. In T. Parsons & E. A. Shils (Eds.), Towards a general theory of action (pp. 388–433). Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674863507.c8
- Kluckhohn, F. R. (1951). Cultural factors in social work practice and education. Social Service Review, 25(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/638125
- LeJeune, J., & Luoma, J. B. (2019). Values in therapy: A clinician’s guide to helping clients explore values, increase psychological flexibility, and live a more meaningful life. New Harbinger Publications.
- Lipsitch, M., Swerdlow, D. L., & Finelli, L. (2020). Defining the epidemiology of Covid-19—studies needed. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1194–1196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2002125
- Lotfi, M., Hamblin, M. R., & Rezaei, N. (2020). COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clinica Chimica Acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 508, 254–266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.044
- Mahase, E. (2021). Covid-19: What new variants are emerging and how are they being investigated? BMJ, 372(158), 1–2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n158
- McCracken, L. M., & Vowles, K. E. (2008). A prospective analysis of acceptance of pain and values-based action in patients with chronic pain. Health Psychology, 27(2), 215–2020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.215
- McCracken, L. M., & Yang, S. Y. (2008). A contextual cognitive-behavioral analysis of rehabilitation workers’ health and well-being: Influences of acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(4), 479–485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012854
- Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health‐related behavior: A meta‐analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 106–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02308.x
- Ministero della Salute (2021a). Novel coronavirus. Report monitoraggio Covid-19. Istituto Superiore di Sanità. http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioNotizieNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=5421http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioNotizieNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=5421.
- Ministero della Salute (2021b). Novel coronavirus. Report monitoraggio Covid-19. Istituto Superiore della Sanità. https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioNotizieNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=5543https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioNotizieNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=5543.
- Park, Y. J., Choe, Y. J., Park, O., Park, S. Y., Kim, Y. M., Kim, J., Kweon, S., Woo, Y., Gwack, J., Kim, S. S., Lee, J., Hyun, J., Ryu, B., Jang, Y. S., Kim, H., Shin, S. H., Yi, S., Lee, S., Kim, H. K., Lee, H., & Jeong, E. K., & COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology and Case Management Team. (2020). Contact tracing during coronavirus disease outbreak, South Korea, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(10), 2465–2468. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2610.201315
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
- Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
- Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and psychological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook(pp. 153–176). Guildfort Press.
- Rohan, M. J. (2000). A rose by any name? The values construct. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(3), 255–277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0403_4
- Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. Free Press.
- Roma, P., Monaro, M., Muzi, L., Colasanti, M., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Napoli, C., Ferracuti, S., & Mazza, C. (2020). How to improve compliance with protective health measures during the covid-19 outbreak: Testing a moderated mediation model and machine learning algorithms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197252
- Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 359–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806
- Sagiv, L., Roccas, S., Cieciuch, J., & Schwartz, S. H. (2017). Personal values in human life. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(9), 630–639. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0185-3
- Šakan, D., Žuljević, D., & Rokvić, N. (2020). The role of basic Psychological Needs In Well-Being During the COVID-19 outbreak: A self-determination theory perspective. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 583181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.583181
- Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
- Sharifirad, G., Yarmohammadi, P., Sharifabad, M. A. M., & Rahaei, Z. (2014). Determination of preventive behaviors for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 based on protection motivation theory among female high school students in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 3, 7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.127556
- Shin, J. Y., & Steger, M. F. (2014). Promoting meaning and purpose in life. In A. C. Parks & S. M. Schueller (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of positive psychological interventions (pp. 90–110). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118315927.ch5
- Simione, L., & Gnagnarella, C. (2020). Differences between health workers and general population in risk perception, behaviors, and psychological distress related to COVID-19 spread in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02166
- Stefanile, C. (2011). Fear Appeals in psicologia della salute. In A. Pazzagli, P. Vanni, S. Casale, & D. Vanni (Eds.), Psicologia: Storia e Clinica. Omaggio a Saulo Sirigatti (pp. 241–250). Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi.
- Streiner, D. L. (2005). Finding our way: An introduction to path analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 115–122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000207
- Timpka, T., Spreco, A., Gursky, E., Eriksson, O., Dahlström, Ö., Strömgren, M., Holm, E., Karlsson, D., Hinkula, J., Holm, E., & Ekberg, J. (2014). Intentions to perform non-pharmaceutical protective behaviors during influenza outbreaks in Sweden: A cross-sectional study following a mass vaccination campaign. PLoS One, 9(3), e91060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091060
- Wang, C., & Zhao, H. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on anxiety in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01168
- West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage.
- Weston, R., & Gore, P. A., Jr. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719–751. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
- Williams, L., Rasmussen, S., Kleczkowski, A., Maharaj, S., & Cairns, N. (2015). Protection motivation theory and social distancing behaviour in response to a simulated infectious disease epidemic. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 20(7), 832–837. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1028946
- Wilson, K. G., Sandoz, E. K., Kitchens, J., & Roberts, M. (2010). The valued living questionnaire: Defining and measuring valued action within a behavioral framework. The Psychological Record, 60(2), 249–272. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395706
- Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 591–615. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506
- World Health Organization. (2020, March 18). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/MentalHealth/2020.1). www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/era-of-infectious-disease.
- Xiao, H., Li, S., Chen, X., Yu, B., Gao, M., Yan, H., & Okafor, C. N. (2014). Protection motivation theory in predicting intention to engage in protective behaviors against schistosomiasis among middle school students in rural China. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(10), e3246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003246