Iranian college students’ intention towards social distancing in COVID-19 pandemic: An application of the extended theory of planned behavior

References

• Adiyoso, W., & Wilopo. (2021). Social distancing intentions to reduce the spread of COVID-19: The extended theory of planned behavior. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1836. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11884-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, V. (2014). A/H1N1 vaccine intentions in college students: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of American College Health, 62(6), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.917650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control (pp. 11–39). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., Joyce, N., Sheikh, S., & Cote, N. G. (2011). Knowledge and the prediction of behavior: The role of information accuracy in the theory of planned behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.568834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alnakli, Z. (2016). Saudi Arabians’ health beliefs pertaining to Middle East Respiratory syndrome–coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) assessment. College of Health Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Ang, T., Wei, S., & Arli, D. (2021). Social distancing behavior during COVID-19: A TPB perspective. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 39(6), 809–824. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-08-2020-0352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (1999). Distinguishing perceptions of control from self-efficacy: predicting consumption of a low-fat diet using the theory of planned behavior1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(1), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01375.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta‐analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauerle Bass, S., Burt Ruzek, S., Ward, L., Gordon, T. F., Hanlon, A., Hausman, A. J., Hagen, M., Bass, S. B., Ruzek, S. B., Ward, L., Gordon, T. F., Hanlon, A., Hausman, A. J., & Hagen, M. (2010). If you ask them, will they come? Predictors of quarantine compliance during a hypothetical avian influenza pandemic: Results from a statewide survey. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 4(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1001/dmphp.D-09-00052R2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauer, M., & Chaurand, N. (2009). Descriptive norms, prescriptive norms, and social control: An intercultural comparison of people’s reactions to uncivil behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(3), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421
   Google Scholar
• Cantey, P. T., Chuk, M. G., Kohl, K. S., Herrmann, J., Weiss, P., Graffunder, C. M., Averhoff, F., Kahn, E. B., & Painter, J. (2013). Public health emergency preparedness. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 19(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0b013e31824d4666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K.-C., Yang, S. X., Mullan, B., Du, X., Zhang, X., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Preventing the spread of H1N1 influenza infection during a pandemic: Autonomy-supportive advice versus controlling instruction. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(3), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9616-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, J. E. (2020). Applied structural equation modeling using AMOS: Basic to advanced techniques (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018414
   Google Scholar
• Das, A. K., Abdul Kader Jilani, M. M., Uddin, M. S., Uddin, M. A., & Ghosh, A. K. (2021). Fighting ahead: Adoption of social distancing in COVID-19 outbreak through the lens of theory of planned behavior. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1–4), 373–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1833804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Economist. (2020). Curbing the COVID-19 comeback in Europe: Young people are flouting the rules. https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/08/01/curbing-the-covid-19-comeback-in-europe
   Google Scholar
• Fila, S. A., & Smith, C. (2006). Applying the theory of planned behavior to healthy eating behaviors in urban Native American youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 10(2), 130–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. In Journal of marketing research (Vol. 18, pp. 382–388, 3). Sage Publications Sage CA. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, L. P., Magnan, R. E., Kramer, E. B., & Bryan, A. D. (2021). Theory of planned behavior analysis of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Focusing on the intention–behavior gap. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 55(8), 805–812. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunzler, D. D., Perzynski, A. T., & Carle, A. C. (2021). Structural equation modeling for health and medicine (1st ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203701133
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Hansstein, F. V., & Echegaray, F. (2018). Exploring motivations behind pollution-mask use in a sample of young adults in urban China. Globalization and Health, 14(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0441-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaiser, F. G., & Scheuthle, H. (2003). Two challenges to a moral extension of the theory of planned behavior: Moral norms and just world beliefs in conservationism. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(5), 1033–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00316-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E. Y., Liao, Q., Yu, E. S., Kim, J. H., Yoon, S. W., Lam, W. W. T., & Fielding, R. (2016). Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea during 2015: Risk-related perceptions and quarantine attitudes. American Journal of Infection Control, 44(11), 1414–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, M. S. Y., Dalziel, B. D., Funk, S., McClelland, A., Tiffany, A., Riley, S., Metcalf, C. J. E., & Grenfell, B. T. (2017). Spatial and temporal dynamics of superspreading events in the 2014–2015 West Africa Ebola epidemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(9), 2337–2342. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614595114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C.-K., Song, H.-J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M.-J., & Han, H. (2012). The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 33(1), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, Q., Cowling, B. J., Lam, W. W. T., & Fielding, R. (2011). Factors affecting intention to receive and self-reported receipt of 2009 pandemic (H1N1) vaccine in Hong Kong: A longitudinal study. PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17713. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynne, G. D., Casey, C. F., Hodges, A., & Rahmani, M. (1995). Conservation technology adoption decisions and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(4), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(95)00031-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, T. M. (2012). Factors that influence overweight and obese men’s participation in healthy eating, exercise, and weight management programs [2000-2019-CSU Theses and Dissertations]. Colorado State University.
   Google Scholar
• Mal, P., Suneel, P., & Shomeeta, P. (2020). Social distancing: A non-pharmacological intervention for COVID-19. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 70(5), 1. https://doi.org/10.5455/JPMA.05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S., Yardley, L., & Little, P. (2012). Development of an intervention to reduce transmission of respiratory infections and pandemic flu: Measuring and predicting hand-washing intentions. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 17(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.564188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nystrand, B. T., & Olsen, S. O. (2020). Consumers’ attitudes and intentions toward consuming functional foods in Norway. Food Quality and Preference, 80, 103827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, D., Dowding, D. W., McDonald, M. V., Adams, V., Rosati, R. J., Larson, E. L., & Shang, J. (2018). Factors for compliance with infection control practices in home healthcare: Findings from a survey of nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward infection control. American Journal of Infection Control, 46(11), 1211–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shmueli, L. (2021). Predicting intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine among the general population using the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior model. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 804. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10816-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P. H., & Branscum, P. W. (2021). Feasibility, utility, and limitations of a rapid community behavioral diagnosis for social distancing during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. American Journal of Health Promotion, 35(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117120932460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumaedi, S., Bakti, I. G. M. Y., Rakhmawati, T., Widianti, T., Astrini, N. J., Damayanti, S., Massijaya, M. A., & Jati, R. K. (2020). Factors influencing intention to follow the “stay at home” policy during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Health Governance, 26(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHG-05-2020-0046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, T., Tsai, L. T., & Yang, C.-C. (2013). Applying structural equation modeling (SEM) in educational research. In M. S. Khine, L. C. Ping, D. Cunningham (Eds.), Application of structural equation modeling in educational research and practice (pp. 3–21). SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-332-4_1
   Google Scholar
• Terry, D. J., & O’Leary, J. E. (1995). The theory of planned behaviour: The effects of perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34(2), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01058.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trifiletti, E., Shamloo, S. E., Faccini, M., & Zaka, A. (2021). Psychological predictors of protective behaviours during the Covid‐19 pandemic: Theory of planned behaviour and risk perception. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2509
   Google Scholar
• Wismans, A. B., Letina, S., Thurik, R., Wennberg, K., Baptista, R., Barrientos Marín, J., Block, J., Burke, A., Dejardin, M., & Janssen, F. (2020). Hygiene and social distancing as distinct public health related behaviours among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(4), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.4383
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Z. J. (2015). Predicting young adults’ intentions to get the H1N1 vaccine: An integrated model. Journal of Health Communication, 20(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.904023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanti, B., Wahyudi, E., Wahiduddin, W., Novika, R. G. H., Arina, Y. M. D., Martani, N. S., & Nawan, N. (2020). Community knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards social distancing policy as prevention transmission of COVID-19 in Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(2), 4. https://doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.4-14
   Google Scholar
• Zamir, M., Shah, Z., Nadeem, F., Memood, A., Alrabaiah, H., & Kumam, P. (2020). Non pharmaceutical interventions for optimal control of COVID-19. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 196, 105642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Wang, F., Zhu, C., & Wang, Z. (2019). Willingness to self-isolate when facing a pandemic risk: Model, empirical test, and policy recommendations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar