1,038
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A Structural Validation of Brand Personality Scale: Assessing the Congruence Effects of Sport Sponsorship

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon

References

  • Aaker, J. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347–356. doi:10.2307/3151897
  • Aaker, J., Benet-Martinez, V., & Garolera, J. (2001). Consumption symbols as carriers of culture: A study of Japanese and Spanish brand personality constructs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(3), 492–508. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.3.492
  • Azoulay, A., & Kapferer, J. (2003). Do brand personality scales really measure brand personality? Journal of Brand Management, 11(2), 143–155. doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540162
  • Bainbridge, J. (2001). Brand fit is crucial to the success of cause related ties. Marketing, 3, 21–25.
  • Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4
  • Biel, A. L. (1993). Converting image into equity. In D. A. Aaker & A. L. Biel (Eds.), Brand equity and advertising: Advertising’s role in building strong brands (pp. 67–81). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Blackston, M. (2000). Observations: Building brand equity by managing the brand’s relationships. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(6), 101–105. doi:10.2501/JAR-40-6-101-105
  • Bosnjak, M., Bochmann, V., & Hufschmidt, T. (2007). Dimensions of brand personality attributions: A person-centric approach in the German cultural context. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 35(3), 303–316. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.3.303
  • Braunstein, J., & Ross, S. (2010). Brand personality in sport: Dimension analysis and general scale development. Sport Marketing Quarterly., 19(1), 8–16.
  • Carlson, B., Donavan, T., & Cumiskey, K. (2009). Consumer-brand relationships in sport: Brand personality and identification. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37(4), 370–384. doi:10.1108/09590550910948592
  • Cho, S., & Kang, J. (2012). Psychometric comparability of brand personality scale: Assessing brand personality matching between sports and corporate sponsors by using the congenerity test. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 13(4), 53–70. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-13-04-2012-B006
  • Chu, S., & Sung, Y. (2011). Brand personality dimensions in China. Journal of Marketing Communications, 17(3), 163–181. doi:10.1080/13527260903387931
  • Cornwell, T., & Maignan, I. (1998). An international review of sponsorship research. Journal of Advertising, 27(1), 1–21. doi:10.1080/00913367.1998.10673539
  • Crask, M. R., & Laskey, H. A. (1990). A positioning-based decision model for selecting advertising messages. Journal of Advertising Research, 4, 32–38.
  • Crompton, J. L. (2004). Conceptualisation and alternate operationalization of the measurement of sponsorship effectiveness in sport. Leisure Studies, 23(3), 267–281. doi:10.1080/0261436042000183695
  • Deane, J. (2003). Sports sponsorship and brand personality - The Ryder Cup team and IBM. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 5(3), 21–36. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-05-03-2003-B003
  • Dees, W., Bennett, G., & Ferreira, M. (2010). Personality fit in NASCAR: An evaluation of driver-sponsor congruence and its impact on sponsorship effectiveness outcomes. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 19(1), 25–35.
  • Digman, J. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–440. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221
  • Donahay, B., & Rosenberger, P. J., III. (2007). Using personality to measure the effectiveness of image transfer in Formula One racing. Marketing Bulletin, 18(1), 1–15.
  • Ferrandi, J., Valette-Florence, P., & Fine-Falcy, S. (2000). Aaker’s brand personality scale in a French context: A replication and a preliminary test of its validity. Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) annual conference (pp. 7–13). Montreal, Canada.
  • Garn, A., & Webster, K. (2017). Reexamining the factor structure of the test of gross motor development – Second edition: Application of exploratory structural equation modeling. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 22(3), 200–212. doi:10.1080/1091367X.2017.1413373
  • Gray, R. (2000). Developing a tight fit is crucial to CRM. Marketing, 4, 37–38.
  • Grover, P. C. M., & Schoormans, J. P. L. (2005). Product personality and its influence on consumer preference. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(4), 189–197. doi:10.1108/07363760510605308
  • Gwinner, K. (1997). A model of image creation and image transfer in event sponsorship. International Marketing Review, 14(3), 145–158. doi:10.1108/02651339710170221
  • Gwinner, K., & Bennett, G. (2008). The impact of brand cohesiveness and sport identification on brand fit in a sponsorship context. Journal of Sport Management, 22(4), 410–426. doi:10.1123/jsm.22.4.410
  • Gwinner, K., & Eaton, J. (1999). Building brand image through event sponsorship: The role of image transfer. Journal of Advertising, 28(4), 47–57. doi:10.1080/00913367.1999.10673595
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Halliday, J. (1996, September 30). Chrysler brings out brand personalities with ’97 Ads. Retrieved from http://adage.com/article/news/chrysler-brings-brand-personalities-97-ads-automaker-dealer-groups-expected-spend-2-bil-effort/76902/
  • Henseler, J., Wilson, B., & Westberg, K. (2011). Managers’ perceptions of the impact of sport sponsorship on brand equity: Which aspects of the sponsorship matter most? Sport Marketing Quarterly, 20(1), 7–21.
  • Herbst, U., & Merz, M. A. (2011). The industrial brand personality scale: Building strong business-to-business brands. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(7), 1072–1081. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.09.003
  • Horne, J., & Manzenreiter, W. (2004). Accounting for mega-events: Forecast and actual impacts of the 2002 Football World Cup Finals on the host countries Japan/Korea. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 39(2), 187–203. doi:10.1177/1012690204043462
  • Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2007). Destination image and destination personality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 62–81. doi:10.1108/17506180710729619
  • Howard, D. R., & Crompton, J. L. (2004). Financing sport (2nd ed.). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
  • Johar, G. V., & Pham, M. T. (1999). Relatedness, prominence and constructive sponsor identification. Journal of Marketing Research, 36, 299–312. doi:10.2307/3152078
  • John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative big-five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114–158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualising, measuring and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. doi:10.2307/1252054
  • Keller, K. L. (2003). Strategic brand management. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Education.
  • Kim, H., Gursoy, D., & Lee, S. (2006). The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of pre-and post-games. Tourism Management, 27(1), 86–96. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.07.010
  • Kim, Y., Lee, H., Magnusen, M. J., & Kim, M. (2015). Factors influencing sponsorship effectiveness: A meta-analytic review and research synthesis. Journal of Sport Management, 29(4), 408–425. doi:10.1123/JSM.2014-0056
  • Kim, Y., Magnusen, M., & Kim, Y. (2012). Revisiting sport brand personality: Scale development and validation. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), 65–80.
  • Kline, P. (1998). The new psychometrics: Science, psychology and measurement. Florence, KY, US: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
  • Lee, H., & Cho, C. (2009). The matching effect of brand and sporting event personality: Sponsorship implications. Journal of Sport Management, 23(1), 41–64. doi:10.1123/jsm.23.1.41
  • Lee, H., & Suh, Y. (2011). Understanding and measuring city brand personality (CPS). International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 11(3), 1–20. doi:10.1080/15980634.2011.11434644
  • Levy, S. J. (1959). Symbols for sale. Harvard Business Review, 37(4), 117–124.
  • McDonald, C. (1991). Sponsorship and the image of the sponsor. European Journal of Marketing, 25(11), 31–38. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000000630
  • Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Okazaki, S. (2006). Excitement or sophistication? A preliminary exploration of online brand personality. International Marketing Review, 23(3), 279–303. doi:10.1108/02651330610670451
  • Olson, E. L. (2010). Does sponsorship work in the same way in different sponsorship contexts? European Journal of Marketing, 44, 180–199. doi:10.1108/03090561011008664
  • Rifon, N. J., Choi, S. M., Trimble, C. S., & Li, H. (2004). Congruence effects in sponsorship: The mediating role of sponsor credibility and consumer attributions of sponsor motive. Journal of Advertising, 33(1), 29–42. doi:10.1080/00913367.2004.10639151
  • Ross, S. (2008). Assessing the use of the Brand Personality Scale in team sport. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing., 3(1/2), 23–38. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2008.015959
  • Roy, D. P., & Graeff, T. R. (2003). Influence on consumer responses to Winter Olympics sponsorship. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 4(4), 67–87. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-04-04-2003-B006
  • Ruth, J. A., & Simonin, B. L. (2003). ‘Brought to you by Brand A and Brand B’: Investigating multiple sponsors’ influence on consumer attitudes toward sponsorship events. Journal of Advertising, 32(3), 19–30. doi:10.1080/00913367.2003.10639139
  • Schade, M., Piehler, R., & Burmann, C. (2014). Sport club brand personality scale (SCBPS): A new brand personality scale for sport clubs. Journal of Brand Management, 21(7/8), 650–663. doi:10.1057/bm.2014.36
  • Smith, A., Graetz, B., & Westerbeek, H. (2006). Brand personality in a membership‐based organisation. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(3), 251–266. doi:10.1002/nvsm.51
  • Solomon, M. (2007). Consumer behavior: buying, having, and being. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Sung, Y., & Kim, J. (2010). Effects of brand personality on brand trust and brand affect. Psychology and Marketing, 27(7), 639–661. doi:10.1002/mar.20349
  • Sung, Y., & Tinkham, S. (2005). Brand personality structures in the United States and Korea: Common and culture‐specific factors. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(4), 334–350. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1504_8
  • Tsiotsou, R. (2012). Developing a scale for measuring the personality of sport teams. Journal of Services Marketing, 26(4), 238–252. doi:10.1108/08876041211237541
  • Vaughan, R., & Laborde, S. (2017). Psychometrics of the emotional intelligence scale in elite, amateur, and non-athletes. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 22(2), 177–189. doi:10.1080/1091367X.2017.1405811
  • Walsh, P., Clavio, G., Lovell, M., & Blaszka, M. (2013). Differences in event brand personality between social media users and non-users. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 22(4), 214–223.
  • Wang, J. J., Zhang, J. J., Byon, K. K., Baker, T. A., & Lu, Z. (2016). Promoting brand-event personality fit as a communication strategy to build sponsors’ brand equity. International Journal of Sport Communication, 9, 294–320. doi:10.1123/ijsc.2016-0016
  • What sponsors want and where dollars will go in 2017. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.sponsorship.com/IEG/files/7f/7fd3bb31-2c81-4fe9-8f5d-1c9d7cab1232.pdf
  • What sponsors want and where dollars will go in 2018. (2018). Retrieved from www.sponsorship.com/IEG/files/f3/f3cfac41-2983-49be-8df6-3546345e27de.pdf
  • Zainudin, A. (2012). Structural equation modelling using amos graphic. Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: UiTM Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.