References
- Adebiyi, F. M. 2020. Paraffin wax precipitation/deposition and mitigating measures in oil and gas industry. A review. Petroleum Science and Technology38 (21):962–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2020.1804400.
- Aiyejina, AQd3A., D. P. Chakrabarti, A. Pilgrim, and M. K. S. Sastry. 2011. Wax formation in oil pipelines. A critical review. International Journal of Multiphase Flow37 (7):671–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2011.02.007.
- Azevedo, L. F. A., and A. M. Teixeira. 2003. A critical review of the modeling of wax deposition mechanisms. Petroleum Science and Technology 21 (3-4):393–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1081/LFT-120018528.
- Azpiroz, J. E., M. H. W. Hendrix, W. P. Breugem, and R. A. W. M. Henkes. 2015. CFD modelling of bypass pigs with a deflector disk. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Multiphase ProductionTechnology (BHR Group), Cannes, France.
- Bai, C., and J. Zhang. 2013. Effect of carbon number distribution of wax on the yield stress of waxy oil gels. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52 (7):2732–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ie303371c.
- Banki, R., H. Hoteit, and A. Firoozabadi. 2008. Mathematical formulation and numerical modeling of wax deposition in pipelines from enthalpy-porosity approach and irreversible thermodynamics. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51 (13-14):3387–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.11.012.
- Bell, E., Y. Lu, N. Daraboina, and C. Sarica. 2021. Experimental investigation of active heating in removal of wax deposits. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 200:108346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108346.
- Burger, E. D., T. K. Perkins, and J. H. Striegler. 1981. Studies of wax deposition in the trans Alaska pipeline. Journal of Petroleum Technology 33 (06):1075–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/8788-PA.
- Chen, X., T. Butler, M. Volk, and J. P. Brill. 1997. Techniques for measuring wax thickness during single and multiphase flow. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/38773-MS.
- Chen, X., Y. Tsang, H. Zhang, and T. Chen. 2007. Pressure-wave propagation technique for blockage detection in subsea flowlines. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Anaheim, California, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/110570-MS.
- Chen, J., L. He, X. Luo, L. Lu, H. Zhang, X. Li, H. Liu, and S. He. 2020. Bypass pigging technology on amelioration of pigging-induced liquid flow: An experimental and modelling study. Ocean Engineering 198:106974. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.106974.
- Ehsani, S., and A. K. Mehrotra. 2020. Effects of shear rate and time on deposit composition in the cold flow regime under laminar flow conditions. Fuel 259:116238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116238.
- El-Dalatony, M. M., B. H. Jeon, E. S. Salama, M. Eraky, W. B. Kim, J. Wang, and T. Ahn. 2019. Occurrence and characterization of paraffin wax formed in developing wells and pipelines. Energies 12 (6):967. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/en12060967.
- Embrey, M., And, and J. Larke. 2010. Paraffin-plug remediation in deep water wells via capillary tubing: A cost effective alternative. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/135136-MS.
- Fung, G., W. Backhaus, S. McDaniel, and M. Erdogmus. 2006. To pig or not to pig: The Marlin experience with stuck pig. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.4043/18387-MS.
- Galta, T. 2014. Bypass pigging of subsea pipelines suffering wax deposition. M.S. Thesis., Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Halstensen, M., B. K. Arvoh, L. Amundsen, and R. Hoffmann. 2013. Online estimation of wax deposition thickness in single-phase sub-sea pipelines based on acoustic chemometrics: A feasibility study. Fuel 105 (2):718–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.004.
- Hammami, A., J. Ratulowski, and J. A. P. Coutinho. 2003. Cloud points: Can we measure or model them? Petroleum Science and Technology 21 (3-4):345–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1081/LFT-120018524.
- Hovden, L., C. Labes-Carrier, A. Rydahl, H. P. Ronningsen, and Z. Xu. 2004. Pipeline wax deposition models and model for removal of wax by pigging: Comparison between model predictions and operational experience. Proceedings of the North American Conference on Multiphase Technology, Banff, Canada.
- Hsu, J. J. C., and J. P. Brubaker. 1995. Wax deposition scale-up modeling for waxy crude production lines. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.4043/7778-MS.
- Huang, Z., H. S. Lee, M. Senra, and H. S. Fogler. 2011. A fundamental model of wax deposition in subsea oil pipelines. AIChE Journal 57 (11):2955–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.12517.
- Kleinhans, J. W., V. G. Niesen, and T. S. Brown. 2000. Pompano paraffin calibration field trials. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/62946-MS.
- Lee, H. S., D. Agustiawan, K. I. K. Jati, M. Aulia, S. A. Thomas, and S. P. Appleyard. 2012. Bypass pigging operation experience and flow assurance study. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.4043/23044-MS.
- Li, M., G. Sun, Y. Lu, and J. Zhang. 2017. Experimental study on the strength of original samples of wax deposits from pipelines in the field. Energy & Fuels 31 (11):11977–86. − doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b02396.
- Li, W., Q. Huang, W. Wang, X. Dong, X. Gao, and L. Hou. 2019. Estimating the wax breaking force and wax removal efficiency of cup pig using orthogonal cutting and slip-line field theory. Fuel 236:1529–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.132.
- Li, W., Q. Huang, X. Dong, X. Gao, L. Hou, and W. Wang. 2018. A theoretical model for predicting the wax breaking force during pipeline pigging. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 169:654–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.05.078.
- Liu, C., Y. Cao, H. Tian, and S. Ma. 2021. A novel method for analyzing the driving force of the bi-directional pig based on the four-element model. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 190 (6):104314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2021.104314.
- Marques, L. C. C., C. A. Pedroso, and L. C. A. Paixão. 2003. New flow assurance solutions to work out hydrate and paraffin blockage problems in deepwaters. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.4043/15190-MS.
- Masoudi, S., M. V. Sefti, H. Jafari, and H. Modares. 2010. The hardening process and morphology of a wax deposit in a pipe flow. Petroleum Science and Technology 28 (15):1598–610. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2010.493910.
- Matzain, A. 1999. Multiphase flow paraffin deposition modeling. Ph.D. Thesis: The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States.
- Mendes, P. R. S., A. M. B. Braga, L. F. A. Azevedo, and K. S. Correa. 1999. Resistive force of wax deposits during pigging operations. Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121 (3):167–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2795977.
- O’Donoghue, A. 2004. Pigging as a flow assurance solution- Estimating pigging frequency for dewaxing. Proceedings of the Pipeline Pigging, Integrity Assessment, and Repair Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Poole, G. L., G. Brock, S. Szymczak, and G. Casey. 2008. Successful pipeline cleanout: Lessons learned from cleaning paraffin blockage from a deepwater pipeline. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/115658-MS.
- Shecaira, F., D. Barros, K. Ramachandran, G. Bonin, P. Waltrich, D. Jennings, M. Newberry, and C. Ziglio. 2011. The cottonwood field case history: The pig/paraffin obstruction of a long subsea, deepwater tie-back and its successful remediation. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/146156-MS.
- Singh, A., and R. A. W. Henkes. 2012. CFD modeling of the flow around a by-pass pig. Proceedings of the 8th North American Conference on Multiphase Technology (BHR Group), Banff, Canada.
- Singh, P., A. Youyen, and H. S. Fogler. 2001. Existence of a critical carbon number in the aging of a wax-oil gel. AIChE Journal 47 (9):2111–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690470921.
- Southgate, J. 2004. Wax removal using pipeline pigs. Ph.D. Thesis: Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
- Stevenson, C. J., S. R. Davies, I. Gasanov, P. Hawkins, M. Demiroglu, and A. P. Marwood. 2015. Development and execution of a wax remediation pigging program for a subsea oil export pipeline. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.4043/25889-MS.
- Tan, G., D. Wang, S. Liu, and S. Zhang. 2014. Probing tribological properties of waxy oil in pipeline pigging with fluorescence technique. Tribology International 71 (71):26–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.10.020.
- Tan, G., S. Liu, D. Wang, and S. Zhang. 2015. Spatio-temporal structure in wax–oil gel scraping at a soft tribological contact. Tribology International 88:236–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.031.
- Turbakov, M. S., and E. P. Riabokon. 2014. Improving of cleaning efficiency of oil pipeline from paraffin. Proceedings of the SPE Russian Oil and Gas Exploration & Production Technical Conference and Exhibition, Moscow, Russia. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/171295-MS.
- Wang, W., Q. Huang, S. Li, C. Wang, and X. Wang. 2014. Identifying optimal pigging frequency for oil pipelines subject to non-uniform wax deposition distribution. Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2014-33064.
- Wang, W., Q. Huang, Y. Liu, and K. Sepehrnoori. 2015. Experimental study on mechanisms of wax removal during pipeline pigging. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, United States. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/174827-MS.
- Wang, Z., J. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Liu, and W. Li. 2017. Treatment on oil/water gel deposition behavior in non-heating gathering and transporting process with polymer flooding wells. Environ. Earth Sci 76 (8):326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6646-1.
- Wang, Z., Y. Bai, H. Zhang, and Y. Liu. 2019. Investigation on gelation nucleation kinetics of waxy crude oil emulsions by their thermal behavior. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 181:106230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106230.