Individual Differences in Comprehension of Contextualized Metaphors

References

• Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005). Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 30–60. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allbritton, D. W. (1995). When metaphors function as schemas: Some cognitive effects of conceptual metaphors. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10, 33–46. doi:10.1207/s15327868ms1001_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allbritton, D. W., McKoon, G., & Gerrig, R. J. (1995). Metaphor-based schemas and text representations: Making connections through conceptual metaphors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 612–625. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.3.612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur, W., Jr., Tubre, T. C., Paul, D. S., & Sanchez-Ku, M. L. (1999). College-sample psychometric and normative data on a short form of the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 17, 354–361. doi:10.1177/073428299901700405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzouan, Y., Goldstein, A., & Faust, M. (2007). Brainwaves are stethoscopes: ERP correlates of novel metaphor comprehension. Brain Research, 1160, 69–81. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bambini, V., Canal, P., Resta, D., & Grimaldi, M. (2019). Time course and neurophysiological underpinnings of metaphor in literary context. Discourse Processes, 56, 77–97. doi:10.1080/0163853X.2017.1401876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaruee, H., Khoshsima, H., Zare-Behtash, E., & Yarahmadzai, N. (2019). Types of metaphors and mechanisms of comprehension. Cogent Education, 6(1), article 1617824. doi:10.1080/2331186X.2019.1617824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaty, R. E., & Silvia, P. J. (2013). Metaphorically speaking: Cognitive abilities and the production of figurative language. Memory & Cognition, 41(2), 255–267. doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0258-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, M. (1962). Metaphor. In M. Black (Ed.), Models and metaphors (pp. 25–47). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Black, M. (1977/1993). More about metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed.) (pp. 19–43). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bohrn, I. C., Altmann, U., & Jacobs, A. M. (2012). Looking at the brains behind figurative language: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of metaphor, idiom, and irony processing. Neuropsychologica, 50, 2669–2683. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowdle, B., & Gentner, D. (2005). The career of metaphor. Psychological Review, 112, 193–216. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1971). The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Psychology, 2, 331–350. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(71)90019-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunge, S. A., Helskog, E. H., & Wendelken, C. (2009). Left, but not right, rostrolateral prefrontal cortex meets a stringent test of the relational integration hypothesis. NeuroImage, 46, 338–342. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp, E. (2006). Contextualism, metaphor, and what is said. Mind & Language, 21, 280–309. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00279.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardillo, E. R., Watson, C. E., Schmidt, G. L., Kranjec, A., & Chatterjee, A. (2012). From novel to familiar: Tuning the brain for metaphors. NeuroImage, 59, 3212–3221. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carston, R. (2012). Metaphor and the literal/non-literal distinction. In K. Allan & K. M. Jaszczolt (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of pragmatics (pp. 469–492). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Chiappe, D. L., & Chiappe, P. (2007). The role of working memory in metaphor production and comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 172–188. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, S., Holyoak, K. J., & Cannon, T. (2007). Analogical reasoning in working memory: Resources shared among relational integration, interference resolution, and maintenance. Memory & Cognition, 35, 1445–1455. doi:10.3758/BF03193614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2018). BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805
   Google Scholar
• Diedenhofen, B., & Musch, J. (2015). Coco: A comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations. PLoS One, 10(4), e0121945. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, O. J., & Clark, V. A. (1969). Correlation coefficients measured on the same individuals. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 64, 366–377. doi:10.1080/01621459.1969.10500981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust, M., & Kenett, Y. N. (2014). Rigidity, chaos and integration: Hemispheric interaction and individual differences in metaphor comprehension. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 511. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fetterman, A. K., Bair, J. L., Werth, M., Landkammer, F., & Robinson, M. D. (2016). The scope and consequences of metaphoric thinking: Using individual differences in metaphor usage to understand how metaphor functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(3), 458–476. doi:10.1037/pspp0000067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagné, C. L., Friedman, A., & Faries, J. (1996). Effect of priming on the comprehension of predicative metaphors. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11, 125–143. doi:10.1207/s15327868ms1102_2
   Google Scholar
• Gentner, D., & Clement, C. (1988). Evidence for relational selectivity in the interpretation of analogy and metaphor. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), Advances in the Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 22, pp. 307–358). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gentner, D., & Bowdle, B. (2008). Metaphor as structure-mapping. In R. W. Gibbs Jr. (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought (pp. 109–128). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gernsbacher, M. A., Keysar, B., Robertson, R. R., & Werner, N. K. (2001). The role of suppression and enhancement in understanding metaphors. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 433–450. doi:10.1006/jmla.2000.2782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrig, R. J., & Healy, A. F. (1983). Dual processes in metaphor understanding: Comprehension and appreciation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 667–675. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.4.667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, R. W., Jr., & Gerrig, R. J. (1989). How context makes metaphor comprehension seem ‘special’. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 4, 145–158. doi:10.1207/s15327868ms0403_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gildea, P., & Glucksberg, S. (1983). On understanding metaphor: The role of context. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 577–590. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90355-9
   Google Scholar
• Glucksberg, S., & Haught, B. (2006). On the relation between metaphor and simile: When comparison fails. Mind & Language, 21, 360–378. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00282.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glucksberg, S., & Keysar, B. (1990). Understanding metaphorical comparisons: Beyond similarity. Psychological Review, 97, 3–18. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, M. E., & Holyoak, K. J. (2020). Individual differences in relational reasoning. Memory & Cognition, 48, 96–110. doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00964-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R. J. (1976). Comprehension of metaphors: A test of the two-stage processing model. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 312–314. doi:10.3758/BF03335150.
   Google Scholar
• Hartung, F., Kenett, Y. N., Cardillo, E. R., Humphries, S., Klooster, N., & Chatterjee, A. (2020). Context matters: Novel metaphors in supportive and non-supportive contexts. NeuroImage, 212, 116645. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobeika, L., Diard-Detoeuf, C., Garcin, B., Levy, R., & Volle, E. (2016). General and specialized brain correlates for analogical reasoning: A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Human Brain Mapping, 37, 1953–1969. doi:10.1002/hbm.23149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holyoak, K. J. (2012). Analogy and relational reasoning. In K. J. Holyoak & R. G. Morrison (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 234–259). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holyoak, K. J. (2019). The spider’s thread: Metaphor in mind, brain, and poetry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/11119.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Holyoak, K. J., & Stamenković, D. (2018). Metaphor comprehension: A critical review of theories and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 144, 641–671. doi:10.1037/bul0000145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichien, N., Lu, H., & Holyoak, K. J. (2019). Individual differences in judging similarity between semantic relations. In A. Goel, C. Seifert, & C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st annual meeting of the cognitive science society(pp. 464–470). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
   Google Scholar
• Inhoff, A. W., Lima, S. D., & Carroll, P. J. (1984). Contextual effects on metaphor comprehension in reading. Memory & Cognition, 12, 558–567. doi:10.3758/BF03213344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. M. (2015). Neurocognitive poetics: Methods and models for investigating the neuronal and cognitive-affective bases of literature reception. Frontiers Human Neuroscience, 9, 186. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. M., & Kinder, A. (2017). The brain is the prisoner of thought: A machine-learning assisted quantitative narrative analysis of literary metaphors for use in Neurocognitive Poetics. Metaphor and Symbol, 32, 139–160. doi:10.1080/10926488.2017.1338015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. M., & Kinder, A. (2018). What makes a metaphor literary? Answers from two computational studies. Metaphor and Symbol, 33, 85–100. doi:10.1080/10926488.2018.1434943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, L. L., & Estes, Z. (2005). Metaphor comprehension as attributive categorization. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 110–124. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.01.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, L. L., & Estes, Z. (2006). Roosters, robins, and alarm clocks: Aptness and conventionality in metaphor comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 18–32. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalandadze, T., Bambina, V., & Næss, K.-A. B. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on metaphor comprehension in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Do task properties matter? Applied Psycholinguistics, 40, 1421–1454. doi:10.1017/S0142716419000328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., & Conway, A. R. A. (2005). Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychological Bulletin, 131, 66–71. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, A., Paivio, A., Marschark, M., & Clark, J. (1988). Norms for 204 literary and 260 nonliterary metaphors on 10 psychological dimensions. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 3, 191–214. doi:10.1207/s15327868ms0304_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazmerski, V. A., Blasko, D. G., & Dessalegn, B. (2003). ERP and behavioral evidence of individual differences in metaphor comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 31, 673–689. doi:10.3758/BF03196107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, M., & Costello, F. (2001). Setting limits on analogy: Why conceptual combination is not structural alignment. In D. Gentner, K. J. Holyoak, & B. Kokinov (Eds.), The analogical minds: A cognitive science perspective (pp. 287–312). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kenett, Y. N., Gold, R., & Faust, M. (2018). Metaphor comprehension in low and high creative individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 482. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keysar, B., Shen, Y., Glucksberg, S., & Horton, W. S. (2000). Conventional language: How metaphorical is it? Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 576–593. doi:10.1006/jmla.2000.2711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W. (2000). Metaphor comprehension: A computational theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 257–266. doi:10.3758/BF03212981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W. (2001). Predication. Cognitive Science, 25, 173–202. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2502_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W., & Bowles, A. R. (2002). Metaphor comprehension: What makes a metaphor difficult to understand? Metaphor and Symbol, 17, 249–262. doi:10.1207/S15327868MS1704_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W., & Mangalath, P. (2011). The construction of meaning. Topics in Cognitive Science, 3, 346–370. doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01107.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85(5), 363–394. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.85.5.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kövecses, Z. (2015). Where metaphors come from: Reconsidering context in metaphor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kubricht, J. R., Lu, H., & Holyoak, K. J. (2017). Individual differences in spontaneous analogical transfer. Memory & Cognition, 45, 576–588. doi:10.3758/s13421-016-0687-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G., & Turner, M. (1989). More than cool reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lemaire, B., & Bianco, M. (2003). Contextual effects on metaphor comprehension: Experiment and simulation. In F. Detje, D. Dörner, & H. Schaub (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th international conference on cognitive modelling (pp. 153–158). Bamberg, Germany: Universitäts-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H., Zhu, K. Q., & Wang, H. (2013). Data-driven metaphor recognition and explanation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1, 379–390. doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00235
   Google Scholar
• McGlone, M. S., & Manfredi, D. A. (2001). Topic-vehicle interaction in metaphor comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 29, 1209–1219. doi:10.3758/BF03206390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G. S., & Dean, J. (2013). Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 26, 3111–3119.
   Google Scholar
• Morsanyi, K., Stamenković, D., & Holyoak, K. J. (2020b). Analogical reasoning in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In K. Morsanyi & R. Byrne (Eds.), Thinking, reasoning, and decision making in autism (pp. 59–87). London, UK: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781351060912-4
   Google Scholar
• Morsanyi, K., Stamenković, D., & Holyoak, K. J. (2020a). Metaphor processing in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 57, 100925. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2020.100925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulholland, T. M., Pellegrino, J. W., & Glaser, R. (1980). Components of geometric analogy solution. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 252–284. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90011-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak, N. P., & Gibbs, R. W., Jr. (1990). Conceptual knowledge in the interpretation of idioms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 315–330. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.119.3.315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick, L. R., & Holyoak, K. J. (1991). Mathematical problem solving by analogy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 398–415. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.3.398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olkoniemi, H., Ranta, H., & Kaakinen, J. H. (2016). Individual differences in the processing of written sarcasm and metaphor: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42, 433–450. doi:10.1037/xlm0000176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortony, A., Schallert, D. L., Reynolds, R. E., & Antos, S. L. (1978). Interpreting metaphors and idioms: Some effects of context on comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 465–477. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(78)90283-9
   Google Scholar
• Pexman, P. M., Ferretti, T. R., & Katz, A. N. (2000). Discourse factors that influence on-line reading of metaphor and irony. Discourse Processes, 29, 201–222. doi:10.1207/S15326950dp2903_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, R. S., & Chiappe, D. L. (2008). The roles of aptness, conventionality, and working memory in the production of metaphors and similes. Metaphor and Symbol, 24, 1–19. doi:10.1080/10926480802568422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prat, C. S., Mason, R. A., & Just, M. A. (2012). An fMRI investigation of analogical mapping in metaphor comprehension: The influence of context and individual cognitive capacities on processing demands. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 282–294. doi:10.1037/a0026037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai, S., & Chakraverty, S. (2020). A survey on computational metaphor processing. ACM Computing Surveys, 53(2), Article 24. doi:10.1145/3373265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp, A. M., Mutschler, D. E., & Erb, M. (2012). Where in the brain is nonliteral language? A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neuroimage, 62, 600–610. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.022
   Google Scholar
• Raven, J. C. (1938). Progressive matrices: A perceptual test of intelligence, 1938, individual form. London, UK: Lewis.
   Google Scholar
• Roncero, C., & de Almeida, R. G. (2015). Semantic properties, aptness, familiarity, conventionality, and interpretive diversity scores for 84 metaphors and similes. Behavior Research Methods, 47, 800–812. doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0502-y
   Google Scholar
• Rumelhart, D. (1979/1993). Some problems with the notion of literal meanings. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed., pp. 71–82). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse, T. A. (2004). Localizing age-related individual differences in a hierarchical structure. Intelligence, 32(6). doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinjo, M., & Myers, J. L. (1987). The role of context in metaphor comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 226–241. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(87)90125-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvia, P. J., & Beaty, R. E. (2012). Making creative metaphors: The importance of fluid intelligence for creative thought. Intelligence, 40(4), 343–351. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow, R. E., Kyllonen, C. P., & Marshalek, B. (1984). The topography of ability and learning correlations. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (Vol. 2, pp. 47–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Stamenković, D., Ichien, N., & Holyoak, K. (2019). Metaphor comprehension: An individual-differences approach. Journal of Memory and Language, 105, 108–118. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen, G. (1994). Understanding metaphor in literature: An empirical approach. New York, NY: Longman Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, J. (2000). Metaphor in context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thibodeau, P. H., & Durgin, F. H. (2008). Productive figurative communication: Conventional metaphors facilitate the comprehension of related novel metaphors. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 521–540. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourangeau, R., & Sternberg, R. J. (1981). Aptness in metaphor. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 27–55. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(81)90003-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourangeau, R., & Sternberg, R. J. (1982). Understanding and appreciating metaphors. Cognition, 11, 203–244. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(82)90016-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trick, L., & Katz, A. (1986). The domain interaction approach to metaphor processing: Relating individual differences and metaphor characteristics. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 1, 185–213. doi:10.1207/s15327868ms0103_3
   Google Scholar
• van Gogh, V. (1882). Letter to Theo van Gogh. Retrieved from http://www.webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/253.htm
   Google Scholar
• Vartanian, O. (2012). Dissociable neural systems for analogy and metaphor: Implications for the neuroscience of creativity. British Journal of Psychology, 103, 302–316. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02073.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendetti, M., Wu, A., & Holyoak, K. J. (2014). Far out thinking: Generating solutions to distant analogies promotes relational thinking. Psychological Science, 25, 928–933. doi:10.1177/0956797613518079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viskontas, I. V., Morrison, R. G., Holyoak, K. J., Hummel, J. E., & Knowlton, B. J. (2004). Relational integration, inhibition and analogical reasoning in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 19, 581–591. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.4.581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltz, J. A., Lau, A., Grewal, S. K., & Holyoak, K. J. (2000). The role of working memory in analogical mapping. Memory & Cognition, 28, 1205–1212. doi:10.3758/BF03211821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1997). WAIS-III: Administration and scoring manual – Wechsler adult intelligence scale. London, UK: The Psychological Corporation/Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Wheelwright, P. (1968). The burning fountain: A study in the language of symbolism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, D., & Carston, R. (2006). Metaphor, relevance and the ‘emergent property’ issue. Mind & Language, 21, 404–433. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00284.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisniewski, E. J., & Gentner, D. (1991). On the combinatorial semantics of noun pairs: Minor and major adjustments to meaning. In G. B. Simpson (Ed.), Understanding word and sentence (pp. 241–284). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: North Holland.
   Google Scholar