Attachment Behavior of Children Adopted Internationally at Six Months Post Adoption

REFERENCES

• Ainsworth , M. D. S. , Blehar , M. C. , Waters , E. and Wall , S. 1978 . Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Ames , E. W. 1990 . Spitz revisited: A trip to Romanian “orphanages.” . Canadian Psychological Association Developmental Psychology Section Newsletter , 9 : 8 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartel , T. M. 2005 . Factors associated with attachment in international adoption . Dissertation Abstracts International , 66 ( 12 ) UMI No. 3203835
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , P. M. , Hanson , J. L. , Pierson , R. K. , Davidson , R. J. and Pollak , S. D. 2009 . Cerebellar volume and cognitive functioning in children who experienced early deprivation . Biological Psychiatry , 66 : 1100 – 1106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1969/1982 . Attachment and loss: Attachment , Vol. 1 , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bretherton , I. and Munholland , K. 1999 . “ Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited ” . In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. R. 89 – 111 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , J. , Kroupina , M. G. , Parker , S. W. and Gunnar , M. R. 2000 . The relationship between cortisol patterns, growth retardation, and developmental delays in post-institutionalized children Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, UK
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy , J. and Berlin , L. J. 1994 . The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research . Child Development , 65 : 971 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm , K. 1998 . A three year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages . Child Development , 69 : 1092 – 1106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm , K. , Carter , M. C. , Ames , E. W. and Morison , S. J. 1995 . Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages . Development and Psychopathology , 7 : 283 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chugani , H. T. , Behen , M. E. , Muzik , O. , Juhasz , C. , Magy , F. and Chugani , D. C. 2001 . Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: A study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans . NeuroImage , 14 : 1290 – 1301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , N. J. and Farnia , F. 2011 . Social-emotional adjustment and attachment in children adopted from China: Processes and predictors of change . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 35 : 67 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , S. A. 2005 . Infants in foster care: Relational and environmental factors affecting attachment . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 23 : 43 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiden , R. D. , Teti , D. M. and Corns , K. M. 1995 . Maternal working models of attachment, marital adjustment, and the parent-child relationship . Child Development , 66 : 1504 – 1518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eluvathingal , T. J. , Chugani , H. T. , Behen , M. E. , Juhasz , C. , Muzik , O. , Maqbool , M. and Makki , M. 2006 . Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation . Pediatrics, 117 , : 2093 – 2100 .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , P. A. and Kim , H. K. 2007 . Intervention effects on foster preschoolers’ attachment-related behaviors from a randomized trial . Prevention Science , 8 : 161 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnar , M. R. 2001 . “ Effects of early deprivation: Findings from orphanage-reared infants and children ” . In Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience , Edited by: Nelson , C. A. and Luciana , M. 617 – 629 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gunnar , M. R. 2006 . “ Social regulation of stress in early child development ” . In Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development , Edited by: McCartney , K. and Phillips , D. 106 – 125 . Malden, MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Gunnar , M. R. , Frenn , K. , Wewerka , S. S. and Van Ryzin , M. J. 2009 . Moderate versus severe early life stress: Associations with stress reactivity and regulation in 10–12-year-old children . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 34 : 62 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse , E. and Main , M. 2006 . Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behavior in low-risk samples: Description, discussion, and interpretations . Development and Psychopathology , 18 : 309 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge , S. 2004 . Adoptive families: The effects of early relational deprivation in children adopted from Eastern European orphanages . Journal of Family Nursing , 10 : 338 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Juffer , F. and Rosenboom , L. G. 1997 . Infant-mother attachment of internationally adopted children in the Netherlands . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 20 : 93 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertes , D. A. , Gunnar , M. R. , Madsen , N. J. and Long , J. D. 2008 . Early deprivation and home basal cortisol levels: A study of internationally adopted children . Development and Psychopathology , 20 : 473 – 491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , A. F. and Van Horn , P. 2008 . Psychotherapy with infants and young children , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Loman , M. and Gunnar , M. R. 2010 . Early experience and the development of stress reactivity and regulation in children . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 34 : 867 – 876 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main , M. 1990 . Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies . Human Development , 33 : 48 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main , M. and Solomon , J. 1986 . “ Discovery of a new, insecure-disorganized/ disoriented attachment pattern ” . In Affective Development in Infancy , Edited by: Brazelton , T. B. and Yogman , M. 95 – 124 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Marcovitch , S. , Goldberg , S. , Gold , A. , Washington , J. , Wasson , C. , Krekewich , K. and Handley-Derry , M. 1997 . Determinants of behavioural problems in Romanian children adopted in Ontario . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 20 : 17 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta , M. A. , Golembo , J. I. , Nosarti , C. , Colvert , E. , Mota , A. , Williams , S. C. and Sonuga-Barke , E. J. 2009 . Amygdala, hippocampal and corpus callosum size following severe early institutional deprivation: The English and Romanian adoptees study pilot . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 50 : 943 – 951 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millham , J. D. 2003 . Institutionalization and attachment of adopted children and parenting stress . Dissertation Abstracts International , 64 ( 01 ) UMI No. 3077443
   Google Scholar
• Niemann , S. and Weiss , S. 2011 . Factors affecting attachment in international adoptees at 6 months post adoption . Children and Youth Services Review. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.001
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor , M. , Marvin , R. S. , Rutter , M. , Olrick , J. T. and Britner , P. A. 2003 . Child-parent attachment following early institutional deprivation . Development and Psychopathology , 15 : 19 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponciano , L. H. 2002 . “ Attachment relationships in foster care: Contributions of the child, the foster mother, and the foster home ” . Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles
   Google Scholar
• Posada , G. , Gao , Y. , Wu , F. , Posada , R. , Tascom , M. , Schoelmerich , A. and Synnevaag , B. 1995 . “ The secure-base phenomenon across cultures: Children's behavior, mothers’ preferences, and experts’ concepts ” . In Caregiving, Cultural, and Cognitive Perspectives on Secure-Base Behavior and Working Models Edited by: Waters , E. , Vaughn , B. and Posada , G. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (serial no. 244). Vol. 60, pp. 27–48.
   Google Scholar
• Pugliese , M. , Cohen , N. J. , Farnia , F. and Lojkasek , M. 2010 . The emerging attachment relationship between adopted Chinese infants and their mothers . Children and Youth Services Review , 32 : 1719 – 1728 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. , Colvert , E. , Kreppner , J. , Beckett , C. , Castle , J. , Groothues , C. and Sonuga-Barke , E. J. 2007 . Early adolescent outcomes for institutionally-deprived and non-deprived adoptees. I: Disinhibited attachment . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 : 17 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. , Pickles , A. , Murray , R. and Eaves , L. 2001 . Testing hypotheses on specific environmental causal effects on behavior . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 291 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , J. and George , C. 1999 . “ The measurement of attachment security in infancy and childhood ” . In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. R. 287 – 316 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Stovall-McClough , K. C. and Dozier , M. 2004 . Forming attachments in foster care: Infant attachment behaviors during the first 2 months of placement . Development and Psychopathology , 16 : 253 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tottenham , N. , Hare , T. A. , Quinn , B. T. , McCarry , T. , Nurse , M. , Gilhooly , T. and Casey , B. J. 2009 . Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and emotional regulation difficulties . Developmental Science , 13 : 46 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Dries , L. , Juffer , F. , van IJzendoorn , M. H. and Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. 2009 . Fostering security? A meta-analysis of attachment in adopted children . Children and Youth Services Review , 31 : 410 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. 2003 . The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 12 : 293 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn , M. H. and Juffer , F. 2006 . The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 2006: Adoption as intervention: Meta-analytic evidence for massive catch-up and plasticity in physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive development . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 : 1228 – 1245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn , M. H. , Vereijken , C. M. , Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. and Riksen-Walraven , J. M. 2004 . Assessing attachment security with the attachment Q sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS . Child Development , 75 : 1188 – 1213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Londen , W. M. , Juffer , F. and van IJzendoorn , M. H. 2007 . Attachment, cognitive, and motor development in adopted children: Short-term outcomes after international adoption . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 32 : 1249 – 1258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verissimo , M. and Salvaterra , F. 2006 . Maternal secure-base scripts and children's attachment security in an adopted sample . Attachment & Human Development , 8 : 261 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorria , P. , Papaligoura , Z. , Dunn , J. , van IJzendoorn , M. H. , Steele , H. , Kontopoulou , A. and Sarafidou , Y. 2003 . Early experiences and attachment relationships of Greek infants raised in residential group care . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 44 : 1208 – 1220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorria , P. , Zpzaligoura , Z. , Sarafidou , J. , Kopakaki , M. , Dunn , J. , van IJzendoorn , M. H. and Kontopoulou , A. 2006 . The development of adopted children after institutional care: A follow-up study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 : 1246 – 1253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , E. 1987 . Attachment Q-Set (Version 3): Items and explanations . Retrieved September 27, 2005, from http://www.johnbowlby.com
   Google Scholar
• Waters , E. 2000, October . Attachment seminar notes . Available online at http://www.johnbowlby.com
   Google Scholar
• Waters , E. and Deane , K. E. 1985 . “ Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood ” . In Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research Edited by: Bretherton , I. and Waters , E. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (Serial No. 209). Vol. 50, pp. 41–65).
   Google Scholar
• Waters , E. , Kondo-Ikemura , K. , Posada , G. and Richters , J. E. 1991 . “ Learning to love: Milestones and mechanisms ” . In The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology , Edited by: Gunnar , M. R. and Sroufe , L. A. Vol. 23 , Self processes in development., Hillsdale NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , S. and St. Jonn-Seed , M. 2002 . Precursors of mental health problems for low birth weight children: The salience of family environment during the first year of life . Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 33 : 3 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wismer Fries , A. B. , Shirtcliff , E. A. and Pollak , S. D. 2008 . Neuroendocrine dysregulation following early social deprivation in children . Developmental Psychobiology , 50 : 588 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeanah , C. H. , Smyke , A. T. and Koga , S. F. 2005 . Attachment in institutionalized and community children in Romania . Child Development , 76 : 1015 – 1028 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeanah , C. H. , Smyke , A. T. and Settles , L. D. 2006 . “ Orphanages as a developmental context for early childhood ” . In Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development , Edited by: McCartney , K. and Phillips , D. Malden, , MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar