Identity Development in a Transracial Environment: Racial/Ethnic Minority Adoptees in Minnesota

REFERENCES

• Andujo, E. (1988). Ethnic identity of transethnically adopted Hispanic adolescents. Social Work, 33, 531–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baden, A.L., Treweeke, L.M., & Ahluwalia, M.K. (2012). Reclaiming culture: Reculturation of transracial and international adoptees. Journal of Counseling and Development, 90, 387–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergquist, K.J. S., Campbell, M.E., & Unrau, Y.A. (2003). Caucasian parents and Korean adoptees: A survey of parents’ perceptions. Adoption Quarterly, 6(4), 41–58.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, M. (1991). The practice of open adoption: Findings from a study of 1396 adoptive families. Children and Youth Services Review, 13, 1163–1256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodzinsky, D.M. (2005). Reconceptualizing openness in adoption: Implications for theory, research and practice. In D. Brodzinsky & J. Palacios (Eds.), Psychological issues in adoption: Research and practice (pp. 145–166). New York, NY: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Brodzinsky, D.M. (2006). Family structural openness and communication openness as predictors in the adjustment of adopted children. Adoption Quarterly, 9(4), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Brodzinsky, D.M., Singer, L.M., & Braff, A.M. (1984). Children's understanding of adoption. Child Development, 55, 869–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, D., & Barth, R.P. (1999). Adult transracial and inracial adoptees: Effects of race, gender, adoptive family structure, and placement history on adjustment outcomes. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69(1), 87–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• DeBerry, K., Scarr, S., & Weinberg, R. (1996). Family socialization and ecological competence: Longitudinal assessments of African-American transracial adoptees. Child Development, 67, 2375–2399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docan-Morgan, S. (2010). Korean adoptees’ retrospective reports of intrusive interactions: Exploring boundary management in adoptive families. Journal of Family Communication, 10, 137–157.
   Google Scholar
• Docan-Morgan, S. (2011). “They don't know what it's like to be in my shoes”: Topic avoidance about race in transracially adoptive families. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(3), 336–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, P.D. (2009). Effect size calculators. http://www.polyu.edu.hk/mm/effectsize-faqs/calculator/calculator.html
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company.
   Google Scholar
• Feigelman, W. (2000). Adjustments of transracially and inracially adopted young adults. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17(3), 165–184.
   Google Scholar
• Godon, D., Green, W.F., & Ramsey, P.G. (2014). Transracial adoptees: The search for birth family and the search for self. Adoption Quarterly, 17, 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Golish, T., & Caughlin, J. (2002). “I’d rather not talk about it”: Adolescents’ and young adults’ use of topic avoidance in stepfamilies. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(1), 78–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotevant, H.D., Rueter, M., Von Korff, L., & Gonzalez, C. (2011). Post-adoption contact, adoption communicative openness, and satisfaction with contact as predictors of externalizing behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(5), 529–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth, L.D. (1997). Effect of transracial/transethnic adoption on children's racial and ethnic identity and self-esteem. Marriage & Family Review, 25, 99–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth, L.D. (1998). Adoptee dissimilarity from the adoptive family: Clinical practice and research implications. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 15(4), 303–319.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, K., Swim, J., Saltsman, B., Deater-Deckard, K., & Petrill, S. (2007). Mother's racial, ethnic, and cultural socialization of transracially adopted Asian children. Family Relations, 56(4), 390–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2005). Behavior problems and mental health referrals of international adoptees: A meta-analysis. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2501–2515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2007). Adoptees do not lack self-esteem: A meta-analysis of studies on self-esteem of transracial, international, and domestic adoptees. Psychology Bulletin, 133(6), 1067–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, M., Sharma, A., Elkins, I., Iacono, W., & McGue, M. (2008). The mental health of US adolescents adopted in infancy. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 162(5), 419–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanz, M., Iafrate, R., Rosnati, R., & Scabini, E. (1999). Parent-child communication and adolescent self-esteem in separated, intercountry adoptive and intact non-adoptive families. Journal of Adolescence, 22(6), 785–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R.M., Grotevant, H.D., Hellerstedt, W.L., & Gunnar, M.R. (2006). Cultural socialization in families with internationally adopted children. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 571–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGue, M., Keyes, M., Sharma, A., Elkins, I., Legrand L, Johnson, W., & Iacono, W.G. (2007). The environments of adopted and non-adopted youth: Evidence on range restriction from the sibling interaction and behavior study (SIBS). Behavior Genetics, 37, 449–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRoy, R.G. (1989). An organizational dilemma: The case of transracial adoptions. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25, 145–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRoy, R.G., & Zurcher, L.A. (1983). Transracial and inracial adoptees. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• McRoy, R.G., Zurcher, L.A., Lauderdale, M.L., & Anderson, R.N. (1982). Self-esteem and racial identity in transracial and inracial adoptees. Social Work, 522–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanty, J., Keoske, G., & Sales, E. (2006). Family cultural socialization, ethnic identity, and self-esteem: Web-based survey of international adult adoptees. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 15(3–4), 153–172.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén,L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (1998–2014). Mplus User's Guide. Sixth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Quiroz, P.A. (2007). Adoption in a color-blind society. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Reinoso, M., Juffer, F., & Tieman, W. (2012). Children's and parents’ thoughts and feelings about adoption, birth culture identity, and discrimination in families with internationally adopted children. Child & Family Social Work, 18, 264–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarubbi, A.P., Block-Lerner, J., Moon, S.M., & Williams, D.J. (2012). Experiential acceptance and psychological well-being in Korean-born adoptees. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 20(4), 399–410.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, A., McGue, M., & Benson, P. (1996). The emotional and behavioral adjustment of United States adopted adolescents: Part I. An overview. Children and Youth Services Review, 18, 83–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A., McGue, M., & Benson, P. (1998). The psychological adjustment of United States adopted adolescents and their nonadopted siblings. Child Development, 69(3), 791–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, R. (1984). Adoption of Black children by White parents in the USA. In P. Bean (Ed.), Adoption essays in social policy, law and sociology (pp. 229–242). London, UK and New York, NY: Tavistock.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, R., & Altstein, H.A. (1996). The case for transracial adoption. Children and Youth Services Review, 18, 5–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, R., & Altstein, H.A., & Melli, M.S. (1994). The case for transracial adoption. Washington, D.C.: The American University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Suter, E.A. (2008). Discursive negotiation of family identity: A study of U.S. families with adopted children from China. Journal of Family Communication, 8(2), 126–147.
   Google Scholar
• Suter, E.A., Reyes, K.L., & Ballard, R.L. (2010). Parental management of adoptive identities during challenging encounters: Adoptive parents as “protectors” and “educators.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(2), 242–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K.A., & Tessler, R.C. (2007). Bicultural socialization among adoptive families. Journal of Family Issues, 28(9), 1189–1219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tigervall, C., & Hubinette, T. (2010). Adoption with complications: Conversations with adoptees and adoptive parents on everyday racism and ethnic identity. International Social Work, 53(4), 489–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Bureau of Consular Affairs. (2012). Intercountry adoption [Data file]. http://adoption.state.gov/about_us/statistics.php
   Google Scholar
• Vroegh, K.S. (1997). Transracial adoptees: Developmental status after 17 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67(4), 568–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, E. (2000). Protective factors and individual resilience. In J.P. Shonkoff & S.J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention ( 2nd ed., pp. 115–132). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wrobel, G.M., Kohler, J.K., Grotevant, H.D., & McRoy, R.G. (2003). The family adoption communication model (FAC): Identifying pathways of adoption-related communication. Adoption Quarterly, 7(2), 53–84.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, D.P. (2000). Causal modeling predicting psychological adjustment of Korean-born adolescent adoptees. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 3, 65–82.
   Google Scholar