368
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Sibling Co-placement as a Protective Factor: A Mixed Method Study on the Impact of Sibling Placement on Adolescent Adoptees’ Emotional and Behavioral Development

, , , , &
Received 04 Feb 2022, Accepted 11 Mar 2023, Published online: 12 Apr 2023

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for child behavior checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
  • Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213–232.
  • Albert, V. N., & King, W. C. (2008). Survival analyses of the dynamics of sibling experiences in foster care. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 89(4), 533–541. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3819
  • Aldao, A.,Nolen-Hoeksema, S., &Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.00420015584
  • Aldao, A., & Nolen‐Hoeksema, S. (2010). Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(10), 974–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002
  • Allan, G. (1979). A sociology of friendship and kinship. George Allen and Unwin.
  • Angold, A., Weissman, M. M., John, K., Merikangas, K. R., Prusoff, B. A., Wickramaratne, P., Gammon, G. D., & Warner, V. (1987). Parent and child reports of depressive symptoms in children at low and high risk of depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 28(6), 901–915. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00678.x
  • Barth, R. P., Berry, M., Yoshikami, R., Goodfield, R. K., & Carson, M. L. (1988). Predicting adoption disruption. Social Work, 33(3), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/33.3.227
  • Bátki, A. (2013). Emotion regulation development of children adopted from institutional care. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, 68(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1556/mpszle.68.2013.1.8
  • Behle, A. E., & Pinquart, M. (2016). Psychiatric disorders and treatment in adoptees: A meta-analytic comparison with non-adoptees. Adoption Quarterly, 19(4), 284–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2016.1201708
  • Berg-Nielsen, T. S., Vika, A., & Dahl, A. A. (2003). When adolescents disagree with their mothers: CBCL-YSR discrepancies related to maternal depression and adolescent self-esteem. Child: Care. Child: care, Health and Development, 29(3), 207–213.
  • Betts, J., Gullone, E., & Allen, J. S. (2009). An examination of emotion regulation, temperament, and parenting style as potential predictors of adolescent depression risk status: A correlational study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X314900
  • Boer, F., Versluis-den Bieman, H. J. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1994). International adoption of children with siblings: Behavioral outcomes. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079528
  • Boneh, C. (1979). Disruptions in adoptive placement: A research study. Department of Public Welfare, Office of Research Evaluation.
  • Bowlby, J. (1959). Separation anxiety. International Journal of Psycho-Analysts, XLI, 1–25.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Separation anxiety and anger. Attachment and loss: Volume II. Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Volume III: Loss, sadness and depression. Hogarth Press.
  • Boyne, J., Denby, L., Kettenring, J. R., & Wheeler, W. (1984). The shadow of success: A statistical analysis of outcomes of adoptions of hard-to-place children. Spaulding for Children.
  • Braun, V., &Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, (2006). 3
  • Brodzinsky, D. M., & Brodzinsky, A. B. (1992). The impact of family structure on the adjustment of adopted children. Child Welfare, 71(1), 69–76.
  • Brown, A., Waters, C. S., & Shelton, K. H. (2017). A systematic review of school performance and behavioural and emotional problems for adopted children. Adoption & Fostering, 41(4), 346–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575917731064
  • Brown, J. R., Donelan-McCall, N., & Dunn, J. (1996). Why talk about mental states? The significance of children’s conversations with friends, siblings, and mothers. Child Development, 67(3), 836–849. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131864
  • Browne, K. D., & Saqi, S. (1988a). Mother-infant interaction and attachment in physically abusing families. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 6(3), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838808403554
  • Burnell, A. (2019). Practice paper: Assessing sibling placements. Family Futures.
  • Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989b). Disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 525–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.525
  • Cicirelli, V. (1982). Sibling influence throughout the lifespan. In M. Lamb & B. Sutton-Smith (Eds.), Sibling relationships (pp. 267–284). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Coakley, J. F., & Berrick, J. D. (2008). Research review: In a rush to permanency: Preventing adoption disruption. Child & Family Social Work, 13(1), 101–112.
  • Colvert, E., Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., Stevens, S., & Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. (2008). Do theory of mind and executive function deficits underlie the adverse outcomes associated with profound early deprivation? Findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(7), 1057–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9232-x
  • Crittenden, P. (1992). Children’s strategies for coping with adverse home environments: An interpretation using attachment theory. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16(3), 329–343.
  • Crittenden, P. M. (1985). Maltreated infants: Vulnerability and resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 26(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb01630.x
  • Dekker, M. C., Tieman, W., Vinke, A. G., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Juffer, F. (2017). Mental health problems of Dutch young adult domestic adoptees compared to non-adopted peers and international adoptees. International Social Work, 60(5), 1201–1217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872816651699
  • Department for Education (2021, March 25). Statistics on children under local authority care at national and local authority level. UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/statistics-looked-after-children
  • Drapeau, S., Simard, M., Beaudry, M., & Charbonneau, C. (2000). Siblings in family transitions. Family Relations, 49(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00077.x
  • Dunn, J. (1983). Sibling relationships in early childhood. Child Development, 54(4), 787–811. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129886
  • Dunn, J. (2007). Siblings and socialization. In Grusec, J. & Hastings, P. (Eds), Handbook of socialization. Guilford Press.
  • Edelbrock, C., Costello, A. J., Dulcan, M. K., Conover, N. C., & Kala, R. (1986). Parent-child agreement on child psychiatric symptoms assessed via structured interview. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 27(2), 181–190.
  • Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1981). Attachment and early maltreatment. Child Development, 52(1), 44–52.
  • Erozkan, A. (2016). The link between types of attachment and childhood trauma. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(5), 1071–1079. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040517
  • Farmer, E., & Pollock, S. (1998). Sexually abused and abusing children in substitute care. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
  • Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81(2), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x
  • Festinger, T. (1983). No one ever asked us: A postscript to foster care. Columbia University Press.
  • Festinger, T. (1986). Necessary risk: A study of adoptions and disrupted adoptive placements. Child Welfare League of America.
  • Festinger, T. (1990). Adoption disruption: Rates and correlates. In D. M. Brodzinsky, & D. Schechter (Eds.), The psychology of adoption (pp. 201–218).
  • Godbout, N., Briere, J., Sabourin, S., & Lussier, Y. (2014). Child sexual abuse and subsequent relational and personal functioning: The role of parental support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(2), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.001
  • Gottman, J. M., & Graziano, W. G. (1983). How children become friends. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1165860
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent‐ and response‐focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224–237.
  • Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). Guilford Press.
  • Hegar, R. L. (2005). Sibling placement in foster care and adoption: An overview of international research. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(7), 717–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.12.018
  • Hegar, R. L., & Rosenthal, J. A. (2009). Kinship care and sibling placement: Child behavior, family relationships, and school outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(6), 670–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.01.002
  • Hegar, R., & Rosenthal, J. A. (2011). Foster children placed with or separated from siblings: Outcomes based on a national sample. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(7), 1245–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.02.020
  • Herrick, M. A., & Piccus, W. (2005). Sibling connections: The importance of nurturing sibling bonds in the foster care system. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(7), 845–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.12.013
  • Hillman, S., Hodges, J., Steele, M., Cirasola, A., Asquith, K., & Kaniuk, J. (2020). Assessing changes in the internal worlds of early- and late-adopted children using the Story Stem Assessment Profile (SSAP). Adoption & Fostering, 44(4), 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575920971132
  • Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J., van der Put, C. E., Dubas, J. S., van der Laan, P. H., & Gerris, J. R. (2012). A meta‐analysis of attachment to parents and delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(5), 771–785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9608-1
  • Howe, N., Petrakos, H., Rinaldi, C. M., & LeFebvre, R. (2005). “This is a bad dog, you know…”: Constructing shared meanings during sibling pretend play. Child Development, 76(4), 783–794.
  • Ivaldi, G. (2000). Surveying adoption: A comprehensive analysis of local authority adoptions 1998 – 1999. BAAF.
  • Jones, C. (2016). Sibling relationships in adoptive and fostering families: A review of the international research literature. Children & Society, 30(4), 324–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12146
  • Juffer, F., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Adoptees do not lack self- esteem: A meta-analysis of studies on self-esteem of transracial, international, and domestic adoptees. Psychological Bulletin, 133(6), 1067–1083. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.1067
  • Katz, L. (1986). Parental stress and factors for success in older child adoption. Child Welfare, 65(6), 569–578.
  • Kaufman, J., & Cicchetti, D. (1989). Effects of maltreatment on school-age children’s socioemotional development: Assessment in a day-camp setting. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.516
  • Keyes, M. A., Sharma, A., Elkins, I. J., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2008). The mental health of US adolescents adopted in infancy. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(5), 419–425. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.162.5.419
  • Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2009). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 706–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
  • Kramer, L. (2014). Learning emotional understanding and emotion regulation through sibling interaction. Early Education and Development, 25(2), 160–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2014.838824
  • Leathers, S. J. (2005). Separation from siblings: Associations with placement adaptation and outcomes among adolescents in long-term foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(7), 793–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.12.015
  • Linares, L. O. (2006). An understudied form of intra-family violence: Sibling-to-sibling aggression among foster children. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 11, 95–109.
  • Linares, L. O., Li, M., Shrout, P. E., Brody, G. H., & Pettit, G. S. (2007). Placement shift, sibling relationship quality, and child outcomes in foster care: A controlled study. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), 736–743. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.736
  • Lord, J., & Borthwick, S. (2001). Together or apart? Assessing brothers and sisters for permanent placement. British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering.
  • Lougheed, J. P., & Hollenstein, T. (2012). A limited repertoire of emotion regulation strategies is associated with internalizing problems in adolescence. Social Development, 21(4), 704–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00663.x
  • Lowe, N., Murch, M., Borkowski, M., Weaver, A., Beckford, V., & Thomas, C. (1999). Supporting adoption: Reframing the approach. BAAF.
  • Madigan, S., Atkinson, L., Laurin, K., & Benoit, D. (2013). Attachment and internalizing behaviour in early childhood: A meta‐analysis. Developmental Psychology, 49(4), 672–689. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028793
  • McCormick, A. (2010). Sibling in foster care: An overview of research, policy and practice. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 4(2), 198–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548731003799662
  • Miller, B. C., Fan, X., Grotevant, H. D., Christensen, M., Coyl, D., & van Dulmen, M. (2000). Adopted adolescents’ overrepresentation in mental health counseling: Adoptees’ problems or parents’ lower threshold for referral? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(12), 1504–1511. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200012000-00011
  • Monck, E. (1991). Patterns of confiding relationships among adolescent girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 32(2), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00311.x
  • Morton, N., & Browne, K. (1998). Theory and observation of attachment and its relation to child maltreatment: A review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(11), 1093–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00088-X
  • Muller, R. T., Thornback, K., & Bedi, R. (2012). Attachment as a mediator between childhood maltreatment and adult symptomatology. Journal of Family Violence, 27(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9417-5
  • Nadeem, E., Waterman, J., Foster, J., Paczkowski, E., Belin, T. R., & Miranda, J. (2017). Long-term effects of pre-placement risk factors on children’s psychological symptoms and parenting stress among families adopting children from foster care. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 25(2), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426615621050
  • National Adoption Service. (2017). The legal framework for adoption. https://www.adoptcymru.com/home.php?_dds=true&fileI D=107&inline=true.
  • Newton, R. R., Litrownik, A. J., & Landsverk, J. A. (2000). Children and youth in foster care: disentangling the relationship between problem behaviors and number of placements. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(10), 1363–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00189-7
  • Pace, C. S., Di Folco, S., & Guerriero, V. (2018). Late‐adoptions in adolescence: Can attachment and emotion regulation influence behaviour problems? A controlled study using a moderation approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(2), 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2158
  • Pandolfi, V., Magyar, C. I., & Dill, C. A. (2012). An initial psychometric evaluation of the CBCL 6-18 in a sample of youth with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.03.009
  • Pearce, J. W., & Pezzot-Pearce, T. D. (1994). Attachment theory and its implications for psychotherapy with maltreated children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(5), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)90028-0
  • Phillips, K. F. V., & Power, M. J. (2007). A new self‐report measure of emotion regulation in adolescents: The Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.523
  • Rey, J. M., Schrader, E., & Morris-Yates, A. (1992). Parent-child agreement on children’s behaviours reported by the child behaviour checklist (CBCL). Journal of Adolescence, 15(3), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-1971(92)90026-2
  • Riggs, S. A. (2010). Childhood emotional abuse and the attachment system across the life cycle: What theory and research tell us. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(1), 5–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770903475968
  • Rosenthal, J. A. (1993). Outcomes of adoption of children with special needs. The Future of Children, 3(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602403
  • Rubin, D. M., O’Reilly, A. L., Luan, X., & Localio, A. R. (2007). The impact of placement stability on behavioural well-being for children in foster care. Pediatrics, 119(2), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1995
  • Rueter, M. A., Keyes, M. A., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2009). Family interactions in adoptive compared to nonadoptive families. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014091
  • Rushton, A., Dance, C., Quinton, D., & Mayes, D. (2001). Siblings in late permanent placements London. British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1360641701302782
  • Schmidt, D. M. (1986). Presentation of research findings on prevention of adoption disruption. In D. M. Schmidt (Ed.), Special needs adoption: A positive perspective. Colorado State Department of Social Services.
  • Schneider-Rosen, K., Braunwald, K. G., Carlson, V., & Cicchetti, D. (1985). Current perspectives in attachment theory: Illustration from the study of maltreated infants. In I. Bretherton, & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1–2, Serial No. 209, pp. 195–210). US Government Monograph.
  • Seiffge-Krenke, I., & Kollmar, F. (1998). Discrepancies between mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of sons’ and daughters’ problem behaviour: A longitudinal analysis of parent-adolescent agreement on internalising and externalising problem behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 39(5), 687–697.
  • Selwyn, J., Wijedasa, D. N., & Meakings, S. J. (2014). Beyond the Adoption Order: challenges, interventions and disruptions. Department for Education.
  • Shlonsky, A., Bellamy, J., Elkins, J., & Ashare, C. (2005). The other kin: Setting the course for research, policy and practice with siblings in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(7), 697–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.12.019
  • Smith, M. C. (1996). An exploratory survey of foster mother and caseworker attitudes about sibling placement. Child Welfare, 75(4), 357–375.
  • Smith, M. C. (1998). Sibling placement in foster care: An exploration of associated concurrent preschool-aged child functioning. Children and Youth Services Review, 20(5), 389–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(98)00014-0
  • Smith, S. L., & Howard, J. A. (1999). Promoting successful adoptions: Practice with troubled families. Sage.
  • Steele, H., & Steele, M. (2005). The construct of coherence as an indicator of attachment security in middle childhood: The Friends and Family Interview. In K. Kerns & R. Richardson (Eds.), Attachment in middle childhood (pp. 137–160) Guilford Press.
  • Steinhausen, H. C., & Metzke, C. W. (1998). Youth self- report of behavioral and emotional problems in a Swiss epidemiological study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27(4), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022895917868
  • Stewart, R. (1983). Sibling attachment relationships: Child-infant interactions in the strange situation. Developmental Psychology, 19(2), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.19.2.192
  • Stormshak, E. A., Bellanti, C. J., & Bierman, K. L. (1996). The quality of sibling relationships and the development of social competence and behavioural control in aggressive children. Developmental Psychology, 32(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.1.79
  • Tarren-Sweeney, M., & Hazell, P. (2005). The mental health and socialization of siblings in care. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(7), 821–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.12.014
  • Teti, D., & Ablard, K. (1989). Security of attachment and infant-sibling relationships: A laboratory study. Child Development, 60(6), 1519–1528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb04022.x
  • Thorpe, M. B., & Swart, G. T. (1992). Risk and protective factors affecting children in foster care: A pilot study of the role of siblings. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37(9), 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379203700904
  • Tieman, W., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2005). Psychiatric disorders in young adult intercountry adoptees: An epidemiological study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 592–598. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.592
  • Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Quinn, B. T., McCarry, T. W., Nurse, M., Gilhooly, T., Millner, A., Galvan, A., Davidson, M. C., Eigsti, I., Thomas, K. M., Freed, P. J., Booma, E. S., Gunnar, M. R., Altemus, M., Aronson, J., & Casey, B. J. (2010). Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation. Developmental Science, 13(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.x
  • Tregeagle, S., Moggach, L., Trivedi, H., & Ward, H. (2019). Previous life experiences and the vulnerability of children adopted from out-of-home care: The impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences and child welfare decision making. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.028
  • Trentacosta, C. J., Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F., & Wilson, M. (2008). The relations among cumulative risk, parenting, and behaviour problems during early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 49, 1211–1219.
  • Updegraff, K. A., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2002). Adolescents’ sibling relationship and friendship experiences: Developmental patterns and relationship linkages. Social Development, 11(2), 182–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00194
  • Van den Dries, L., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2009). Fostering security? A meta-analysis of attachment in adopted children. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(3), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.09.008
  • Vandepoel, D., Roskam, I., Passone, S. M., & Stievenart, M. (2014). Early deprivation as a risk factor for narcissistic identity pathologies in adolescence with regard to international adoption. Neuropsychiatrie de l’enfance et de l’adolescence, 62(8), 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2014.09.002
  • Vandivere, S., & McKlindon, A. (2010). The well-being of US children adopted from foster care, privately from the United States and internationally. Adoption Quarterly, 13(3-4), 157–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2010.524871
  • Von Korff, L., Grotevant, H. D., & McRoy, R. G. (2006). Openness arrangements and psychological adjustment in adolescent adoptees. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(3), 531–534. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.3.531
  • Warren, S. B. (1992). Lower threshold for referral for psychiatric treatment for adopted adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(3), 512–517. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199205000-00019
  • Wojciak, A. S., Tomfohrde, O., Simpson, J. E., & Waid, J. (2022). Sibling separation: Learning from those with former foster care experiences. The British Journal of Social Work, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcac204
  • Wulczyn, F., & Zimmerman, E. (2005). Sibling placements in longitudinal perspective. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(7), 741–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.12.017
  • Youngblade, L., & Dunn, J. (1995). Individual differences in young children’s pretend play with mother and sibling: Links to relationships and understanding of other people’s beliefs and feelings. Child Development, 66(5), 1472–1492.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.