115
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Specific Developmental and Clinical Considerations for Working with Adolescents and Young Adults in Kinship Adoption

Received 15 Feb 2023, Accepted 20 Feb 2023, Published online: 22 Jul 2023

References

  • Adler-Tapia, R., & Settle, C. (2009). Evidence of the efficacy of EMDR with children and adolescents in individual psychotherapy: A review of the research published in peer-reviewed journals. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.232
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Walls, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Erlbaum.
  • Anthony, R. E., Paine, A. L., & Shelton, K. H. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences of children adopted from care: The importance of adoptive parental warmth for future child adjustment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 2212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122212
  • Barron, I. G., Bourgaize, C., Lempertz, D., Swinden, C., & Darker-Smith, S. (2019). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic narrative review. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 13(4), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.13.4.270
  • Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226
  • Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1984). Internal consistencies of the original and revised Beck depression inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(6), 1365–1367. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679
  • Beeman, S., & Boisen, L. (1999). Child welfare professionals’ attitudes toward kinship foster care. Child Welfare, 78(3), 315–337. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45400162
  • Beeney, J. E., Wright, A. G. C., Stepp, S. D., Hallquist, M. N., Lazarus, S. A., Beeney, J. R. S., Scott, L. N., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2017). Disorganized attachment and personality functioning in adults: A latent class analysis. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(3), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000184
  • Bell, T., & Romano, E. (2017). Permanency and safety among children in foster family and kinship care: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 18(3), 268–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015611673
  • Berrick, J. D., Needell, B., Barth, R. P., & Jonson-Reid, M. (1998). The tender years: Toward developmentally sensitive child welfare services for very young children. Oxford University Press.
  • Billingsley, A. (1998). Introduction. In R. B. Hill, The strengths of African American families: Twenty-five years later. R & B Publishing.
  • Boris, N. W., Fueyo, M., & Zeanah, C. H. (1997). The clinical assessment of attachment in children under five. Journal of the Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(2), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199702000-00020
  • Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. Bull World Health Organ, 3(3), 355–533.
  • Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39(5), 350–373.
  • Bowlby, J. (1968). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation, anxiety, and anger. Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss: Sadness and depression. Basic Books.
  • Bullock, A. N. (2016). Guardianship in the United States. In C.L. Shehan (Ed.), Encyclopedia of family studies. Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs374
  • Bundy-Fazioli, K., Matthew, G., & Law, M. G. (2006). “I screamed for help”: A case study of one grandmother’s experience with voluntary kinship care. Journal of Family Social Work, 9(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1300/J039v09n03_01
  • Chethik, M. (2000). Techniques of child therapy: Psychodynamic strategies (2nd ed.). Guilford.
  • Choi, M., Sprang, G., & Eslinger, J. G. (2016). Grandparents raising grandchildren: A synthetic review and theoretical model for interventions. Family & Community Health, 39(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000097
  • Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., & Steer, R. A. (2004). A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200404000-00005
  • Corder, K. (2012). Counseling adult adoptees. The Family Journal, 20(4), 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480712452088
  • Corrigan, F. M., & Elkin-Cleary, E. (2018). Shame as an evolved basic affect – Approaches to it within the comprehensive resource model (CRM). Medical Hypotheses, 119, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.07.028
  • Desmond, K. J., Kindsvatter, A., Stahl, S., & Smith, H. (2015). Using creative techniques with children who have experienced trauma. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 10(4), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2015.1040938
  • Dorval, A., Lamothe, J., Hélie, S., & Poirier, M. A. (2020). Different profiles, different needs: An exploration and analysis of characteristics of children in kinship care and their parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104531
  • Engelhard, I. M., McNally, R. J., & van Schie, K. (2019). Retrieving and modifying traumatic memories: Recent research relevant to three controversies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(1), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418807728
  • Farmer, E., Selwyn, J., & Meakings, S. (2013). “Other children say you’re not normal because you don’t live with your parents”. Children’s views of living with informal kinship carers: Social networks, stigma and attachment to carers. Child & Family Social Work, 18(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12030
  • Feeney, J. A., Passmore, N. L., & Peterson, C. C. (2007). Adoption, attachment, and relationship concerns: A study of adult adoptees. Personal relationships. 14(1), 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00145.x
  • Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
  • Fineran, K. R. (2012). Helping foster and adopted children to grieve the loss of birthparents: A case study example. The Family Journal, 20(4), 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480712451230
  • Geen, R. (2003). Finding permanent homes for foster children: Issues raised by kinship care (Issue Series A, No. A-60). The Urban Institute.
  • Gomez, A. (2013). EMDR therapy and adjunct approaches with children: Complex trauma, attachment, and dissociation. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Groza, V., Maschmeier, C., Jamison, C., & Piccola, T. (2003). Siblings and out-of-home placement: Best practices. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 84(4), 480–490. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.136
  • Hegar, R. L., & Rosenthal, J. A. (2009). Kinship care and sibling placement: Child behavior, family relationships, and school outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(6), 670–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.01.002
  • Hegar, R. L., & Scannapieco, M. (2017). Foster care to kinship adoption: The road less traveled. Adoption Quarterly, 20(1), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2016.1149535
  • Howard, J. A., & Smith, S. L. (1995). Adoption preservation in Illinois: Results of a four year study. Illinois State University.
  • Jamora, M. S., Brylske, P. D., Martens, P., Braxton, D., Colantuoni, E., & Belcher, H. M. E. (2009). Children in foster care: Adverse childhood experiences and psychiatric diagnoses. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 2(3), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361520903120491
  • Janet, P. (1989). L’Automatisme psychologique: Essay de psychologie experimentale sur les formes inferieures de l’activite humaine. Felix Alcan. Reprint: Societe Pierre Janet/Payot, Paris, 1973.
  • Jewell, T., Gardner, T., Susi, K., Watchorn, K., Coopey, E., Simic, M., Fonagy, P., & Eisler, I. (2019). Attachment measures in middle childhood and adolescence: A systematic review of measurement properties. Clinical Psychology Review, 68, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.12.004
  • Kinsey, D., & Schlösser, A. (2013). Interventions in foster and kinship care: A systematic review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18(3), 429–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104512458204
  • Kiraly, M., & Humphreys, C. (2013). Family contact for children in kinship care: A literature review. Australian Social Work, 66(3), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2013.812129
  • Kiraly, M., & Humphreys, C. (2016). “It’s about the whole family”: Family contact for children in kinship care. Child & Family Social Work, 21(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12140
  • Langosch, D. (2012). Grandparents parenting again: Challenges, strengths, and implications for practice. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 32(2), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2012.655637
  • Lanyado, M. (2003). The emotional tasks of moving from fostering to adoption: Transitions, attachment, separation and loss. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8(3), 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104503008003005
  • Lee, E., Kramer, C., Choi, M. J., Pestine-Stevens, A., & Huang, Y. (2020). The cumulative effect of prior maltreatment on emotional and physical health of children in informal kinship care. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP, 41(4), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000769
  • Linehan, M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Guildford Press.
  • Lohrasbe, R. S., & Ogden, P. (2017). Somatic resources: Sensorimotor psychotherapy approach to stabilizing arousal in child and family treatment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 38(4), 573–581. (https://doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1270
  • Lorkovich, T. W., Piccola, T., Groza, V., Brindo, M. E., & Marks, J. (2004). Kinship care and permanence: Guiding principles for policy and practice. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 85(2), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.324
  • Lovett, J. (1999). Small wonders: Healing childhood trauma with EMDR. The Free Press.
  • McCartan, C., Bunting, L., Bywaters, P., Davidson, G., Elliott, M., & Hooper, J. (2018). A four-nation comparison of kinship care in the UK: The relationship between formal kinship care and deprivation. Social Policy and Society, 17(4), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746418000179
  • Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation. Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research and Intervention, 1, 121–160.
  • Main, M., & Weston, D. R. (1981). The quality of the toddler’s relationship to mother and to father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development, 52(3), 932–940. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129097
  • Marich, J. (2011). EMDR made simple: 4 approaches to using EMDR with every client. Premier Publishing & Media.
  • Messing, J. T. (2006). From the child’s perspective: A qualitative analysis of kinship care placements. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(12), 1415–1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.03.001
  • Minkler, M., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2005). African American grandparents raising grandchildren: A national study using the Census 2000 American Community Survey. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(2), S82–S92. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.2.s82
  • Morris, G., & Baker-Ward, L. (2007). Fragile but real: Children’s capacity to use newly acquired words to convey preverbal memories. Child Development, 78(2), 448–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01008.x
  • Neimeyer, R. (2006). Re-storying loss: Fostering growth in the posttraumatic narrative. In L. G. Calhoun and R. D. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth (pp. 68–80). Routledge.
  • O’Brien, V. (2012). The benefits and challenges of kinship care. Child Care in Practice. 18(2), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2012.657610
  • Pace, C. S., Di Folco, S., Guerriero, V., & Muzi, S. (2019). Late-adopted children grown up: A long-term longitudinal study on attachment patterns of adolescent adoptees and their adoptive mothers. Attachment & Human Development, 21(4), 372–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1571519
  • Pace, C. S., & Zavattini, G. C. (2011). ‘Adoption and attachment theory’ the attachment models of adoptive mothers and the revision of attachment patterns of their late-adopted children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01135.x
  • Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Fernandez, I., & Siracusano, A. (2014). Corrélats de la thérapie EMDR en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle et structurelle: Un résumé critique des résultats récents [Correlates of EMDR therapy in functional and structural neuroimaging: A critical summary of recent findings]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8(2), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.2.E29
  • Parker, T. S., & Wampler, K. S. (2006). Changing emotion: The use of therapeutic storytelling. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 32(2), 155–166. PMID: 16676893. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01597.x
  • Parnell, L. (2008). Tapping in: A step-by-step guide to activating your healing resources through bilateral stimulation. Sounds True.
  • Parnell, L. (2013). Attachment-focused EMDR: Healing relational trauma. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Paulsen, S., & O’Shea, K. (2017). When there are no words: Repairing early trauma and neglect from the attachment period with EMDR therapy. Bainbridge Institute for Integrative Psychology.
  • Perryman, K., Blisard, P., & Moss, R. (2019). Using creative arts in trauma therapy: The neuroscience of healing. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 41(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.41.1.07
  • Peterson Lent, J., & Otto, A. (2018). Grandparents, grandchildren, and caregiving: The impacts of America’s substance use crisis. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, 42(3),15–22.
  • Piermattei, C., Pace, C. S., Tambelli, R., D’Onofrio, E., & Di Folco, S. (2017). Late adoptions: Attachment security and emotional availability in mother-child and father-child dyads. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2114–2125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0732-6
  • Pivnick, B. A. (2009). Left without a word: Learning rhythms, rhymes, and reasons in adoption. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 30(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690903200101
  • Radel, L. F., Bramlett, M. D., & Waters, A. (2010). Legal and informal adoption by relatives in the U.S.: Comparative characteristics and well-being from a nationally representative sample. Adoption Quarterly, 13(3–4), 268–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2010.537957
  • Raikes, B. (2016). ‘Unsung heroines’: Celebrating the care provided by grandmothers for children with parents in prison. Probation Journal, 63(3), 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550516648396
  • Rodenburg, R., Benjamin, A., de Roos, C., Meijer, A. M., & Stams, G. J. (2009). Efficacy of EMDR in children: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.008
  • Rosenthal, J. A., & Hegar, R. L. (2016). Kinship guardianship, adoption, and foster care: Outcomes from a U.S. national sample. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 10(3), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2016.1176610
  • Rubin, D., Springer, S. H., Zlotnik, S., Kang-Yi, C. D., Szilagyi, M., Forkey, H., Harmon, D., Jaudes, P., Jones, V. F., Lee, P., Nalven, L., Sagor, L., Schulte, E., & Zetley, L. W. & Council on Foster Care, Adoption, and Kinship Care. (2017). Needs of kinship care families and pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 139(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0099
  • Rutter, M. (2003). Resilience and vulnerability adaptation in the context of childhood adversities.
  • Ryan, S. D., Hinterlong, J., Hegar, R. L., & Johnson, L. B. (2010). Kin adopting kin: In the best interest of the children? Children and Youth Services Review, 32(12), 1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.06.013
  • Scannapieco, M., & Jackson, S. (1996). Kinship care: The African American response to family preservation. Social Work, 41(2), 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/41.2.190
  • Schnurr, P., Vielhauer, M., Weathers, F., Findler, M. (1999). The brief trauma questionnaire (BTQ) [Measurement instrument]. http://www.ptsd.va.gov
  • Schore, A. (2003). Affect dysregulation and the repair of the self. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Schwartz, R. C. (1995). Internal family systems therapy. Guilford Publications.
  • Shapiro, F. (1989a). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(2), 199–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490020207
  • Shapiro, F. (1989b). Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20(3), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(89)90025-6
  • Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures. The Guilford Press.
  • Siegel, D. (2001). Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, “mindsight,” and neural integration. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1–2), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(200101/04)22:1<67::AID-IMHJ3>3.0.CO;2-G
  • Siegel, D. (2015). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.
  • Stein, R. E. K., Hurlburt, M. S., Heneghan, A. M., Zhang, J., Rolls-Reutz, J., Landsverk, J., & McCue Horwitz, S. (2014). Health status and type of out-of-home placement: Informal kinship care in an investigated sample. Academic Pediatrics, 14(6), 559–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2014.04.002
  • Steele, M., Hodges, J., Kaniuk, J., Steele, H., Hillman, S., & Asquith, K. (2008). Forcasting outcomes in previously maltreated children: The use of the AAI in a longitudinal adoption study. In Steele, H. & Steele, M. (Eds.), Clinical applications of the adult attachment interview (pp. 427–451). The Guilford Press.
  • Swanke, J. R., Yampolskaya, S., Strozier, A., & Armstrong, M. I. (2016). Mental health service utilization and time to care: A comparison of children in traditional foster care and children in kinship care. Children and Youth Services Review, 68, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.06.029
  • Terling-Watt, T. (2001). Permanency in kinship care: An exploration of disruption rates and factors associated with placement disruption. Children and Youth Services Review, 23(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(01)00129-
  • Testa, M. (2004). When children cannot return home: Adoption and guardianship. The Future of Children, 14(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602757
  • Testa, M., Shook, K., Cohen, L., & Woods, M. G. (1996). Permanency planning options for children in formal kinship care. Child Welfare, 75(5), 451–470.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, Preliminary Estimates for FY 2019 as of June 23, 2020 (27).
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Administration on children, youth and families, child maltreatment 2001. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Lee, R. L., Rivas-Drake, D., Syed, M., Seaton, E., Quintana, S. M., Cross, W. E., Jr., Schwartz, S. J., & Yip, T, Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12196
  • van der Hart, O., Brown, P., & van der Kolk, B. (1989). Pierre Janet’s treatment of post-traumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(4), 379–395. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490020404
  • Vanschoonlandt, F., Vanderfaeillie, J., Van Holen, F., De Maeyer, S., & Andries, C. (2012). Kinship and non-kinship foster care: Differences in contact with parents and foster child’s mental health problems. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(8), 1533–1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.04.010
  • Watkins, J. G., & Watkins, H. H. (1997). Ego states: Theory & therapy. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • White, K. (2016). Placement discontinuity for older children and adolescents who exit foster care through adoption or guardianship: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 33(4), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0425-1
  • Williams, M. N. (2011). The changing roles of grandparents raising grandchildren. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 21(8), 948–962. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2011.588535
  • Wilson, D. B., & Chipungu, S. S. (1996). Kinship care: Special issue. Child Welfare, 75(5), 387–395.
  • Winokur, M. A., Holtan, A., & Batchelder, K. E. (2018). Systematic review of kinship care effects on safety, permanency, and well-being outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515620843
  • Wrobel, G. M., & Grotevant, H. D. (2019). Minding the (information) gap: What do emerging adult adoptees want to know about their birth parents? Adoption Quarterly, 22(1), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2018.1488332
  • Xu, Y., & Bright, C. L. (2018). Children’s mental health and its predictors in kinship and non-kinship foster care: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 89, 243–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.001
  • Zeanah, C. H., & Boris, N. W. (2000). Disturbances and disorders of attachment in early childhood. In Zeanah C. H. (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (Vol. 2, pp. 353–368). Guilford Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.