A Controlled Pilot-Outcome Study of Sensory Integration (SI) in the Treatment of Complex Adaptation to Traumatic Stress

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Ayres , A. J. 1998 . Sensory integration and the child , Los Angeles, CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Bérard , G. 1993 . Hearing equals behavior , New Canaan, CT : Keats .
   Google Scholar
• Bremner , J. D. 2003 . Long-term effects of childhood abuse on brain and neurobiology . Child Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America , 12 : 271 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner , J. D. 2005 . Effects of traumatic stress on brain structure and function: Relevance to early responses to trauma . Journal of Trauma Dissociation , 6 : 51 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bremner , J. D. , Krystal , J. H. , Charney , D. S. and Southwick , S. M. 1996 . Neural mechanisms in dissociative amnesia for childhood abuse: Relevance to the current controversy surrounding “false memory syndrome.” . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 ( 7 ) : 71 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner , J. D. , Vythilingam , M. , Vermetten , E. , Southwick , S. M. , McGlashan , T. Nazeer , A. 2003 . MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 924 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , A. J. , Merchut , M. P. , Neafsey , E. J. and Wurster , R. D. 2002 . Neuroscience: An outline approach , St. Louis, MO : Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre , M. , Koenen , K. C. , Cohen , L. R. and Han , H. 2002 . Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 70 : 1067 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , J. 1999 . Disorders of extreme stress following war-zone military trauma: Associated features of posttraumatic stress disorder or comorbid but distinct syndromes . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67 ( 1 ) : 3 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravetter , F. J. and Wallnau , L. B. 2007 . Statistics for the behavioral sciences , 7th , Belmont, CA : Thompson .
   Google Scholar
• Greenspan , S. I. and Porges , S. W. 1984 . Psychopathology in infancy and early childhood: Clinical perspectives on the organization of sensory and affective-thematic experience . Child Development , 55 : 49 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim , C. , Newport , D. J. , Heit , S. , Graham , Y. P. , Wilcox , M. Bonsall , R. 2000 . Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood . Journal of the American Medical Association , 284 ( 5 ) : 592 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim , C. , Newport , J. , Wagner , D. , Wilcox , M. , Miller , A. and Nemeroff , C. B. 2002 . The role of early adverse experience and adulthood stress in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women: A multiple regression analysis . Depression and Anxiety , 15 : 117 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman , J. 1992 . Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 5 : 377 – 391 . doi:10.1002/jts.2490050305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehn , T. P. and Baumeister , A. A. 1994 . A critique of the application of sensory integration therapy to children with learning disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 27 ( 6 ) : 338 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , S. , Kupfermann , I. and Kandel , E. R. 2000 . “ Emotional states and feelings ” . In Principles of neural science , 4th , Edited by: Kandel , E. R. , Schwartz , J. H. and Jessell , T. M. 982 – 997 . New York, NY : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Kandel , E. R. 2000 . “ Cellular mechanisms of learning and the biological basis of individuality ” . In Principles of neural science , 4th , Edited by: Kandel , E. R. , Schwartz , J. H. and Jessell , T. M. 1247 – 1279 . New York, NY : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• LeDoux , J. E. 1998 . The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotion , New York, NY : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Liberman , J. 1986 . The effect of syntonic (colored light) stimulation on certain visual and cognitive functions . Journal of Optometric Vision Development , 17 : 4 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Luxenberg , T. , Spinazzola , J. and van der Kolk , B. 2001 . Complex trauma and disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) diagnosis, part one: Assessment . Directions in Psychiatry , 21 : 373 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• McLean , L. M. and Gallop , R. 2003 . Implications of childhood sexual abuse for adult borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 ( 2 ) : 369 – 371 . doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meares , R. , Stevenson , J. and Gordon , E. 1999 . A Jacksonian and biopsychosocial hypothesis concerning borderline and related phenomena . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 33 : 831 – 840 . doi:10.1046/j.1440–1614. 1999.00637.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam , M. M. 1998 . From sensation to cognition . Brain , 121 : 1013 – 1052 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro , C. D. 2007 . A comprehensive literature review defining self-mutilation and occupational therapy intervention approaches: Dialectical behavior therapy and sensory integration . Occupational Therapy in Mental Health , 23 ( 1 ) : 55 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Nemeroff , C. B. 2004 . Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 65 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 18 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parham , L. D. , Cohen , E. S. , Spitzer , S. , Koomar , J. A. , Miller , L. J. Burke , J. P. 2007 . Fidelity in sensory integration intervention research . American Journal of Occupational Therapy , 61 ( 2 ) : 216 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelcovitz , D. , van der Kolk , B. A. , Roth , S. , Mandel , F. , Kaplan , S. and Resick , P. 1997 . Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES) . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 10 ( 1 ) : 3 – 16 . doi:10.1002/jts.2490100103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , B. D. , Pollard , R. A. , Blakley , T. L. , Baker , W. L. and Vigilante , D. 1995 . Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and “use-dependent” development of the brain: How “states” become “traits.” . Infant Mental Health Journal , 16 : 271 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porges , S. W. 2003 . The polyvagal theory: Phylogenetic contributions to social behavior . Physiology and Behavior , 79 ( 3 ) : 503 – 513 . doi:10.1016/S0031–9384(03)00156–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos , R. S. , Steinberg , A. M. and Goenjian , A. 1996 . “ Traumatic stress in childhood and adolescence: Recent developments and current controversies ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. A. , McFarlane , A. C. and Weisaeth , L. 331 – 358 . New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Rantanen , E. M. 2003 . Measurement of the visual field . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 96 ( 1 ) : 92 – 95 . doi:10.2466/PMS.96.1.92–94
   Google Scholar
• Rauch , S. L. , van der Kolk , B. A. , Fisler , R. E. , Alpert , N. M. , Orr , S. P. Savage , C. R. 1996 . A symptom provocation study of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery . Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 : 380 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimland , B. and Edelson , S. M. 1994 . The effects of auditory integration training on autism . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology , 3 : 16 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Schaaf , R. C. and Anzalone , M. E. 2001 . “ Sensory integration with high-risk infants and young children ” . In Understanding the nature of sensory integration with diverse populations , Edited by: Roley , S. S. , Blanche , E. I. and Schaaf , R. C. 275 – 311 . San Antonio, TX : Therapy Skill Builders .
   Google Scholar
• Schore , A. N. 2003 . Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self , New York, NY : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Sensory Learning Center International . 2004 . Sensory learning program provider training workbook , Boulder, CO : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Siegel , D. J. 2001 . Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, “mindsight,” and neural integration . Infant Mental Health Journal , 22 ( 1–2 ) : 67 – 94 . doi:10.1002/1097–0355 (200101)22:1<67:AID-IMHJ3>3.0.CO;2-G
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitler , H. R. 1941 . The syntonic principle , Eaton, OH : College of Syntonic Optometry .
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer , C. , Chevalier , C. , Gillner , M. , Freyberger , H. J. and Barnow , S. 2006 . Complex posttraumatic stress disorder and child maltreatment in forensic inpatients . The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology , 17 ( 2 ) : 204 – 216 . doi:10.1080/14789940500497743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , S. and Roley , S. S. 2001 . “ Sensory integration revisited: A philosophy of practice ” . In Understanding the nature of sensory integration with diverse populations , Edited by: Roley , S. S. , Blanche , E. I. and Schaaf , R. C. 3 – 42 . San Antonio, TX : Therapy Skill Builders .
   Google Scholar
• Teicher , M. H. 2002 . Scars that won't heal: The neurobiology of child abuse . Scientific American , 286 ( 3 ) : 68 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toates , F. 1998 . The interaction of cognitive and stimulus–response processes in the control of behavior . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 22 : 59 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomatis , A. A. 1991 . The conscious ear , Barrytown, NY : Station Hill Press .
   Google Scholar
• The Trauma Center . 2003 . Trauma center assessment package , Brookline, MA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Trevarthen , C. 1993 . “ The self born in intersubjectivity: The psychology of an infant communicating ” . In The perceived self: Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge , Edited by: Neisser , U. 121 – 173 . New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Uttal , W. R. 1973 . The psychobiology of sensory coding , New York, NY : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. 1996a . “ The body keeps the score: Approaches to the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. A. , McFarlane , A. C. and Weisaeth , L. 214 – 241 . New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. 1996b . “ The complexity of adaptation to trauma: Self-regulation, stimulus discrimination, and characterological development ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. A. , McFarlane , A. C. and Weisaeth , L. 182 – 213 . New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. 2002 . Posttraumatic therapy in the age of neuroscience . Psychoanalytic Dialogues , 12 ( 3 ) : 381 – 392 . doi:10.1080/10481881209348674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. and Fisler , R. E. 1994 . Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self-regulation . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 58 ( 2 ) : 145 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. , Pelcovitz , D. , Roth , S. , Mandel , F. S. , McFarlane , A. and Herman , J. 1996 . Dissociation, affect dysregulation and somatization . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 ( Suppl. 7 ) : 83 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. , Spinazzola , J. , Blaustein , M. E. , Hopper , J. W. , Hopper , E. K. Korn , D. L. 2007 . A randomized clinical trial of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), Fluoxetine, and pill placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment effects and long-term maintenance . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 68 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Vargas , S. and Camilli , G. 1998 . A meta-analysis of research on sensory integration treatment . The American Journal of Occupational Therapy , 53 ( 2 ) : 189 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Winnicott , D. W. 1971 . Playing and reality , New York, NY : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnick , C. and Pearlstein , T. 1997 . Validation of the structured interview for disorders of extreme stress . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 38 ( 4 ) : 243 – 247 . doi:10.1016/S0010–440X(97)90033–X
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnick , C. , Warshaw , M. , Shea , M. T. , Allsworth , J. , Pearlstein , T. and Keller , M. B. 1999 . Chronicity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of course of comorbid PTSD in patients with anxiety disorders . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 12 : 89 – 100 . doi:10.1023/A:1024746316245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick , C. , Zakriski , A. L. , Shea , M. T. , Costello , E. , Begin , A. Pearlstein , T. 1996 . The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 9 ( 2 ) : 195 – 205 . doi:10.1002/jts.2490090204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar