Attachment Mediates the Childhood Maltreatment–Daily Hassles Link in Low-Income, Suicidal African American Women

REFERENCES

• Alexander , P. 2009 . Childhood trauma, attachment, and abuse by multiple partners . Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy , 1 : 78 – 88 . doi: 10.1037/a0015254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , P. C. , Anderson , C. L. , Brand , B. , Schaeffer , C. M. , Grelling , B. Z. and Kretz , L. 1998 . Adult attachment and long-term effects in survivors of incest . Child Abuse & Neglect , 22 : 45 – 61 . doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00120-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , P. L. , Tiro , J. A. , Price , A. , Bender , M. and Kaslow , N. J. 2002 . Additive impact of childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse on suicide attempts among low-income, African American women . Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior , 32 : 131 – 138 . doi: 10.1521/suli.32.2.131.24405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspelmeier , J. E. , Elliott , A. N. and Smith , C. H. 2007 . Childhood sexual abuse, attachment, and trauma symptoms in college females: The moderating role of attachment . Child Abuse & Neglect , 31 : 549 – 566 . doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back , S. E. , Brady , K. T. , Waldrop , A. E. , Yeatts , S. D. , McRae , A. L. and Spratt , E. 2008 . Early life trauma and sensitivity to current life stressors in individuals with and without cocaine dependence . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 34 : 389 – 396 . doi: 10.1080/00952990802122614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer , J. and Martinez , C. D. 2006 . Child maltreatment and insecure attachment: A meta-analysis . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 24 : 187 – 197 . doi: 10.1080/02646830600821231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew , K. 1990 . Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective . Journal of Social and Personal Relations , 7 : 147 – 178 . doi: 10.1177/0265407590072001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew , K. and Horowitz , L. M. 1991 . Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 226 – 244 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew , K. and Shaver , P. 1998 . “ Methods of assessing adult attachment: Do they converge ” . In Attachment theory and close relationships , Edited by: Simpson , J. A. and Rhodes , W. S. 25 – 45 . New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Bateman , A. W. and Fonagy , P. 2003 . The development of an attachment-based treatment program for borderline personality disorder . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 67 : 187 – 211 . doi: 10.1521/bumc.67.3.187.23439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D. P. , Ahluvalia , T. , Pogge , D. and Handelsman , L. 1997 . Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 340 – 348 . doi: 10.1097/00004583-199703000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D. P. and Fink , L. 1998 . Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report , San Antonio , TX : Harcourt, Brace .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D. P. , Fink , L. , Handelsman , L. , Foote , J. , Lovejoy , M. , Wenzel , K. K. , … and Ruggiero , J. J. 1994 . Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1132 – 1136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1977 . The making and breaking of affectional bonds: I. Etiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory . British Journal of Psychiatry , 130 : 201 – 210 . doi: 10.1192/bjp.130.3.201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1982 . The child's tie to his mother: Attachment behavior: Attachment , Vol. 2 , New York , NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. and Harris , T. 1978 . Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women , New York , NY : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Byslma , W. H. , Cozzarelli , C. and Sumner , N. 1997 . Relation between adult attachment styles and global self-esteem . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 19 : 1 – 16 . doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp1901_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , S. P. , Arnette , N. C. , Bethea , K. I. , Graves , K. N. , Rhodes , M. N. , Harp , S. E. , … and Kaslow , N. J. 2009 . The Grady Nia Project: A culturally competent intervention for low-income, abused and suicidal African American women . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 40 : 141 – 147 . doi: 10.1037/a0014566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong , G. M. , Timmerman , I. G. H. and Emmelkamp , P. M. G. 1996 . The Survey of Recent Life Experiences: A psychometric evaluation . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 19 : 529 – 542 . doi: 10.1007/BF01904902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener , M. J. and Monroe , J. M. 2011 . The relationship between adult attachment style and therapeutic alliance in individual psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review . Psychotherapy , 48 : 237 – 248 . doi: 10.1037/a0022425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drapeau , M. and Perry , J. C. 2004 . Childhood trauma and adult interpersonal functioning: A study using the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme Method (CCRT) . Child Abuse & Neglect , 28 : 1049 – 1066 . doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube , S. R. , Anda , R. F. , Felitti , V. J. , Chapman , D. P. , Williamson , D. F. and Giles , W. H. 2001 . Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study . Journal of the American Medical Association , 286 : 3089 – 3096 . doi: 10.1001/jama.286.24.3089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. , McHugh , P. R. and Fanjiang , G. 2001 . Mini-Mental State Examination , Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , D. and Bartholomew , K. 1994 . Models of self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 430 – 445 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington , E. F. , Crowther , J. H. , Henrickson , H. C. P. and Mickelson , K. D. 2006 . The relationships among trauma, stress, ethnicity, and binge eating . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 12 : 212 – 229 . doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazan , C. and Shaver , P. 1987 . Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 511 – 524 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilardi , D. L. and Kaslow , N. J. 2009 . Social difficulties influence group psychotherapy in abused, suicidal African American women . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 65 : 1300 – 1311 . doi: 10.1002/jclp.20628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , L. C. and Greene , B. 2000 . Psychotherapy with African American women: Innovations in psychodynamic perspectives and practice , New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. M. 2004 . The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy , 2nd , New York , NY : Brunner-Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. M. 2005 . Emotionally focused couple therapy with trauma survivors: Strengthening attachment bonds , New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Kaslow , N. J. , Sherry , A. , Bethea , K. , Wyckoff , S. , Compton , M. , Bender , M. , … and Parker , R. 2005 . Social risk and protective factors for suicide attempts in low income African American men and women . Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior , 35 : 400 – 412 . doi: 10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp , M. A. and Neimeyer , G. J. 1999 . Interpersonal attachment: Experiencing, expressing, and coping with stress . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 46 : 388 – 394 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. and Cicchetti , D. 2004 . A longitudinal study of child maltreatment, mother–child relationship quality and maladjustment: The role of self-esteem and social competence . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 : 341 – 354 . doi: 10.1023/B:JACP.0000030289.17006.5a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiser , L. J. , Nurse , W. , Lucksted , A. and Collins , K. S. 2008 . Understanding the impact of trauma on family life from the viewpoint of female caregivers living in urban poverty . Traumatology , 14 : 77 – 90 . doi: 10.1177/1534765608320329
   Google Scholar
• Kobak , R. R. and Sceery , A. 1988 . Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others . Child Development , 59 : 135 – 146 . doi: 10.2307/1130395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn , P. M. and Macdonald , J. E. 1992 . The Survey of Recent Life Experiences: A decontaminated hassles scale for adults . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 15 : 221 – 236 . doi: 10.1007/BF00848327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krinsely , K. E. , Gallagher , J. G. , Weathers , F. W. , Kutter , C. J. and Kaloupek , D. G. 2003 . Consistency of retrospective reporting about exposure to traumatic events . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 16 : 399 – 409 . doi: 10.1023/A:1024474204233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdek , L. A. 2002 . On being insecure about the assessment of attachment styles . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 19 : 811 – 834 . doi: 10.1177/0265407502196005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. P. , Lockwood , C. M. , Hoffman , J. W. , West , S. G. and Sheets , V. 2002 . A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects . Psychological Methods , 7 : 83 – 104 . doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. P. , Lockwood , C. M. and Williams , J. 2004 . Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 39 : 99 – 128 . doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magai , C. , Cohen , C. , Milburn , N. , Thorpe , B. , McPherson , R. and Peralta , D. 2001 . Attachment styles in older European American and African American adults . Journal of Gerontology , 56 : S28 – S35 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/56.1.S28
   Google Scholar
• Main , M. , Kaplan , N. and Cassidy , J. 1985 . Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 50 ( 1–2 ) : 66 – 104 . doi: 10.2307/3333827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , J. C. 2005 . Family attachment narrative therapy: Healing the experience of early childhood maltreatment . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 31 : 221 – 237 . doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2005.tb01565.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minzenberg , M. J. , Poole , J. H. and Vinogradov , S. 2006 . Adult social attachment disturbance is related to childhood maltreatment and current symptoms in borderline personality disorder . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 194 : 341 – 348 . doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000218341.54333.4e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minzenberg , M. J. , Poole , J. H. and Vinogradov , S. 2008 . A neurocognitive model of borderline personality disorder: Effects of childhood sexual abuse and relationship to adult social attachment disturbance . Development and Psychopathology , 20 : 341 – 368 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montague , D. P. F. , Magai , C. , Consedine , N. S. and Gillespie , M. 2003 . Attachment in African American and European American older adults: The roles of early socialization and religiosity . Attachment and Human Development , 5 : 188 – 214 . doi: 10.1080/1461673031000108487
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller , R. T. , Lemieux , K. E. and Sicoli , L. A. 2001 . Attachment and psychopathology among formerly maltreated adults . Journal of Family Violence , 16 : 151 – 169 . doi: 10.1023/A:1011158919303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller , R. T. , Sicoli , L. A. and Lemieux , K. E. 2000 . Relationship between attachment style and posttraumatic stress symptomatology among adults who report the experience of childhood abuse . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 : 321 – 332 . doi: 10.1023/A:1007752719557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , E. C. , Heath , A. C. , Madden , P. A. F. , Cooper , L. A. , Dinwiddie , S. H. , Bucholz , K. K. , … and Martin , N. G. 2002 . Association between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychosocial outcomes: Results from a twin study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 59 : 139 – 145 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , M. N. , Bhaju , J. , Thompson , M. P. and Kaslow , N. J. 2011 . Life stress as mediator of the childhood maltreatment–intimate partner violence link in low-income, African American women . Journal of Family Violence , 27 : 1 – 10 . doi: 10.1007/s10896-011-9398-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman , L. A. and Courtois , C. A. 2005 . Clinical applications of the attachment framework: Relational treatment of complex trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 18 : 449 – 459 . doi: 10.1002/jts.20052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picardi , A. , Pasquini , P. , Cattaruzza , M. S. , Gaetano , P. , Melchi , C. F. , Baliva , G. , … and Biondi , M. 2003 . Stressful life events, social support, attachment security and alexithymia in vitiligo . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic , 72 : 150 – 158 . doi: 10.1159/000069731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. and Hayes , A. F. 2008 . Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models . Behavior Research Methods , 40 : 879 – 891 . doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rholes , W. S. and Simpson , J. A. 2004 . Adult attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications , New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Roy , A. , Hu , X.-Z. , Janal , M. N. and Goldman , D. 2007 . Interaction between childhood trauma and serotonin transporter gene variation in suicide . Neuropsychopharmacology , 32 : 2046 – 2052 . doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharfe , E. and Bartholomew , K. 1994 . Reliability and stability of adult attachment patterns . Personal Relationships , 1 : 23 – 43 . doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.1994.tb00053.x
   Google Scholar
• Scher , C. D. , Stein , M. B. , Asmundson , G. J. G. , McCreary , D. R. and Forde , D. R. 2001 . The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 14 : 843 – 857 . doi: 10.1023/A:1013058625719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer , K. W. , Sheridan , J. , Kuo , D. and Carnes , M. 2007 . Long-term physical and mental health consequences of childhood physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of men and women . Child Abuse & Neglect , 31 : 517 – 530 . doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , M. P. , Kaslow , N. J. , Bradshaw , D. and Kingree , J. B. 2000 . Childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and suicidal behavior among African American females . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 15 : 3 – 15 . doi: 10.1177/088626000015001001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , M. P. , Kaslow , N. J. and Kingree , J. B. 2002 . Risk factors for suicide attempts among African American women experiencing recent intimate partner violence . Violence and Victims , 17 : 283 – 295 . doi: 10.1891/vivi.17.3.283.33658
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toth , S. and Cicchetti , D. 1996 . Patterns of relatedness, depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in maltreated children . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 32 – 41 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth , S. L. , Cicchetti , D. , Macfie , J. and Emde , R. N. 1997 . Representations of self and other in the narrative of neglected, physically abused, and sexually abused preschoolers . Development and Psychopathology , 9 : 781 – 796 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579497001430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twomey , H. , Kaslow , N. J. and Croft , S. 2000 . Childhood maltreatment, object relations, and suicidal behavior in women . Psychoanalytic Psychology , 17 : 313 – 335 . doi: 10.1037/0736-9735.17.2.313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. 1996 . “ The complexity of adaptation to trauma: Self-regulation, stimulus discrimination, and characterological development ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. A. , McFarlane , A. C. and Weisaeth , L. 182 – 212 . New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Waldinger , R. J. , Schulz , M. S. , Barsky , A. J. and Ahern , D. K. 2006 . Mapping the road from childhood trauma to adult somatization: The role of attachment . Psychosomatic Medicine , 68 : 129 – 135 . doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000195834.37094.a4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield , C. L. , Anda , R. F. , Dube , S. R. and Felitti , V. J. 2003 . Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: Assessment in a large health maintenance organization . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 18 : 166 – 185 . doi: 10.1177/0886260502238733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijnberg , M. , Lagerwey , M. D. , Applegate , B. and Reding , K. 2006 . Development of the Hassles of Environmental Poverty Instrument . Journal of Social Service Research , 32 : 173 – 193 . doi: 10.1300/J079v32n03_10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M. , Parker , R. , Baker , D. , Parikh , N. , Pitkin , K. , Coates , W. and Nurss , J. R. 1995 . Inadequate functional health literacy among patients at two public hospitals . Journal of the American Medical Association , 274 : 1677 – 1682 . doi: 10.1001/jama.274.21.1677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , N. L. and Riskind , J. H. 2004 . Adult romantic attachment and cognitive vulnerabilities to anxiety and depression: Examining the interpersonal basis of vulnerability models . Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy , 18 : 7 – 24 . doi: 10.1891/jcop.18.1.7.28047
   Google Scholar
• Wright , K. D. , Asmundson , G. J. G. , McCreary , D. R. , Scher , C. D. , Hami , S. and Stein , M. B. 2001 . Factorial validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in men and women . Depression and Anxiety , 13 : 179 – 183 . doi: 10.1002/da.1034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar