424
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Trauma, Abuse and Corrections

Examining Trauma Symptoms and Interpersonal Dependency within Incarcerated Psychopathic and Non-psychopathic Women

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 222-241 | Received 21 Dec 2019, Accepted 04 Oct 2020, Published online: 10 Nov 2020

References

  • Adams, S. M., Peden, A. R., Hall, L. A., Rayens, M. K., Staten, R. R., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2011). Predictors of retention of women offenders in a community-based residential substance abuse treatment program. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 22(3), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.3109/10884602.2011.585719
  • Ali, S., Jabeen, S., & Alam, F. (2015). Multimodal approach to identifying malingered posttraumatic stress disorder: A review. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(1–2), 12–20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382135/
  • Allen, B., & Lauterbach, D. (2007). Personality characteristics of adult survivors of childhood trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(4), 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20195
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.
  • Armstrong, J. G. (2002). Deciphering the broken narrative of trauma: Signs of traumatic dissociation on the Rorschach. Rorschachiana, 25(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.25.1.11
  • Armstrong, J. G., & Loewenstein, R. J. (1990). Characteristics of patients with multiple personality and dissociative disorders on psychological testing. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(7), 448–454. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199007000-00006
  • Arnon, Z., Maoz, G., Gazit, T., & Klein, E. (2011). Rorschach indicators of PTSD: A retrospective study. Rorschachiana, 32(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000013
  • Baity, M. R., Blais, M. A., Hilsenroth, M. J., Fowler, J. C., & Padawer, J. R. (2009). Self-mutilation, severity of borderline psychopathology, and the Rorschach. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 73(3), 203–225. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2009.73.3.203
  • Blatt, S. J. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29(1), 107–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1974.11822616
  • Blatt, S. J. (2004). Experiences of depression: Theoretical, research and clinical perspectives. American Psychological Association.
  • Blatt, S. J., Zohar, A. H., Quinlan, D. M., Zuroff, D. C., & Mongrain, M. (1995). Subscales within the dependency factor of the depressive experiences questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(2), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6402_11
  • Boduszek, D., Debowska, A., Willmott, D., Jones, A., DeLisi, M., & Kirkman, G. (2019). Is female psychopathy linked with child abuse? An empirical investigation using a person-centered approach. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 28(6), 708–725. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2019.1592272
  • Bornstein, R. F. (1998). Implicit and self-attributed dependency strivings: Differential relationships to laboratory and field measures of help-seeking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 778–787. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.778
  • Bornstein, R. F. (2002). A process dissociation approach to objective-projective test score interrelationships. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7801_04
  • Bornstein, R. F., & Masling, J. M. (2005). The Rorschach oral dependency scale. In R. F. Bornstein & J. M. Masling (Eds.), Scoring the Rorschach: Seven validated systems (pp. 135–157). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Bornstein, R. F., Hilsenroth, M. J., Padawer, J. R., & Fowler, J. C. (2000). Interpersonal dependency and personality pathology: Variations in Rorschach Oral Dependency scores across Axis II disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75(3), 478–491. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7503_08
  • Bornstein, R. F., Poynton, F. G., & Masling, J. (1985). Orality and depression: An empirical study. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 2(3), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.2.3.241
  • Briere, J. (2011). Trauma Symptom Inventory–2 (TSI–2). Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Briere, J., Agee, E., & Dietrich, A. (2016). Cumulative trauma and current posttraumatic stress disorder status in general population and inmate samples. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(4), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000107
  • Bronson, J., & Berzofsky, M. (2017). Indicators of mental health problems reported by prisoners and jail inmates, 2011-12 (Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin). U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Brown, C. S. (2011). Longitudinal prediction of violence victimization and perpetration of female prison inmates based on trauma symptoms [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Pacific University.
  • Campos, R. C. (2009). Dependency, narcissism and Rorschach: A discussion based on the results of an empirical study. Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 16(1), 3–7.
  • Carr, C. (1997). Angel of darkness. Penguin Random House LLC.
  • Carson, E. A. (2020). Prisoners in 2018 (Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin). U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Chodoff, P., & Lyons, H. (1958). Hysteria, the hysterical personality, and “hysterical” conversion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 114(8), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.114.8.734
  • Cogswell, A., Alloy, L. B., Karpinski, A., & Grant, D. A. (2010). Assessing dependency using self-report and indirect measures: Examining the significance of discrepancies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(4), 306–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.481986
  • Cole, K. L., Sarlund-Heinrich, P., & Brown, L. S. (2007). Developing and assessing effectiveness of a time-limited therapy group for incarcerated women survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8(2), 97–121. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v08n02_07
  • Conn, C., Warden, R., Stuewig, J., Kim, E. H., Harty, L., Hastings, M., & Tangney, J. P. (2010). Borderline personality disorder among jail inmates: How common and how distinct? Corrections Compendium, 35(4), 6–13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4825675/
  • Cunliffe, T. B., Gacono, C. B., Smith, J. M., Kivisto, A. J., Meloy, J. R., & Taylor, E. E. (2016). Assessing psychopathy in women. In C. B. Gacono (Ed.), The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner’s guide (2nd ed., pp. 167–190). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Cunliffe, T. B., & Gacono, C. B. (2005). A Rorschach investigation of incarcerated antisocial personality disordered female offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49(5), 530–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X04273198
  • Davidson, M., Sorensen, J. R., & Reidy, T. J. (2016). Gender-responsiveness in corrections: Estimating female inmate misconduct risk using the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Law and Human Behavior, 40(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000157
  • DeCou, C. R., Lynch, S. M., DeHart, D. D., & Belknap, J. (2017). Evaluating childhood and adulthood victimization as predictors of psychotic disorders: Findings from a nationwide study of women in jail. Psychosis, 9(3), 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2017.1325512
  • Edens, J., & Ruiz, M. (2005). PAI ® interpretive report for correctional settings. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
  • Exner, J. E. (Ed). (1995). Issues and methods in Rorschach research. Erlbaum.
  • Exner, J. E. (2003). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (4th ed.). Wiley.
  • Exner, J. E. (2007). A new US adult nonpatient sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(Suppl. 1), S154–S158. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701583523
  • Fingerson, S. (2008). The relationships among trauma, dissociation and psychopathy in women [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Idaho State University.
  • Gacono, C. B. (Ed). (2000). The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner’s guide. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Gacono, C. B. (2005). The clinical & forensic interview schedule for the hare psychopathy checklist: Revised & screening version. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Gacono, C. B. (Ed.). (2016). Personality and clinical psychology series. The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner’s guide (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Gacono, C. B. (2019). The importance of Lambda to the generalizability of Rorschach findings reported in the literature. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 26(2), 104–106.
  • Gacono, C. B., & Evans, F. B. Eds. (2008). The handbook of forensic Rorschach assessment. N. Kaser-Boyd & L. A. Gacono, Collaborators. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Gacono, C. B., & Meloy, J. R. (1994). The Rorschach assessment of aggressive and psychopathic personalities. Erlbaum.
  • Gacono, C. B., & Smith, J. M. (2021). Issues to consider prior to using the R-PAS in a forensic context. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 28(1).
  • Gacono, L. A., & Gacono, C. B. (2008). Some considerations for the Rorschach Assessment of forensic Psychiatric outpatients. In C. B. Gacono, F. Evans, N. Kaser-Boyd, & L. Gacono (Eds.), The handbook of Forensic Rorschach assessment (pp. 421–444). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Green, B. L., Dass-Brailsford, P., de Mendoza, H., Mete, A., Lynch, M., DeHart, S. M., & Belknap, J. (2016). Trauma experiences and mental health among incarcerated women. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(4), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000113
  • Guyton, M. R., Brown, C. S., Hinman, J., & Stotler-Turner, E. (2010). Women’s adjustment to prison study [Unpublished manuscript].
  • Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy checklist-revised. 2nd ed. Multi-Health Systems.
  • Harner, H. M., Budescu, M., Gillihan, S. J., Riley, S., & Foa, E. B. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated women: A call for evidence-based treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032508
  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050305
  • Hicks, B. M., Vaidyanathan, U., & Patrick, C. J. (2010). Validating female psychopathy subtypes: Differences in personality, antisocial and violent behavior, substance abuse, trauma, and mental health. Personality Disorders, 1(1), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018135
  • Kamphuis, J. H., Tuin, N., Timmermans, M., & Punamäki, R. L. (2008). Extending the Rorschach Trauma Content Index and Aggression Indexes to dream narratives of children exposed to enduring violence: An exploratory study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(6), 578–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802388558
  • Kimonis, E. R., Skeem, J. L., Edens, J. F., Douglas, K. S., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G. (2010). Suicidal and criminal behavior among female offenders: The role of abuse and psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24(5), 581–609. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2010.24.5.581
  • Kosson, D. S., Gacono, C. B., & Bodholdt, R. H. (2000). Assessing psychopathy: Interpersonal aspects and clinical interviewing. In C. B. Gacono (Ed.), The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner’s guide (pp. 203–229). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Kosson, D. S., Gacono, C. B., Klipfel, K. M., & Bodholdt, R. (2016). Understanding and assessing psychopathy: Interpersonal aspects and clinical interviewing. In C. B. Gacono (Ed.), The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner’s guide (pp. 252–275). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Kreis, M. K. F., & Cooke, D. J. (2011). Capturing the psychopathic female: A prototypicality analysis of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) across gender. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 29(5), 634–648. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.1003
  • Levin, P., & Reis, B. (1997). Use of the Rorschach in assessing trauma. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 529–541). Guilford.
  • Lilienfeld, S. O., Van Valkenburg, C., Larntz, K., & Akiskal, H. S. (1986). The relationship of histrionic personality disorder to antisocial personality and somatization disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(6), 718–722. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.143.6.718
  • MacDonald, M. (2013). Women prisoners, mental health, violence and abuse. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(3–4), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.014
  • Meyer, G., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011). A manual for the Rorschach performance assessment system. R-PAS.
  • Millon, T., & Davis, R. (1996). Disorders of personality: DSM-IV and beyond. Wiley.
  • Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality assessment inventory - professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
  • Nørbech, P. C. B., Hartmann, E. J., & Kleiger, J. H. (2018). Using R‑PAS in the assessment of possible psychosis and trauma intrusions in a psychopathic female. In J. L. Mihura & G. J. Meyer (Eds.), Using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) (pp. 226–245). Guilford Press.
  • Prins, S. J. (2014). Prevalence of mental illnesses in US state prisons: A systematic review. Psychiatric Services, 65(7), 862–872. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300166
  • Resnick, P. J. (2003). Guidelines for evaluation of malingering patients in PTSD. In R. I. Simon (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorder in litigation: Guidelines for forensic assessment (pp. 187–205). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
  • Rude, S. S., & Burnham, B. L. (1995). Connectedness and neediness: Factors of the DEQ and SAS dependency scales. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19(3), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02230403
  • Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997). Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: A multitrait–multimethod evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(4), 576–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.576
  • Salisbury, E. J., & Van Voorhis, P. (2009). Gendered pathways: A quantitative investigation of women probationers’ paths to incarceration. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), 541–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809334076
  • Saxena, P., Grella, C. E., & Messina, N. P. (2015). Continuing care and trauma in women offenders’ substance use, psychiatric status, and self-efficacy outcomes. Women & Criminal Justice, 26(2), 99–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2015.1067173
  • Shipley, W. C., Gruber, C. P., Martin, T. A., & Klein, A. M. (2009). Shipley-2 manual. Western Psychological Services.
  • Shipley, W. C., & Zachary, R. A. (1986). Shipley institute of living scale. Western Psychological Services.
  • Simpson, S. S., Yahner, J. L., & Dugan, L. (2008). Understanding women’s pathways to jail: Analysing the lives of incarcerated women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41(1), 84–108. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.41.1.84
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., & Cunliffe, T. B. (2018). Comparison of male and female psychopaths on select CS Rorschach variables. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 25(2), 138–155.
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., & Cunliffe, T. B. (2020a). Female psychopathy and aggression: A study with incarcerated women and Rorschach aggression scores. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(8), 936–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1738614
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., & Cunliffe, T. B. (2020b). Female psychopathy and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI): A study with incarcerated women. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 10(1), 1–18. https://www.assessmentpsychologyboard.org/journal/index.php/AAP/article/view/142/129
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., & Cunliffe, T. B. (2020c). Using the Rorschach Trauma Content Index (TCI) with incarcerated women. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 27(1), 12–20.
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., & Cunliffe, T. B. (2021). Understanding female offenders: Psychopathy, criminal behavior, assessment, and treatment. Elsevier.
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., Cunliffe, T. B., Kivisto, A. J., & Taylor, E. E. (2014). Psychodynamics in the female psychopath: A PCL-R/ Rorschach investigation. Violence and Gender, 1(4), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2014.0023
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., Fontan, P., Cunliffe, T. B., & Andronikof, A. (2020). Understanding Rorschach research: Using the Mihura (2019) commentary as a reference. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 27(2), 71–82.
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., Fontan, P., Taylor, E. E., Cunliffe, T. B., & Andronikof, A. (2018). A scientific critique of Rorschach research: Revisiting Exner’s (1995). Issues and Methods in Rorschach Research. Rorschachiana, 39(2), 180–203. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000102
  • Smith, J. M., Gacono, C. B., Kivisto, A. J., & Cunliffe, T. B. (2019). A PCL-R, Rorschach, and PAI investigation of females with sex offenses against minors and a Rorschach comparison with male pedophiles. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 9(1), 113–137. https://www.assessmentpsychologyboard.org/journal/index.php/AAP/article/view/139/124
  • Strickland, S. M. (2008). Female sex offenders: Exploring issues of personality, trauma, and cognitive distortions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(4), 474–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507312944
  • Viglione, D. J. (1995). Basic considerations regarding data analysis. In J. E. Exner (Ed.), Issues and methods in Rorschach research (pp. 195–226). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Viglione, D. J., Towns, B., & Lindshield, D. (2012). Understanding and using the Rorschach Inkblot Test to assess post-traumatic conditions. Psychological Injury and Law, 5(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-012-9128-5
  • Weiner, I. B. (2003). Principles of Rorschach interpretation (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Zukerman, G., Ben-Itzchak, E., Fostick, L., & Armony-Sivan, R. (2017). Information processing of the Rorschach’s Traumatic Content Index in trauma-exposed adults: An Event Related Potential (ERP) study. Biological Psychology, 127, 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.002

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.