References
- Anderson, F. G., Sweezy, M., & Schwartz, R. C. (2017). Internal family systems skills training manual: Trauma-informed treatment for anxiety, depression, PTSD & substance abuse. PESI publishing & media.
- Anderson, F. G. (2021). Transcending trauma: Healing complex PTSD with internal family systems therapy. PESI publishing & media.
- Au, T., Suer-Zavala, S., King, M. W., Petrocchi, N., Barlow, D., & Litz, B. T. (2017). Compassion-based therapy for trauma-related shame and posttraumatic stress: Initial evaluation using a multiple baseline design. Behavior Therapy, 48(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.012
- Barlow, M. R., Goldsmith Turow, R. E., & Gerhart, J. (2017). Trauma appraisals, emotion regulation difficulties, and self-compassion predict posttraumatic stress symptoms following childhood abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 37–4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.006
- Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
- Beck, G., McNiff, J., Clapp, J. D., Olsen, S. A., Avery, M. L., & Houston-Hagewood, J. (2011). Exploring negative emotion in women experiencing intimate partner violence: Shame, guilt, and PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 740–750. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.001
- Bisson, J., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(2), 97–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402
- Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02105408
- Bockler, A., Herrmann, L., Trautwein, F. M., Holmes, T., & Singer, T. (2017). Know thy selves: Learning to understand oneself increases the ability to understand others. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 1, 197–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-017-0023-6
- Bosch, J., Mackintosh, M.-A., Wells, S. Y., Wickramasinghe, I., Glassman, L. H., & Morland, L. A. (2020). PTSD treatment response and quality of life in women with childhood trauma histories. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000468
- Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 214–227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214
- Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J., Van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22 (5) , 399–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20444
- Cloitre, M., Stovall-mcclough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., Gan, W., & Petkova, E. (2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized control trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(8), 915–924. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081247
- Cole, P. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1992). Effect of incest on self and social functioning: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60 (2), 174–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.60.2.174
- Cusack, K., Jonas, D. E., Forneris, C. A., Wines, C., Sonis, J., Cook Middleton, J., … Gaynes, B. N. (2016). Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 128–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.003
- Davidson, J. R. T., Tharwani, H. M., & Connor, K. M. (2002). Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS): Normative scores in the general population and effect sizes in placebo-controlled SSRI trials. Depression and Anxiety, 15(2), 75–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10021
- Deering, C. G., Glover, S. G., Ready, D., Eddleman, H. C., & Alarcon, R. D. (1996). Unique patterns of comorbidity in posttraumatic stress disorder from different sources of trauma. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37(5), 336–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(96)900152
- Feingold, A. (2009). Effect sizes for growth-modeling analysis for controlled clinical trials in the same metric as for classical analysis. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014699
- Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (Eds.). (2008). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the international society for traumatic stress studies (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
- Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate Mind Training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353–379. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
- Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264
- Haagen, J. F. G., Smid, G. E., Knipscheer, J. W., & Kleber, R. J. (2015). The efficacy of recommended treatments for veterans with PTSD: A metaregression analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 184–194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.008
- Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). . In Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Second Edition, The Process and Practice of Mindful Change (Second ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
- Holmes, S. C., Johnson, C. M., Suvak, M. K., Sijercic, I., Monson, C. M., & Stirman, S. W. (2019). Examining patterns of dose response for clients who do and do not complete cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 68, 102–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102120.
- Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., … Koenen, K. C. (2014). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 31 (2) , 130–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22169
- Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(suppl 5), 4–12 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10761674/.
- Larsen, S. E., Bellmore, A., Gobin, R. L., Holens, P., Lawrence, K. A., & Pacella-labarbara, M. L. (2019). An initial review of residual symptoms after empirically supported trauma-focused cognitive behavioral psychological treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 63, 26–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.01.008
- López-Castro, T., Saraiya, T., Zumberg-Smith, K., & Dambreville, N. (2019). Association between shame and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 484–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22411
- Luoma, J. B., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., & Fletcher, L. (2012). Slow and steady wins the race: A randomized clinical trial of acceptance and commitment therapy targeting shame in substance use disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(5), 43–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020508
- Luxenberg, T., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2001). Complex trauma and disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) diagnosis, part one: Assessment. Directions in Psychiatry, 21, 373–392.
- McDonald, S. D., Beckham, J. C., Morey, R. A., & Calhoun, P. S. (2009). The validity and diagnostic efficiency of the Davidson Trauma Scale in military veterans who have served since September 11th, 2001. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(2), 247–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.007
- Mehling, W., Price, C., Daubenmier, J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., & Stewart, A. (2012). The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12(11), 421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048230
- Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide. Muthen & Muthen.
- Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and its link to adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004
- Neff, K. D., Whittaker, T. A., & Karl, A. (2017). Examining the factor structure of the self-compassion scale in four distinct populations: Is the use of a total scale score justified? Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(6), 596–607 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1269334
- Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
- Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Mandel, F., Kaplan, S., & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490100103
- Resick, P., & Schnicke, M. (1993). Cognitive processing therapy for rape victims: A treatment manual. Sage Publications.
- Resick, P., Suvak, M. K., Johnides, B. D., Mitchell, K. S., & Iverson, K. M. (2012). The impact of dissociation on PTSD treatment with cognitive processing therapy. Depression and Anxiety, 29(8) , 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21938
- Resick, P., Suvak, M. K., & Wells, S. Y. (2014). The impact of childhood abuse among women with assault-related PTSD receiving short-term cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(5), 558–567. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21951
- Schottenbauer, M. A., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., Tendick, V., & Gray, S. H. (2008). Nonresponse and dropout rates in outcome studies on PTSD: Review and methodological considerations. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71 (2) , 134–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.134
- Schwartz, R. C., & Sweezy, M. (2020). Internal Family Systems Therapy: (Second ed.). The Guilford Press. New York.
- Schwartz, R. C. (2013). Moving from acceptance toward transformation with internal family systems therapy (IFS). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 805–816. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22016
- Shadick, N. A., Sowell, N. F., Frits, M. L., Hoffman, S. M., Hartz, S. A., Booth, F. A., … Schwartz, R. C. (2013). A radomized controlled trial of an Internal Family Systems-based psychotherapeutic intervention on outcomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A proof-of-concept study. Journal of Rheumatology, 40(11), 1831–1841. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.121465
- Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press.
- Steine, I. M., Winje, D., Krystal, J. H., Bjorvatn, B., Milde, A. M., Gronli, J., Nordhus, I. H., & Pallesen, S. (2017). Cumulative childhood maltreatment and its dose-response relation with adult symptomatology: Finding in a sample of adult survivors of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 99–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.008
- Sweezy, M. (2018). The teenager’s confession: Regulating shame in internal family systems therapy. The American Journal of Psychotherapy, 65(2), 179–188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2011.65.2.179
- Van der Kolk, B. (2006). Clinical implications of neuroscience research in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 277–293 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1364.022
- Walter, K. H., Buckley, A., Simpson, J. M., & Chard, K. M. (2014). Treatment of female veterans with military sexual trauma: Does a history of childhood sexual abuse influence outcome? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(6), 971–986. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513506055
- Wang, Y. P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: A comprehensive review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35(4), 416–431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048
- Watts, B. V., Schnurr, P. P., Mayo, L., Young-Xu, Y., Weeks, W. B., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(6), e541–e550. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12r08225
- Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. (2001). Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13(3), 132–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.1029
- Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Ruscio, A. M. (1999). Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the clinician-administered posttraumetic stress disorder scale. Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 124–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.2.124
- Zlotnick, C., & Pearlstein, T. (1997). Validation of the structured interview for disorders of extreme stress. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38(4), 243–247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90033-X