Perceived Severity of Stalking Behavior and Blame Attributions among Malaysians: The Influence of Prior Relationship, Belief in a Just World, and Dark Tetrad Personality Traits

References

• Backes, B. L., Fedina, L., & Holmes, J. L. (2020). The criminal justice system response to intimate partner stalking: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative research. Journal of Family Violence, 35(7), 665–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00139-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaauw, E., Winkel, F. W., Arensman, E., Sheridan, L., & Freeve, A. (2002). The toll of stalking: The relationship between features of stalking and psychopathology of victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502017001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehnlein, T., Kretschmar, J., Regoeczi, W., & Smialek, J. (2020). Responding to stalking victims: Perceptions, barriers, and directions for future research. Journal of Family Violence, 35(7), 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00147-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, P. Q., & Nobles, M. R. (2017). The dark figure of stalking: Examining law enforcement response. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(20), 3149–3173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515596979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, G., Lyons, M., Perry, A., & O’Brien, F. (2019). Dark Triad traits and perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519827666
   Google Scholar
• Cass, A. I., & Rosay, A. B. (2012). College student perceptions of criminal justice system responses to stalking. Sex Roles, 66(5–6), 392–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9934-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, K. L., & Sheridan, L. (2021). Perceptions of stalking in Malaysia and England: The influence of perpetrator-target prior relationship and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 182, 111064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domestic Violence (Amendment) Act. (2017).
   Google Scholar
• Furnham, A. (1993). Just world beliefs in twelve societies. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133(3), 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1993.9712149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand, C. J., Scott, G. G., Brodie, Z. P., Ye, X., & Sereno, S. C. (2021). Tweet valence, volume of abuse, and observers’ Dark Tetrad personality factors influence victim-blaming and the perceived severity of Twitter cyberabuse. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3(January), 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100056
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Joint Action Group for Gender Equality. (2018). Paper. Women’s Aid Organsation. https://wao.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Stop-Stalking.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jonason, P. K., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Gebauer, J. E., … Yahiiaev, I. (2020). Country-level correlates of the Dark Triad traits in 49 countries. Journal of Personality, 88(6), 1252–1267. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D. N. (2016). The nature of Machiavellianism: Distinct patterns of misbehavior. In V. Zeigler-Hill & D. K. Marcus (Eds.), The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology (pp. 87–108). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadir Shahar, H., Jafri, F., Mohd Zulkefli, N. A., & Ahmad, N. (2020). Prevalence of intimate partner violence in Malaysia and its associated factors: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09587-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim”: Compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkus, I. (1991). The construction and preliminary validation of a global belief in a just world scale and the exploratory analysis of the multidimensional belief in a just world scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(11), 1171–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90081-L
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynam, D. R., Hoyle, R. H., & Newman, J. P. (2006). The perils of partialling cautionary tales from aggression and psychopathy. Assessment, 13(3), 328–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191106290562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, K. R., & Logan, T. K. (2015). Police officers’ attitudes and challenges with charging stalking. Violence and Victims, 30(6), 1037–1149. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, L. (2012). Stalking: Patterns, motives, and intervention strategies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(6), 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, C. S., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2021). Examining the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) across models, correlates, and gender. Assessment, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120986624
   Google Scholar
• Owens, J. G. (2016). Why definitions matter: Stalking victimization in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(12), 2196–2226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515573577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathé, M., Mackenzie, R., & Mullen, P. E. (2004). Stalking by law: Damaging victims and rewarding offenders. Journal of Law and Medicine, 12(1), 103–111. PMID: 15359554.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(6), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Jones, D. N. (2020). Screening for dark personalities: The Short Dark Tetrad (SD4). European Journal of Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000602
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measures of dark personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562–594). Elsevier Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penal Code Act 574. ( Malaysia).
   Google Scholar
• Rauthmann, J. F. (2012). The Dark Triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(4), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611427608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich, B., & Wang, X. (2015). And justice for all. Revisiting the global belief in a just world scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 173–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60357-3
   Google Scholar
• Schumpe, B. M., & Lafrenière, M. A. K. (2016). Malicious joy: Sadism moderates the relationship between schadenfreude and the severity of others’ misfortune. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, A. J. (2020). Stalking: How perceptions differ from reality and why these differences matter. In R. Bull & I. Blandón-Gitlin (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of legal and investigative psychology (pp. 238–254). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, G. G., Brodie, Z. P., Wilson, M. J., Ivory, L., Hand, C. J., & Sereno, S. C. (2020). Celebrity abuse on Twitter: The impact of tweet valence, volume of abuse, and dark triad personality factors on victim blaming and perceptions of severity. Computers in Human Behavior, 103(July 2019), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.020
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A. J., Gavin, J., Sleath, E., & Sheridan, L. (2014). The attribution of responsibility in cases of stalking. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(7), 705–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2013.854793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Reeder, G. D., Elliot, A. J., & Gregg, A. P. (2002). Do others bring out the worst in narcissists? The “others exist for me” illusion. In Y. Kashima, M. Foddy, & M. J. Platow (Eds.), Self and identity: Personal, social, and symbolic (pp. 103–124). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan, L., Gillett, R., Davies, G. M., Blaauw, E., & Patel, D. (2003). There’s no smoke without fire”: Are male ex-partners perceived as more “entitled” to stalk than acquaintance or stranger stalkers? British Journal of Psychology, 94(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712603762842129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzberg, B. H. (2002). The tactical topography of stalking victimization and management. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 3(4), 261–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838002237330
   Google Scholar
• Strömwall, L. A., Alfredsson, H., & Landström, S. (2013). Blame attributions and rape: Effects of belief in a just world and relationship level. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 18(2), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8333.2012.02044.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tengku Hassan, T. N. F., Ali, S. H., & Salleh, H. (2015). Patterns of help-seeking among women experiencing intimate partner violence in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 21(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2015.1029226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Bruggen, M., & Grubb, A. (2014). A review of the literature relating to rape victim blaming: An analysis of the impact of observer and victim characteristics on attribution of blame in rape cases. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(5), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger, T. A., & Crego, C. (2021). Psychopathy and lack of guilt. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 28(2), 109–111. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2021.0016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap, L. S. (2020, December 17). New research supports calls to make stalking a crime. Women’s Aid Organsation. https://wao.org.my/new-research-supports-calls-to-make-stalking-a-crime/
   Google Scholar