504
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Trauma Survivors and Emotion Regulation

Interpersonal Emotion Regulation in Betrayal Trauma Survivors: A Preliminary Qualitative Exploration

, , &
Pages 631-649 | Received 30 Nov 2021, Accepted 06 Sep 2022, Published online: 12 Oct 2022

References

  • Barlow, M. R., Goldsmith Turow, R. E., & Gerhart, J. (2017). Trauma appraisals, emotion regulation difficulties, and self-compassion predict posttraumatic stress symptoms following childhood abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.006
  • Barthel, A. L., Hay, A., Doan, S. N., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Interpersonal emotion regulation: A review of social and developmental components. Behaviour Change, 35(4), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2018.19
  • Bodie, G. D., Vickery, A. J., Cannava, K., & Jones, S. M. (2015). The role of “active listening” in informal helping conversations: Impact on perceptions of listener helpfulness, sensitivity, and supportiveness and discloser emotional improvement. Western Journal of Communication, 79(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2014.943429
  • Bonnan-White, J., Hetzel-Riggin, M. D., Diamond-Welch, B. K., & Tollini, C. (2015). “You blame me, therefore i blame me”: The importance of first disclosure partner responses on trauma-related cognitions and distress. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(8), 1260–1286. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515615141
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Butler, E. A. (2015). Interpersonal affect dynamics: It takes two (and time) to tango. Emotion Review, 7(4), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590622
  • Cloitre, M., Jackson, C., & Schmidt, J. A. (2016). Case reports: Stair for strengthening social support and relationships among veterans with military sexual trauma and PTSD. Military Medicine, 181(2), e183–e187. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00209
  • Coan, J. A., & Maresh, E. L. (2014). Social baseline theory and the social regulation of emotion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 221–236). The Guilford Press.
  • DePrince, A. P. (2005). Social cognition and revictimization risk. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6(1), 125–141.https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v06n01_08
  • Domino, J. L., Whiteman, S. E., Weathers, F. W., Blevins, C. T., & Davis, M. T. (2020). Predicting PTSD and depression following sexual assault: The role of perceived life threat, post-traumatic cognitions, victim-perpetrator relationship, and social support. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(6), 680–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2019.1710634
  • Dunkel-Schetter, C., & Brooks, K. (2009). The nature of social support. In H. T. Reis & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human relationships (pp. 1565–1570). Sage Publications.
  • Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 587–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004
  • Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T., & Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466599162782
  • Elmer, T., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Depressive symptoms are associated with social isolation in face-to-face interaction networks. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58297-9
  • Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2014). A new look at social support. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314544222
  • Forbes, D., Lockwood, E., Phelps, A., Wade, D., Creamer, M., Bryant, R. A., McFarlane, A., Silove, D., Rees, S., Chapman, C., Slade, T., Mills, K., Teesson, M., & O’Donnell, M. (2014). Trauma at the hands of another. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(2), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08374
  • Foynes, M. M., Freyd, J. J., & DePrince, A. P. (2009). Child abuse: Betrayal and disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(4), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.11.001
  • Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Harvard University Press.
  • Gobin, R. L., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). The impact of betrayal trauma on the tendency to trust. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032452
  • Goldberg, L. R., & Freyd, J. J. (2006). Self-reports of potentially traumatic experiences in an adult community sample: Gender differences and test-retest stabilities of the items in a brief betrayal-trauma survey. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(3), 39–63. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v07n03_04
  • Gómez, J. M. (2018). Isn’t it all about victimization? (intra)cultural pressure and cultural betrayal trauma in ethnic minority college women. Violence Against Women, 25(10), 1211–1225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218811682
  • Gómez, J. M. (2020). Gendered sexual violence: Betrayal trauma, dissociation, and PTSD in diverse college students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(5), 625–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1783737
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224
  • Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
  • Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 917–924. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.917
  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050305
  • Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Interpersonal emotion regulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(5), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9620-1
  • Hong, P. Y., Ilardi, S. S., & Lishner, D. A. (2011). The aftermath of trauma: The impact of perceived and anticipated invalidation of childhood sexual abuse on borderline symptomatology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(4), 360–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021261
  • Jacoby, V. M., Krackow, E., & Scotti, J. R. (2016). Betrayal trauma in youth and negative communication during a stressful task. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 84(3), 247–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415016669724
  • Keen, S. M. (2008). Psychometric properties of PTSD checklist in sample of male veterans. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 45(3), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2007.09.0138
  • Kerig, P. K., Bennett, D. C., Thompson, M., & Becker, S. P. (2012). “Nothing really matters”: Emotional numbing as a link between trauma exposure and callousness in delinquent youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21700
  • Kline, N. K., & Palm Reed, K. M. (2021). Betrayal vs. Nonbetrayal trauma: Examining the different effects of social support and emotion regulation on PTSD symptom severity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(7), 802–809. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000983
  • Le, B. M., Impett, E. A., Lemay, E. P., Muise, A., & Tskhay, K. O. (2018). Communal motivation and well-being in interpersonal relationships: An integrative review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 144(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000133
  • Lefever, S., Dal, M., & Matthíasdóttir, Á. (2007). Online data collection in academic research: Advantages and limitations. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), 574–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00638.x
  • MacDonald, J., & Morley, I. (2001). Shame and non-disclosure: A study of the emotional isolation of people referred for psychotherapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711201160731
  • Marroquín, B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(8), 1276–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.005
  • Nietlisbach, G., & Maercker, A. (2009). Social cognition and interpersonal impairments in trauma survivors with PTSD. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18(4), 382–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770902881489
  • Parkinson, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2015). Current emotion research in social psychology: Thinking about emotions and other people. Emotion Review, 7(4), 371–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590624
  • Raudales, A. M., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019). Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between trauma type and PTSD symptoms in a diverse trauma-exposed clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.033
  • Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2016). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual. Guilford Publications.
  • Robinaugh, D. J., Marques, L., Traeger, L. N., Marks, E. H., Sung, S. C., Gayle Beck, J., Pollack, M. H., & Simon, N. M. (2011). Understanding the relationship of perceived social support to post-trauma cognitions and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1072–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.07.004
  • Rokita, K. I., Dauvermann, M. R., Mothersill, D., Holleran, L., Holland, J., Costello, L., Cullen, C., Kane, R., McKernan, D., Morris, D. W., Kelly, J., Gill, M., Corvin, A., Hallahan, B., McDonald, C., & Donohoe, G. (2020). Childhood trauma, parental bonding, and social cognition in patients with schizophrenia and healthy adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23023
  • Short, N. A., Norr, A. M., Mathes, B. M., Oglesby, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). An examination of the specific associations between facets of difficulties in emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress symptom clusters. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(6), 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9787-8
  • Smidt, K. E., & Suvak, M. K. (2015). A brief, but nuanced, review of emotional granularity and emotion differentiation research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 48–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.007
  • Stangor, C., & Leary, S. P. (2006). Intergroup beliefs: Investigations from the social side. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 243–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38005-7
  • Stevens, J. S., & Jovanovic, T. (2019). Role of social cognition in post-traumatic stress disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 18(1), e12518. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12518
  • Tang, S. S. S., & Freyd, J. J. (2012). Betrayal trauma and gender differences in posttraumatic stress. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(5), 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025765
  • Tirone, V., Orlowska, D., Lofgreen, A. M., Blais, R. K., Stevens, N. R., Klassen, B., Held, P., & Zalta, A. K. (2021). The association between social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of betrayal trauma: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), e1883925. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1883925
  • Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018). The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM–5 (caps-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychological Assessment, 30(3), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000486
  • Whiteman, S. E., Kramer, L. B., Petri, J. M., & Weathers, F. W. (2019). Trauma type and suicidal ideation: The mediating effect of cognitive distortions. Traumatology, 25(4), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000192
  • Williams, W. C., Morelli, S. A., Ong, D. C., & Zaki, J. (2018). Interpersonal emotion regulation: Implications for affiliation, perceived support, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(2), 224–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000132
  • Yardley, L., & Bishop, F. (2008). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: A pragmatic approach. In C. Willig & W. Stainton-Roberts (Eds.), The sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 352–370). Sage.
  • Yoo, Y., Park, H. J., Park, S., Cho, M. J., Cho, S. J., Lee, J. Y., Choi, S. H., & Lee, J. Y. (2018). Interpersonal trauma moderates the relationship between personality factors and suicidality of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. PLoS One, 13(1), e0191198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191198
  • Zaki, J., & Williams, W. C. (2013). Interpersonal emotion regulation. Emotion, 13(5), 803–810. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033839
  • Zhen, R., Quan, L., & Zhou, X. (2018). How does social support relieve depression among flood victims? The contribution of feelings of safety, self-disclosure, and negative cognition. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229, 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.087

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.