Posttraumatic Stress Among School Students Following the 2014 Hazelwood Mine Fire

References

• Abramson, M., Blackman, J., Carroll, M., Dimitriadis, C., Del Monaco, A., Dennekamp, M., Denny, S., Gao, C., Liew, D., Maybery, D., & Walker, J. (2017). Hazelwood health study adult survey: Volume 1 comparison of Morwell and sale. Hazelwood Health Study. https://www.hazelwoodhealthstudy.org.au/study-reports
   Google Scholar
• Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, E. (2019). Multi-tiered approaches to trauma-informed care in schools: A systematic review. School Mental Health, 11(4), 650–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-019-09326-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, E., Carroll, M., Maybery, D., & Harrison, D. (2018). Disaster impacts on students and staff from a specialist, trauma-informed Australian school. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(4), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0228-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berger, E., Gao, C., Broder, J., Campbell, T., Maybery, D., & Carroll, M. (2021). The impact of a mine fire and smoke event on academic outcomes for primary and secondary school students. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 15(2), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, E., Maybery, D., & Carroll, M. (2020). Children’s perspectives on the impact of the Hazelwood mine fire and subsequent smoke event. Child & Youth Care Forum, 49(5), 707–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-020-09551-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun Lewensohn, O. (2015). Coping and social support in children exposed to mass trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(6), 46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0576-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broder, J. C., Gao, C. X., Campbell, T. C. H., Berger, E., Maybery, D., McFarlane, A., Tsoutsoulis, J., Ikin, J., Abramson, M. J., Sim, M. R., Walker, J., Luhar, A., & Carroll, M. (2020). The factors associated with distress following exposure to smoke from an extended coal mine fire. Environmental Pollution, 266, 115131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R., & Reiss, A. L. (2002). Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: The phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(2), 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200202000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, M., Campbell, T. C. H., Smith, C. L., Gao, C. X., Maybery, D., Berger, E., Brown, D., Allgood, S., Broder, J. C., Ikin, J., McFarlane, A., Sim, M. R., Walker, J., & Abramson, M. J. (2022). An exploration of the trajectory of psychological distress associated with exposure to smoke during the 2014 Hazelwood coal mine fire. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 241, 113946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Dyregrov, A., & Scott, J. G. (2012). Structure of the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES) with children and adolescents exposed to debris flood. PLoS One, 7(8), e41741. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Children and War Foundation. (2005). Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13). http://www.childrenandwar.org/measures/children%E2%80%99s-revised-impact-of-event-scale-8-–-cries-8/ies13/
   Google Scholar
• Cobham, V. E., McDermott, B., Haslam, D., & Sanders, M. R. (2016). The role of parents, parenting and the family environment in children’s post-disaster mental health. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0691-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese, A., Smith, P., Chitsabesan, P., & Dubicka, B. (2020). Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 159–162. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. (2013) . Conducting research in Victorian government schools and early childhood settings: Guidelines for applicants. State of Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• Dowdy, A. J. (2018). Climatological variability of fire weather in Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 57(2), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0167.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow, B. L., Kenardy, J. A., Le Brocque, R. M., & Long, D. A. (2012). The utility of the Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale in screening for concurrent PTSD following admission to intensive care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(5), 602–605. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elangovan, A. R., & Kasi, S. (2015). Psychosocial disaster preparedness for school children by teachers. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furr, J. M., Comer, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Disasters and youth: A meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 765–780. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, C. X., Broder, J. C., Brilleman, S., Campbell, T. C. H., Berger, E., Ikin, J., Smith, C. L., Wolfe, R., Johnston, F., Guo, Y., Carroll, M., & Mansell, T. E. (2023). Evaluating the impact of Hazelwood mine fire event on students’ educational development with Bayesian interrupted time-series hierarchical meta-regression. PLoS One, 18(3), e0281655. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannopoulou, I., Smith, P., Ecker, C., Strouthos, M., Dikaiakou, A., & Yule, W. (2006). Factor structure of the Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES) with children exposed to earthquake. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(5), 1027–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadi, F., Llabre, M. M., & Spitzer, S. (2006). Gulf war-related trauma and psychological distress of Kuwaiti children and their mothers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(5), 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerbage, H., Bazzi, O., El Hage, W., Corruble, E., & Purper-Ouakil, D. (2022). Early interventions to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder in youth after exposure to a potentially traumatic event: A scoping review. Healthcare, 10(5), 818. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieffer-Kristensen, R., Teasdale, T. W., & Bilenberg, N. (2011). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and psychological functioning in children of parents with acquired brain injury. Brain Injury, 25(7–8), 752–760. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2011.579933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, B. S., Lewis, R., Livings, M. S., La Greca, A. M., & Esnard, A. M. (2017). Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories among children after disaster exposure: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(6), 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. J. (1995). Modeling the drop-out mechanism in repeated-measures studies. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(431), 1112–1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1995.10476615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhar, A. K., Emmerson, K. M., Reisen, F., Williamson, G. J., & Cope, M. E. (2020). Modelling smoke distribution in the vicinity of a large and prolonged fire from an open-cut coal mine. Atmospheric Environment, 229, 117471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S. (2021). Resilience of children in disasters: A multisystem perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 56(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maybery, D., Jones, R., Dipnall, J. F., Berger, E., Campbell, T., McFarlane, A., & Carroll, M. (2020). A mixed-methods study of psychological distress following an environmental catastrophe: The case of the Hazelwood open-cut coal mine fire in Australia. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33(2), 216–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.1695523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane, A. C., & Van Hooff, M. (2009). Impact of childhood exposure to a natural disaster on adult mental health: 20-year longitudinal follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(2), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mels, C., Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., & Rosseel, Y. (2010). The psychological impact of forced displacement and related risk factors on Eastern Congolese adolescents affected by war. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(10), 1096–1104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02241.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newnham, E. A., Titov, N., & McEvoy, P. (2020). Preparing mental health systems for climate crisis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(3), e89–e90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30036-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacheco, E. M., Bisaga, I., Oktari, R. S., Parikh, P., & Joffe, H. (2021). Integrating psychosocial and WASH school interventions to build disaster resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 65, 102520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peek, L. (2008). Children and disasters: Understanding vulnerability, developing capacities, and promoting resilience—An introduction. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1353/cye.2008.0052
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, S., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Smith, P. (2005). The Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES): Validity as a screening instrument for PTSD. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33(4), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465805002419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pervanidou, P., Makris, G., Chrousos, G., & Agorastos, A. (2020). Early life stress and pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. Brain Sciences, 10(3), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum, B., Nitiéma, P., Newman, E., & Patel, A. (2019). The benefit of interventions to reduce posttraumatic stress in youth exposed to mass trauma: A review and meta-analysis. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(5), 540–551. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19004771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum, B., Seale, T. W., McDonald, N. B., Brandt, E. N., Jr., Rainwater, S. M., Maynard, B. T., Meierhoefer, B., & Miller, P. D. (2000). Posttraumatic stress two years after the Oklahoma City bombing in youths geographically distant from the explosion. Psychiatry, 63(4), 358–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2000.11024929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullins, L. G., McCammon, S. L., Lamson, A. S., Wuensch, K. L., & Mega, L. (2005). School-based post-flood screening and evaluation: Findings and challenges in one community. Stress, Trauma and Crisis: An International Journal, 8(4), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434610500406343
   Google Scholar
• Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Goenjian, A. (1996). Traumatic stress in childhood and adolescence: Recent developments and current controversies. In B. A. Van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 331–358). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Royston, P., & White, I. R. (2011). Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2012). Grief and trauma intervention for children after disaster: Exploring coping skills versus trauma narration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(3), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, K., & Bryant, R. A. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(2), 163–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-73580100086-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, J., Pascoe, L., & Wood, D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. L., Campbell, T. C. H., Gao, C. X., Lane, T. J., Maybery, D., Berger, E., Brown, D., Ikin, J. F., McFarlane, A., Abramson, M. J., & Carroll, M. Sociodemographic circumstances, health, and life experience shape posttraumatic distress trajectories among individuals exposed to smoke during a large-scale coal mine fire. (2023). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 36(2), 465–473. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P., Perrin, S., Dyregrov, A., & Yule, W. (2003). Principal components analysis of the Impact of Event Scale with children in war. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(2), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-88690200047-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2017). Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. StataCorp LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A., Kataoka, S. H., Wilkins, W. S., & Wong, M. (2007). Active parental consent for a school‐based community violence screening: Comparing distribution methods. Journal of School Health, 77(3), 116–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00180.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teague, B., Catford, J., & Petering, S. (2014). Hazelwood mine fire inquiry report. Hazlwood Mine Fire Inquiry. http://report.hazelwoodinquiry.vic.gov.au/
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, M. S., Crosby, S., & Vanderhaar, J. (2019). Trauma-informed practices in schools across two decades: An interdisciplinary review of research. Review of Research in Education, 43(1), 422–452. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X18821123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardoulakis, S., Marks, G., & Abramson, M. J. (2020). Lessons learned from the Australian bushfires: Climate change, air pollution, and public health. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(5), 635–636. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verlinden, E., van Meijel, E. P. M., Opmeer, B. C., Beer, R., de Roos, C., Bicanic, I. A., Lamers-Winkelman, E., Olff, M., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2014). Characteristics of the Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale in a clinically referred Dutch sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(3), 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., Fu, W., Wu, J., Xian-Cang, M., Xue-Li, S., Huang, Y., Hashimoto, K., & Cheng-Ge, G. (2012). Prevalence of PTSD and depression among junior middle school students in a rural town far from the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake in China. PLoS One, 7(7), e41665. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine, 30(4), 377–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, P., Duffy, M., Yell, S., Morrissey, B., Whyte, S., Walker, J., Carroll, M., & Maybery, D. (2015). Coal mine fire initial impact on community health and wellbeing summary report. Federation University Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Wordsworth, R., Hall, C. M., Prayag, G., & Malinen, S. (2021). Critical perspectives on disaster and crisis research: Revealing and responding to vulnerability. In A. D. Hill, J. K. Lê, A. F. McKenny, P. O’Kane, S. Paroutis, & A. D. Smith (Eds.), Research in times of crisis (pp. 75–97). Emerald Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, R., Yu, P., Abramson, M. J., Johnston, F. H., Samet, J. M., Bell, M. L., Haines, A., Ebi, K. L., Li, S., & Guo, Y. (2020). Wildfires, global climate change, and human health. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(22), 2173–2181. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr2028985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, N. C. Y., Lau, J. T. F., Yu, N. X., Zhang, J., Xu, Z., Choi, K. C., Zhang, Q., Mak, W. W. S., & Lui, W. W. S. (2018). Media exposure related to the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake predicted probable PTSD among Chinese adolescents in Kunming, China: A longitudinal study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 10(2), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, P., Xu, R., Abramson, M. J., Li, S., & Guo, Y. (2020). Bushfires in Australia: A serious health emergency under climate change. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(1), e7–e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30267-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar