107
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Inquiry on Threats of Evil within the Hostile-World Scenario: Emerging Content and Mental Health Concomitants Among Holocaust Survivors

& ORCID Icon
Received 20 Dec 2023, Accepted 20 May 2024, Published online: 20 Jun 2024

References

  • Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. Jossey-Bass.
  • Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. Viking.
  • Ayalon, L. (2005). Challenges associated with the study of resilience to trauma in holocaust survivors. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10(4), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020590956774
  • Barel, E., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2010). Surviving the holocaust: A meta-analysis of the long-term sequelae of a genocide. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 677–698.‏. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020339
  • Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Evil: Inside human violence and cruelty. Freeman.
  • Békés, V., Perry, J. C., & Starrs, C. J. (2021). Coping action patterns in trauma and other autobiographic narratives in holocaust survivors: A mixed–methods study. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(10), 1307–1326. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1853296
  • Bergman, Y. S., Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., & Shmotkin, D. (2021). The moderating role of the hostile-world scenario in the connections between COVID-19 worries, loneliness, and anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 645655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645655
  • Berkowitz, L. (1999). Evil is more than banal: Situationism and the concept of evil. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_7
  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. University of Chicago Press.
  • Brom, D., Durst, N., & Aghassy, G. (2002). The phenomenology of posttraumatic distress in older adult Holocaust survivors. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 8(3), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015944227382
  • Browning, C. (2017). Ordinary men: Reserve police battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (revised ed.). Harper Perennial.
  • Carmel, S., King, D. B., O’Rourke, N., & Bachner, Y. G. (2016). Subjective well-being: Gender differences in Holocaust survivors-specific and cross-national effects. Aging & Mental Health, 21(6), 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1148660
  • Cassel, L., & Suedfeld, P. (2006). Salutogenesis and autobiographical disclosure among holocaust survivors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(4), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600952919
  • Clifton, J. D. W. (2020). Testing if primal world beliefs reflect experiences – or at least some experiences identified ad hoc. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01145
  • Dekel, R., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2007). The impact of resource loss on holocaust survivors facing war and terrorism in Israel. Aging & Mental Health, 11(2), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860600736141
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.‏. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • D’Ippolito, M., Purgato, A., & Buzzi, M. G. (2020). Pain and evil: From local nociception to misery following social harm. Journal of Pain Research, 13, 1139–1154. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S236507
  • Eitinger, L. (1964). Concentration camp survivors in Norway and Israel. Oslo University Press.
  • Garrard, E. (1998). The nature of evil. Philosophical Explorations, 1(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10001998018538689
  • Goldhagen, D. J. (1996). Hitler’s willing executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. Alfred K. Knopf.
  • Govrin, A. (2018). The cognition of severe moral failure: A novel approach to the perception of evil. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00557
  • Greenblatt-Kimron, L., Marai, I., Lorber, A., & Cohen, M. (2019). The long-term effects of early-life trauma on psychological, physical and physiological health among the elderly: The study of holocaust survivors. Aging & Mental Health, 23(10), 1340–1349.‏. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1523880
  • Hantman, S., & Solomon, Z. (2007). Recurrent trauma: Holocaust survivors cope with aging and cancer. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(5), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0177-0
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recovery. Basic Books.
  • Hiskey, S., Luckie, M., Davies, S., & Brewin, C. R. (2008). The phenomenology of reactivated trauma memories in older adults: A preliminary study. Aging and Mental Health, 12(4), 494–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802224367
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Ifrah, K., & Tsipper, I. (2022). Does interpersonal vulnerability mediate the association between parental bereavement and mental health? OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying, 89(2), 649–666. (online article ahead of print). https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221080021.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113
  • John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed. Ch. 4, pp. 102–138). Guilford.
  • Kahana, B., Harel, Z., & Kahana, E. (2005). Holocaust survivors and immigrants: Late life adaptations. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/b100253
  • Kahana, E., Kahana, B., Lee, J. E., Bhatta, T., & Wolf, J. K. (2015). Trauma and the life course in a cross national perspective: Focus on Holocaust survivors living in Hungary. Traumatology, 21(4), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000051
  • Kellermann, N. P. F. (2009). Holocaust trauma: Psychological effects and treatment. iUniverse.
  • Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
  • Kimron, L., & Cohen, M. (2012). Coping and emotional distress during acute hospitalization of older persons experiencing earlier trauma: The case of elderly Holocaust survivors. Quality of Life Research, 21(5), 783–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9984-6
  • Krystal, H. (Ed.). (1968). Massive psychic trauma. International Universities Press.
  • Lahey, B. B. (2009). Public health significance of neuroticism. American Psychologist, 64(4), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015309
  • Lazar, R. (2016). Talking about evil – in retrospect: Trying to conceive the inconceivable. In R. Lazar (Ed.), Talking about evil: Psychoanalytic, social, and cultural perspectives (Ch. 13, pp. 200–217). Routledge.
  • Lev-Wiesel, R., & Amir, M. (2003). Posttraumatic growth among Holocaust child survivors. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 8(4), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020305884
  • Lifshitz, R., Ifrah, K., Markovitz, N., & Shmotkin, D. (2020). Do past and prospective adversities intersect? Distinct effects of cumulative adversity and the hostile-world scenario on functioning at later life. Aging and Mental Health, 24(7), 1116–1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1597014
  • Lowenstein, A. (2010). Caregiving and elder abuse and neglect: Developing a new conceptual perspective. Ageing International, 35, 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-010-9068-x
  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. Harper & Row.
  • Nys, T., & de Wijze, S. (Eds.). (2019). The Routledge handbook of the philosophy of evil. Routledge.
  • Palgi, Y., Hayun, Y., & Greenblatt-Kimron, L. (2021). The relation between loneliness or positive solitude with posttraumatic symptoms of Holocaust survivors. GeroPsych, 34(4), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000258
  • Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2011). World assumptions and psychological functioning among ultraorthodox and secular Holocaust survivors. Traumatology, 17(1), 14–21.‏. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610395616
  • Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., & Shmotkin, D. (2015). Aging with trauma across the lifetime and experiencing trauma in old age: Vulnerability and resilience intertwined. In K. E. Cherry (Ed.), Traumatic stress and long-term recovery (Ch. 16, pp. 293–308). Springer.
  • Park, C. L., Mills, M. A., & Edmondson, D. (2012). PTSD as meaning violation: Testing a cognitive worldview perspective. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 4(1), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018792
  • Prager, E., & Solomon, Z. (1995). Perceptions of world benevolence, meaningfulness, and self-worth among elderly Israeli holocaust survivors and non-survivors. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 8(4), 265–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615809508249378
  • Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2015). Thirty years of terror management theory: From genesis to revelation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES–D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
  • Rorty, A. O. (2001). The many faces of evil: Historical perspectives. Routledge.
  • Shenkman, G., & Shmotkin, D. (2013). The hostile-world scenario among Israeli homosexual adolescents and young adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(7), 1408–1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12097
  • Shenkman, G., Shrira, A., Ifrah, K., & Shmotkin, D. (2018). Interpersonal vulnerability among offspring of holocaust survivors gay men and its association with depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Psychiatry Research, 259, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.017
  • Shmotkin, D. (2003). Vulnerability and resilience intertwined: A review of research on Holocaust survivors. In R. Jacoby & G. Keinan (Eds.), Between stress and hope: From a disease-centered to a health-centered perspective (Ch. 10, pp. 213–233). Praeger.
  • Shmotkin, D. (2005). Happiness in the face of adversity: Reformulating the dynamic and modular bases of subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology, 9(4), 291–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.4.291
  • Shmotkin, D., Avidor, S., & Shrira, A. (2016). The role of the hostile-world scenario in predicting physical and mental health outcomes in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(5), 863–889. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264315614005
  • Shmotkin, D., & Barilan, Y. M. (2002). Expressions of holocaust experience and their relationship to mental symptoms and physical morbidity among holocaust survivor patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(2), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014880604065
  • Shmotkin, D., Blumstein, T., & Modan, B. (2003). Tracing long-term effects of early trauma: A broad-scope view of holocaust survivors in late life. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.223
  • Shmotkin, D., & Lomranz, J. (1998). Subjective well-being among holocaust survivors: An examination of overlooked differentiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.141
  • Shmotkin, D., & Shrira, A. (2012). On the distinction between subjective well-being and meaning in life: Regulatory versus reconstructive functions in the face of a hostile world. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications (2nd ed. Ch. 7, pp. 143–164). Routledge.
  • Shmotkin, D., & Shrira, A. (2013). Subjective well-being and meaning in life in a hostile world: Proposing a configurative perspective. In J. A. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies (Ch. 6, pp. 77–86). Springer.
  • Shmotkin, D., Shrira, A., Goldberg, S. C., & Palgi, Y. (2011). Resilience and vulnerability among aging Holocaust survivors and their families: An intergenerational overview. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 9(1), 7–21.‏. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2011.544202
  • Shrira, A. (2015). Transmitting the sum of all fears: Iranian nuclear threat salience among offspring of Holocaust survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 7(4), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000029
  • Shrira, A., Maytles, R., & Frenkel-Yosef, M. (2020). Suffering from infectious diseases during the holocaust relates to amplified psychological reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 421–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.024
  • Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Shmotkin, D. (2010). Do Holocaust survivors show increased vulnerability or resilience to post-Holocaust cumulative adversity? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(3), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20524
  • Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., Ben-Ezra, M., & Shmotkin, D. (2011a). Functioning and mortality of Holocaust survivors: Physical resilience and psychosocial vulnerabilities. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 16(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519297
  • Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., Ben-Ezra, M., & Shmotkin, D. (2011b). How subjective well-being and meaning in life interact in the hostile world? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(4), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.577090
  • Shrira, A., & Shmotkin, D. (2008). Can the past keep life pleasant even for old-old trauma survivors? Aging and Mental Health, 12(6), 807–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802428018
  • Solomon, Z., & Prager, E. (1992). Elderly Israeli Holocaust survivors during the Persian Gulf War: A study of psychological distress. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(12), 1707–1710. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.12.1707
  • Staub, E. (2003). The psychology of good and evil: Why children, adults, and groups help and harm others. Cambridge University Press.
  • Sun, J. (2005). Assessing goodness of fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 37(4), 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2005.11909764
  • Welner, M., DeLisi, M., Saxena, A., Tramontin, M., & Burgess, A. (2022). Distinguishing everyday evil: Towards a clinical inventory of extreme and outrageous behaviors, actions and attitudes. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 154, 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.039
  • Zimbardo, P. (2007). The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. Random House.
  • Zimmermann, S., & Forstmeier, S. (2020). From fragments to identity: Reminiscence, life review and well-being of holocaust survivors. An integrative review. Aging & Mental Health, 24(4), 525–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1525608