Childhood Emotional Abuse and Risk for Hopelessness and Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence

REFERENCES

• Abramson , L. Y. , Metalsky , G. I. and Alloy , L. B. 1989 . Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression . Psychological Review , 96 : 358 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson , L. Y. , Seligman , M. E. P. and Teasdale , J. 1978 . Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 87 : 49 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afifi , T. O. , Brownridge , D. A. , Cox , B. J. and Sareen , J. 2006 . Physical punishment, childhood abuse and psychiatric disorders . Child Abuse & Neglect , 30 : 1093 – 1103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloy , L. B. , Abramson , L. Y. , Smith , J. M. , Gibb , B. E. and Neeren , A. M. 2006 . Role of parenting and maltreatment histories in unipolar and bipolar mood disorders: Mediation by cognitive vulnerability to depression . Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review , 9 : 23 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloy , L. B. , Abramson , L. Y. , Whitehouse , W. G. , Hogan , M. E. , Tashman , N. A. Steinberg , D. L. 1999 . Depressogenic cognitive styles: Predictive validity, information processing and personality characteristics, and developmental origins . Behavior Research and Therapy , 37 : 503 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloy , L. B. , Peterson , C. , Abramson , L. Y. and Seligman , M. E. 1984 . Attributional style and the generality of learned helplessness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 46 : 681 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A.T. 1967 . Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. 1976 . Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders , New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. and Steer , R. A. 1987 . Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Garbin , M. G. 1988 . Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation . Clinical Psychology Review , 8 ( 1 ) : 77 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. , Kovacs , M. and Garrison , B. 1985 . Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation . American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 559 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Weissman , A. , Lester , D. and Trexler , L. 1974 . The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 42 : 861 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bemporad , J. R. and Romano , S. 1993 . Childhood experience and adult depression: A review of studies . American Journal of Psychoanalysis , 53 : 301 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernet , C. Z. and Stein , M. B. 1999 . Relationship of childhood maltreatment to the onset and course of major depression in adulthood . Depression and Anxiety , 9 : 169 – 174 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein , D. P. , Ahluvalia , T. , Pogge , D. and Handelsman , L. 1997 . Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 340 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D. P. and Fink , L. 1994 . Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1132 – 1136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger , K. E. and Patterson , C. J. 2001 . Pathways from child maltreatment to internalizing problems: perceptions of control as mediators and moderators . Developmental Psychopathology , 13 : 913 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudewyn , A. C. and Liem , J. H. 1995 . Childhood sexual abuse as a precursor to depression and self-destructive behavior in adulthood . Journal of Trauma and Stress , 8 : 445 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. R. , Andrews , B. and Gotlib , I. H. 1993 . Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports . Psychological Bulletin , 113 : 82 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. , Cohen , P. , Johnson , J. G. and Smailes , E. M. 1999 . Childhood abuse and neglect: Specificity of effects on adolescent and young adult depression and suicidality . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 38 : 1490 – 1496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caples , H. S. and Barrera , M. Jr. 2006 . Conflict, support and coping as mediators of the relation between degrading parenting and adolescent adjustment . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 35 : 603 – 615 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , P. , Cohen , J. , Aiken , L. S. and West , S. G. 1999 . The problem of units and the circumstance for POMP . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 34 : 315 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , V. J. , Holden , G. W. , Felitti , V. J. and Anda , R. F. 2003 . Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: Results from the adverse childhood experiences study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 1453 – 1460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , S. 1979 . The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1097 – 1126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , K. S. and Dacey , C. M. 1997 . Anxiety, depression, and dissociation in women health care providers reporting a history of childhood psychological abuse . Child Abuse and Neglect , 21 : 941 – 952 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink , L. A. , Bernstein , D. , Handelsman , L. , Foote , J. and Lovejoy , M. 1995 . Initial reliability and validity of the childhood trauma interview: A new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 1329 – 1335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerke , C. K. , Mazzeo , S. E. and Kliewer , W. 2006 . The role of depression and dissociation in the relationship between childhood trauma and bulimic symptoms among ethnically diverse female undergraduates . Child Abuse & Neglect , 30 : 1161 – 1172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb , B. E. 2002 . Childhood maltreatment and negative cognitive styles. A quantitative and qualitative review . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 ( 2 ) : 223 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb , B. E. , Alloy , L. B. and Abramson , L. Y. 2003 . Global reports of childhood maltreatment versus recall of specific maltreatment experiences: Relationships with dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms . Cognition & Emotion , 17 : 903 – 915 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb , B. E. , Alloy , L. B. , Abramson , L. Y. , Rose , D. T. , Whitehouse , D. G. Donovan , P. 2001 . History of childhood maltreatment, depressogenic cognitive style, and episodes of depression in adulthood . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 25 : 425 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb , B. E. , Chelminski , I. and Zimmerman , M. 2007 . Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients . Depression and Anxiety , 24 : 256 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, J., Salus, M. K., Wolcott, D., & Kennedy, K. Y. (2003). A coordinated response to child abuse and neglect: The foundation for practice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/foundation/foundationc.cfm (Accessed: 20 June 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Gross , A. B. and Keller , H. R. 1992 . Long-term consequences of childhood physical and psychological maltreatment . Aggressive Behavior , 18 : 171 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin , B. 2005 . Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: Prospective tests of attachment, cognitive vulnerability, and stress as mediating processes . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 29 : 645 – 671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardt , J. and Rutter , M. 2004 . Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 45 : 260 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmbeck , G. N. 2002 . Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 27 : 87 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwaniec , D. , Larkin , E. and Higgins , S. 2006 . Research review: Risk and resilience in cases of emotional abuse . Child & Family Social Work , 11 : 73 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. , Moser , J. , Colbus , D. and Bell , R. 1985 . Depressive symptoms among physically abused and psychiatrically disturbed children . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 94 : 298 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny , D. A. , Kashy , D. A. and Bolger , N. 1998 . “ Data analysis in social psychology ” . In The handbook of social psychology , Edited by: Gilbert , D. , Fiske , S. and Lindzey , G. Vol. 1 , 233 – 265 . 4th ed .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , A. , Waller , G. and Dagnan , D. 1999 . A greater role of emotional than physical or sexual abuse in predicting disordered eating attitudes: The role of mediating variables . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 25 : 159 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. and Cicchetti , D. 2006 . Longitudinal trajectories of self-system processes and depressive symptoms among maltreated and nonmaltreated children . Child Development , 77 : 624 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciejewski , P. K. and Mazure , C. M. 2006 . Fear of criticism and rejection mediates an association between childhood emotional abuse and adult onset of major depression . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 30 : 105 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee , R. A. , Wolfe , D. A. and Wilson , S. K. 1997 . Multiple maltreatment experiences and adolescent behavior problems: Adolescent's perspectives . Development and Psychopathology , 9 : 131 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen , P. E. , Martin , I. L. , Anderson , J. C. , Romans , S. E. and Herbison , G. P. 1996 . The long-term impact of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study . Child Abuse and Neglect , 20 : 7 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio , S. C. and Cramer , K. M. 2004 . Factor structure and reliability of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a Canadian undergraduate student sample . Child Abuse & Neglect , 28 : 889 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , C. and Seligman , M. E. 1984 . Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence . Psychological Review , 91 : 347 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinecke , M. A. , Ryan , N. E. and DuBois , D. L. 1998 . Cognitive-behavioral therapy of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 37 ( 1 ) : 26 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich , D. J. , Gingerich , K. J. and Rosen , L. A. 1997 . Childhood emotional abuse and associated psychopathology in college students . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 27 : 65 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Roisman , G. I. , Fortuna , K. and Holland , A. 2006 . An experimental manipulation of retrospectively defined earned and continuous attachment security . Child Development , 77 : 59 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , D. T. and Abramson , L. Y. 1992 . “ Developmental predictors of depressive cognitive style: Research and theory ” . In Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology Vol. 4 , Edited by: Cicchetti , D. and Toth , S. L. 323 – 349 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. , Maughan , B. , Pickles , A. and Simonoff , E. 1998 . “ Retrospective recall recalled ” . In The individual in developmental research: Essays in honor of Marion Radke-Yarrow , Edited by: Cairns , R. B. and Rodkin , P. C. 219 – 243 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sareen , J. , Fleisher , W. , Cox , B. J. , Hassard , S. and Stein , M. B. 2005 . Childhood adversity and perceived need for mental health care: Findings from a Canadian community sample . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , 193 : 396 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher , C. D. , Stein , M. B. , Asmundson , G. J. , McCreary , D. R. and Forde , D. R. 2001 . The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data . Journal of Trauma and Stress , 14 : 843 – 857 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman , A. B. , Reinherz , H. Z. and Giaconia , R. M. 1996 . The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: A longitudinal community study . Child Abuse Neglect , 20 : 709 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher , M. H. , Samson , J. A. , Polcari , A. and McGreenery , E. 2006 . Sticks, stones, and hurtful words: Relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 993 – 1000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar