REFERENCES
- Hsu , C. S. , Chen , S. H. , Lou , R. M. , Hung , M. Y. and Yu , K. C. 2003 . The effect of metal ions on humic acid removal and permeation properties in an ultrafiltration system . J. Environ. Sci. Health , A38 ( 2 ) : 415 – 428 . [CSA]
- Saed , K. , Noor , M. J.M.M. , Abdullah , A. G.L. , Salim , M. R. and Aya , H. 2004 . Pilot scale microfiltration-coagulation for treatment of retention pond water . J. Environ. Sci. Health , A39 ( 8 ) : 2129 – 2142 . [CSA]
- Kim , S. H. , Moon , S. Y. , Yoon , C. H. , Yim , S. K. and Cho , J. W. 2005 . Role of coagulation in membrane filtration of wastewater for reuse . Desalination , 173 : 301 – 307 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Pan , J. R. , Huang , C. , Jiang , W. and Chen , C. 2005 . Treatment of wastewater containing nano-scale silica particles by dead-end microfiltration: evaluation of pre-treatment methods . Desalination , 179 : 31 – 40 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Pontie , M. , Rapenne , S. , Thekkedath , A. , Duchesne , J. , Jacquemet , V. , Leparc , J. and Suty , H. 2005 . Tools for membrane autopsies and antifouling strategies in seawater feeds: a review . Desalination , 181 : 75 – 90 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Petersen , R. 1993 . Composite reverse osmosis and nano-filtration membrane . J. Membr. Sci. , 83 : 81 – 150 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Kim , D. I. , Moon , C. Y. , Kim , C. G. and Yoon , T. I. 2001 . The comparative selection be between spiral wound and disc tube membrane to treat wastewater . J. Environ. Sci. Health , A36 ( 2 ) : 177 – 189 . [CSA]
- Lee , R. W. , Glater , J. , Cohen , Y. , Martin , C. , Kovac , K. , Milobar , M. N. and Bartel , D. W. 2003 . Low-pressure RO membrane desalination of agricultural drainage water . Desalination , 155 : 109 – 120 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Pilutti , M. and Nemeth , J. E. 2003 . Technical and cost review of commercially available MF/UF membrane products . Proceedings of International Desalination Association World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse . September 28–October 3 2003 , Paradise Island, Bahamas. Massachusetts , , USA : International Desalination Association .
- Basu , O. D. and Huck , P. M. 2004 . Integrated biofilter-immersed membrane system for the treatment of humic waters . Water Res. , 38 ( 3 ) : 655 – 662 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Oron , G. , Grillerman , L. , Bick , A. , Buriakovsky , N. , Manor , Y. , Ben-Itshak , E. , Kats , L. and Hagin , J. Using hybrid membrane system for secondary effluent polishing for unrestricted agricultural irrigation , www.ipcri.org/watconf/papers/gideon.pdf, (accessed 3 November 2005)[CSA]
- Manth , T. , Gabor , M. and Oklejas , E. Jr . 2003 . Minimizing RP energy consumption under variable conditions of operation . Desalination , 157 : 9 – 21 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Verbeek , V. 2005 . From Concept Design to Installation and Commissioning, Energy Recovery for SWRO in Singapore . Proceedings of IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse . September 7–11 2005 , Singapore. Massachusetts , , USA : International Desalination Association .
- Moch , I. Jr , Oklejas , M. , Terrasi , K. and Oklejas , R. A. 2005 . Advanced High Efficiency Energy Recovery . Proceedings of IDA World Congress on Desalination and water Reuse . September 11–16 2005 , Singapore. Massachusetts , , USA : International Desalination Association .
- Boerlage , S. F.E. , Kennely , M. D. , Aniye , M. P. , Abogrean , E. M. , El-Hodali , D. E.Y. , Tarawneh , Z. S. and Schippers , J. C. Modified fouling index ultrafiltration to compare pre-treatment processes of reverse osmosis feed water . Proceedings of Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . 2000 , L’Aquila , Italy. Vol. 1 , pp. 397 – 410 . Desalination Publications .
- Sablani , S. S. , Goosen , M. F.A. , Al-Belushi , R. and Wilf , M. 2001 . Concentration polarization in ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis: a critical review . Desalination , 141 : 269 – 289 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Duranceau , S. J. , Lovins , W. A.El. , Taylor , D. , Morton , J. and Morton , C. Scale Inhibitor and Recovery Optimisation for a Brackish Water Supply: Pilot Test Results and Full-Scale Experiences . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 91 – 98 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Heijman , S. G.J. , Folmer , H. , Donker , F. , Rietman , B. M. and Schippers , J. C. Application of the ScaleGuard at Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Installations . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 83 – 89 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Lee , S. , Cho , J. and Elimelech , M. 2004 . Influence of colloidal fouling and feed water recovery on salt rejection of RO and NF membrane . Desalination , 160 : 1 – 12 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Flemming , H. C. and Tamachkiarow , A. Monitoring of Bioflims in Technical Systems—A Crucial Components of Advanced Anti-Fouling Strategies . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Vrouwenvelder , J. S. and van der Kooij , D. Integral Diagnosis of Fouling Problems by Analysing Biomass and Inorganic Compounds in Membrane Elements Used in Water Treatment . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 433 – 438 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Mo , L. and Huang , X. 2003 . Fouling characteristics and cleaning strategies in a coagulation-microfilration combination process for water purification . Desalination , 159 : 1 – 9 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Laine , J. M. , Campos , C. , Baudin , I. and Janex , M. L. Understanding Membrane Fouling: A Review of Over a Decade of Research . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 351 – 361 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Tlili , M. M. , Manzola , A. S. and ben Amor , M. 2003 . Optimization of the preliminary treatment in a desalination plant by reverse osmosis . Desalination , 156 : 69 – 78 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Liikanen , R. , Kiuru , H. , Tuhkanen , T. and Nystrom , M. Nanofiltration Membrane Fouling by Conventionally Treated Surface Water . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 389 – 397 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Gille , D. 2003 . Seawater intakes for desalination plants . Desalination , 156 : 249 – 256 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Bick , A. and Oron , G. 2001 . Assessing the linkage between deed water quality and reverse osmosis membrane performance . Desalination , 137 : 141 – 148 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Choksuchart , P. , Heran , M. and Grasmick , A. Surface Water Clarification by Ultrafiltration with an Immersed Membrane System: Effect of Coagulation/Aeration on Flux Enhancement . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 653 – 660 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Amiri , M. C. A New Approach to Membrane Fouling by Controlling Concentration Polarization . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 701 – 708 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Flemming , H. C. , Schaule , G. , Griebe , T. , Schmitt , J. and Tamamchkiarowa , A. 1997 . Biofouling—The Achilles heel of membrane processes . Desalination , 113 : 215 – 225 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Delgrange-Vincent , N. , Cabassud , C. , Cabassud , M. , Durand-Bourlier , L. and Laine , J. M. 2000 . Neural networks for long term prediction of fouling and backwash efficiency in ul- trafiltration for drinking water production . Desalination , 131 : 353 – 362 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Cabassud , C. , Labories , S. , Durand-Bourlier , L. and Laine , J. M. 2001 . 2001, Air sparging in ultrafiltration hollow fibres: relationship between flux enhancement, cake characteristics and hydrodynamic parameters . J. Memb. Sci. , 181 : 57 – 65 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Zeiher , E. H.K. , Ho , B. and Williams , K. D. 2003 . Novel antiscalant dosing control . Desalination , 157 : 209 – 216 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Kweon , J. and Lawler , D. F. Effects of Characteristics of Softening as a Pre-Treatment for Ultrafiltration . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 757 – 764 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Kaakinen , J. W. , Moody , C. , Franklin , J. and Ammerlaan , A. C.F. 1994 . SDI instrumentation to estimate RO feed water fouling potential . Ultrapure Water , July/August : 42 – 54 . [CSA]
- Kremen , S. S. and Tanner , M. 1998 . Silt density indices (SDI), percent plugging factor (%PF): their relation to actual foulant deposition . Desalination , 119 : 259 – 262 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Teng , C. K. , Hawlader , M. N.A. and Malek , A. 2003 . An experiment with different pre-treatment methods . Desalination , 156 : 51 – 58 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Poele , S. Te. and van der Graaf , J. H.J.M. Physical and Chemical Conditioning of Effluent for Decreasing Membrane Fouling During Ultrafiltration . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 765 – 773 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Boerlage , S. F.E. , Kennely , M. D. , Tarawneh , Z. S. , de Faber , R. and Schippers , J. C. 2004 . Development of the MFI-UF in constant flux filtration . Desalination , 161 : 103 – 113 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- van de Lisdnok , C. A.C. , Rietman , B. M. , Heijman , S. G.J. , Stek , G. R. and Schippers , J. C. 2001 . Predicting of supersaturation and monitoring of scaling in reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems . Desalination , 138 : 259 – 270 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Rabie , H. R. , Cote , P. and Adams , N. 2001 . A method for assessing membrane fouling in pilot and full-scale systems . Desalination , 141 : 237 – 243 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Worrell , E. , Price , L. and Galitsky , C. 2004 . “ Emerging Energy-Efficient Technologies in Industry: Case Studies of Selected Technologies. Final Report ” . In The National Commission on Energy Policy , pp. 10 – 18 . The U.S. Department of Energy (Contract No. DE-AC03–76SF00098) .
- Feith , K. 2003 . Optimization of energy consumption in the 3300 m3/d RO Kerkennah plant . Desalination , 157 : 145 – 149 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Xie , R. J. , Gomez , M. J. and Xing , Y. J. 2005 . Understanding permeability decay of a pilot-scale microfiltration in secondary effluent reclamation under tropical conditions . Submitted to Desalination , [CSA]
- Zhu , X. and Elimeleh , M. 1997 . Colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis membranes: measurements and fouling mechanisms . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 20 ( 1 ) : 1028 – 1032 . [CSA]
- Malek , A. , Hawlader , M. N.A. and Ho , J. C. 1996 . Design and economics of RO seawater desalination, Desalinaion , 105 : 245 – 261 . [CSA]
- Lipp , P. , Witte , M. , Baldauf , G. and Povorov , A. A. 2005 . Treatment of reservoir water with a backwashable MF/UF spiral wound membrane . Desalination , 179 : 83 – 94 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Mo , L. , Huang , X. and Wu , J. L. 2002 . Effect of operational conditions on membrane permeability in a coagulation-microfiltration process for water purification . J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Subst. Environ. Engr. , 37 : 273 – 285 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Doyen , W. , Vandaele , R. , Molenberghs , B. , Cromphout , J. , Bielen , P. and Baee , B. Description of Different Effects of In-line Coagulation upon Semi-Dead-End Ultrafiltration . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 501 – 507 . London , , UK : International Water Association .
- Lee , N. , Amy , G. , Habarou , H. and Jean-Christophe , S. Identification and Control of Fouling of Low-Pressure (MF and UF) Membranes by Drinking-Water Natural Organic Matter (NOM) . Proceedings of Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production . September 22–26 2002 , Mulherim/Ruhr , Germany. pp. 677 – 683 . London , , UK : International Water Association .