References
- Lokuge , K. M. , Smith , W. , Caldwell , B. , Dear , K. and Milton , A. H. 2004 . The effect of arsenic mitigation interventions on disease burden in Bangladesh . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 1172 – 1177 .
- Navas-Acien , A. , Sharrett , A. R. , Silbergeld , E. K. , Schwartz , B. S. , Nachman , K. E. , Burke , T. A. and Guallar , E. 2005 . Arsenic exposure and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence . Amer. J. Epidemiol. , 162 : 1037 – 1049 .
- Navas-Acien , A. , Silbergeld , E. K. , Streeter , R. A. , Clark , J. M. , Burke , T. A. and Guallar , E. 2006 . Arsenic exposure and Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review of the experimental and epidemiological evidence . Environ. Health Perspect. , 114 : 641 – 648 .
- Tsai , S.-M. , Wang , T.-N. and Ko , Y.-C. 1999 . Mortality for certain diseases in areas with high levels of arsenic in drinking water . Arch. Environ. Health , 54 : 186 – 193 .
- Smith , A. H. , Lingas , E. O. and Rahman , M. 2000 . Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency . Bull. World Health Org. , 87 : 1093 – 1103 .
- Kinniburgh , D. G. and Smedley , P. L. , eds. 2001 . Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, Volume 2: Final Report BGS Technical Report WC/00/19, Volume 2
- Yu , W. H. , Harvey , C. M. and Harvey , C. F. 2003 . Arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh: A geostatistical and epidemiological framework for evaluating health effects and potential remedies . Water Resour. Res. , 39 : 1146
- Khan , A. W. 1997 . Arsenic contamination in groundwater and its effect on human health with particular reference to Bangladesh . J. Prevent. Social Med. , 16 : 65 – 73 .
- WHO . 2000 . Towards and assessment of the socioeconomic impact of arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh WHO/SDE/WSH/00.4
- Abernathy , C. 2001 . “ Exposure and health effects ” . In United Nations Synthesis Report on Arsenic in Drinking Water , Geneva : World Health Organisation .
- USEPA . 2001 . National primary drinking water regulations; arsenic and clarifications to compliance and new source contaminants monitoring: delay of effective data . Fed. Reg. , 66 : 16134 – 16135 .
- Brown , K. G. and Ross , G. L. 2002 . Arsenic, drinking water, and health: a positions paper of the American Council on Science and Health . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 36 : 162 – 174 .
- Caldwell , B. K. , Caldwell , J. C. , Mitra , S. N. and Smith , W. 2003 . Searching for an optimal solution to the Bangladesh arsenic crisis . Social Sci. Med. , 56 : 2089 – 2096 .
- Esrey , S. A. , Potash , J. B. , Roberts , L. and Shiff , C. 1991 . Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma . Bull. World Health Org. , 69 : 609 – 621 .
- Prüss , A. , Kay , D. , Fewtrell , L. and Bartram , J. 2002 . Estimating the Burden of Disease from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene at a Global Level . Environ. Health Perspect. , 110 : 537 – 542 .
- 2005 . New York : ST/ESA/SER/A/252 2005 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division . UN. World Mortality Report, 2005
- Hoque , B. A. , Huttly , S. R.A. , Aziz , K. M.A. , Patwary , M. Y. and Feachem , R. G. 1989 . Tubewell water consumption and its determinants in rural area of Bangladesh . J. Trop. Med. Hygiene , 92 : 197 – 202 .
- Shears , P. , Hussein , M. A. , Chowdhury , A. H. and Mamun , K. Z. 1995 . Water sources and environmental transmission of multiply resistant enteric bacteria in rural Bangladesh . Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. , 89 : 297 – 303 .
- Wright , J. , Gundry , S. and Conroy , R. 2004 . Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use . Trop. Med. Environ. Health , 9 : 106 – 117 .
- Smith , A. H. , Hopenhayn-Rich , C. , Bates , M. N. , Goeden , H. M. , Hertz-Picciotto , I. , Duggan , H. M. , Wood , R. , Kosnett , M. J. and Smith , M. T. 1992 . Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water . Environ. Health Perspect. , 97 : 259 – 267 .
- WHO . 2002 . The World Health Report, 2002—Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life http://www.who.int/Available from whr/2002/en/index.html [online] Accessed 21/7/06
- Murray , J. L. and Lopez , D. , eds. 1996 . The Global Burden of Disease Published by The Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of The World Health Organisation and The World Bank
- Murray , C. J.L. and Acharya , A. K. 1997 . Understanding DALYs . J. Health Econ. , 16 : 703 – 730 .
- Murray , C. J. , Salomon , J. S. , Mathers , C. D. and Lopez , A. D. , eds. 2002 . Summary Measures of Population Health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications , Geneva : World Heath Organisation .
- Guo , H. R. 2000 . Arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer: comparison between studies based on cancer registry and death certificates . Environ. Geochem. Health , 22 : 83 – 91 .
- Chiou , H. Y. , Chiou , S. T. , Hsu , Y. H. , Chou , Y. L. , Tseng , C. H. , Wei , M. L. and Chen , C. J. 2001 . Incidence of transitional cell carcinoma and arsenic in drinking water: a follow-up study of 8,102 residents in an arseniasis-endemic are A in northeastern Taiwan . Amer. J. Epidemiol. , 153 : 411 – 418 .
- Longnecker , M. P. and Daniels , J. L. 2001 . Environmental contaminants as etiological factors for diabetes . Environ. Health Perspect. , 109 : 871 – 876 .
- Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics . 2001 . Population Census 2001: Preliminary Report , Dhaka : Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh .
- Das , D. , Chatterjee , A. , Mandal , B. , Samanta , G. , Chanda , B. and Chakraborti , D. 1995 . Arsenic in Ground Water in Six Districts of West Bengal, India. The biggest arsenic calamity in the world, Part 2. Arsenic concentration in drinking water, hair, nails, urine, skin-scale and liver tissue (biopsy) of the affected people . Analyst , 120 : 917 – 924 .
- Berg , M. , Tran , H. C. , Nguyen , T. C. , Pham , H. V. , Schertenleib , R. and Giger , W. 2001 . Arsenic contamination of ground and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 2621 – 2626 .
- Smedley , P. L. and Kinniburgh , D. G. 2002 . A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in nautral waters . Appl. Geochem. , 17 : 517 – 568 .
- Nickson , R. , McArthur , J. M. , Shrestha , B. , Kyaw-Myint , T. O. and Lowry , D. 2005 . Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan . Appl. Geochem. , 20 : 55 – 68 .
- Polya , D. A. , Gault , A. G. , Bourne , N. J. , Lythgoe , P. R. and Cooke , D. A. 2003 . Coupled HPLC-ICP-MS analysis indicates highly hazardous concentrations of dissolved arsenic species are present in Cambodian wellwaters . Roy. Soc. Chem. Spec. Pub. , 288 : 127 – 140 .
- Polya , D. A. , Gault , A. G. , Diebe , N. , Feldmann , P. , Rosenboom , J. W. , Gilligan , E. , Fredericks , D. , Milton , A. H. , Sampson , M. , Rowland , H. A.L. , Lythgoe , P. R. , Jones , J. C. , Middleton , C. and Cooke , D. A. 2005 . Arsenic hazard in shallow Cambodian groundwaters . Mineral. Mag. , 69 : 807 – 823 .
- Charlet , L. and Polya , D. A. 2006 . Arsenic hazard in shallow reducing groundwaters in southern Asia . Elements, , 2 : 91 – 9 .
- Adamson , G. C.D. 2006 . Critical pathway analysis to determine key uncertainties in net impacts on disease burden of arsenic mitigation in Bangladesh , Pollution and Environmental Control, University of Manchester . Unpublished MSc thesis
- Ferlay , J. , Bray , F. , Pisani , P. and Parkin , D. M. 2001 . GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Prevalence Worldwide, Version 1.0 , Lyon : IARC Press . IARC CancerBase No. 5
- Ferlay , J. , Bray , F. , Pisani , P. and Parkin , D. M. 2004 . GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence. Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, Version 2.0 , Lyon : IARC Press . IARC CancerBase No. 5
- USCB Age-strata: Bangladesh http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbagg[online] Accessed 24/8/06, 2006/
- Lai , M.-S. , Hsueh , Y.-M. , Chen , C.-J. , Shyu , M.-P. , Chen , S.-Y. , Kuo , T.-L. , Wu , M.-M. and Tai , T.-Y. 1994 . Ingested Organic Arsenic and Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus . Amer. J. Epidemiol. , 139 : 484 – 492 .
- Rahman , M. , Tondel , M. , Ahmad , S. A. , Chowdhury , I. A. , Faruquee , M. H. and Axelson , O. 1999 . Hypertension and arsenic exposure in Bangladesh . Hypertension , 33 : 74 – 78 .
- Wang , S.-L. , Chiou , J.-M. , Chen , C.-J. , Tseng , C.-H. , Chou , W.-L. , Wang , C.-C. , Wu , T.-N. and Chang , L.-W. 2003 . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 : 155 – 159 .
- Caldwell , B. K. , Caldwell , J. C. and Mitra , S. N. 2003 . Smith, W Tubewells and Arsenic in Bangladesh: Challenging a Public Health Success Story . Inter. J. Popul. Geog. , 9 : 23 – 38 .
- Lin , S. M. and Yang , M. H. 1988 . Arsenic, selenium, and zinc in patients with blackfoot disease . Biol. Trace Elements Res. , 15 : 213 – 221 .
- Tseng , C.-H. , Chong , C.-K. , Tseng , C.-P. , Hsueh , Y.-M. , Chiou , H.-Y. , Tseng , C.-C. and Chen , C.-J. 2003 . Long-term arsenic exposure and ischemic heart disease in arseniasis-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan . Toxicol. Lett. , 137 : 15 – 21 .
- Wu , M.-M. , Kuo , T.-L. , Hwang , Y.-H. and Chen , C.-J. 1989 . Dose-response relation between Arsenic concentration in well water and mortality from cancers and vascular disease . Amer. J. Epidemiol. , 130 : 123 – 1132 .
- Smith , A. H. and Smith , M. M.H. 2004 . Arsenic drinking water regulations in developing countries with extensive exposure . Toxicology , 198 : 39 – 44 .
- Mukherjee , A. , Sengupta , M. K. , Hossain , M. A. , Ahamed , S. , Lodh , D. , Das , B. , Nayak , B. , Saha , K. C. , Mukherjee , S. C. , Pati , S. , Dutta , R. N. , Chatterjee , G. and Chakraborti , D. 2005 . Are some animals more equal than others? . Toxicology , 208 : 165 – 169 .
- Hossain , M. A. , Sengupta , M. K. , Ahamed , S. , Rahman , M. M. , Mondal , D. , Lodh , D. , Das , B. , Nayak , B. , Roy , B. K. , Mukherjee , A. and Chakraborti , D. 2005 . Ineffectivness and poor reliability of arsenic removal plants in West Bengal, India . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 4300 – 4306 .
- Williams , P. N. , Price , A. H. , Raab , A. , Hossain , M. A. , Feldmann , J. and Meharg , A. A. 2005 . Variation in the arsenic speciation and concentration in paddy rice related to dietary exposure . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 5531 – 5540 .
- Brima , E. I. , Harrington , C. F. , Jenkins , J. O. , Polya , D. A. , Gault , A. G. and Haris , P. I. 2006 . Understanding arsenic metabolism through a comparative study of arsenic levels in the urine, hair and fingernails of health volunteers from three unexposed ethnic groups in the United Kingdom . Appl. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 216 : 122 – 130 .
- Ghosh , P. , Basu , A. , Mahata , J. , Basu , S. , Sengupta , M. , Das , J. K. , Mukherjee , A. , Sarkar , A. K. , Mondal , L. K. , Ray , K. and Giri , A. K. 2006 . Cytogenetic damage and genetic variants in the individuals susceptible to arsenic induced cancer through drinking water . Inter. J. Cancer , 118 : 2470 – 2478 .
- Lamm , S. H. and Kruse , M. B. 2005 . Arsenic ingestion and bladder cancer mortality—What do the dose-response relationships suggest about mechanism?Ecol . Human. Risk Assess. , 11 : 433 – 450 .
- Clasen , T. F. and Cairncross , S. 2004 . Household water management: refining the dominant paradigm . Trop. Med. Inter. Health , 9 : 187 – 191 .