Electro-osmotic fluxes in multi-well electro-remediation processes

References

• Conte , P. , Agretto , A. , Spaccini , R. and Piccolo , A. 2005 . Soil remediation: humic acids as natural surfactants in the washings of highly contaminated soils . Environ. Pollut. , 135 : 515 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan , S. , Lau , E. V. and Ng , H. K. 2009 . Remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) . J. Hazard. Mater. , 172 : 532 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan , C. N. , Yong , R. N. and Gibbs , B. F. 2001a . Remediation technologies for metal-contaminated soils and groundwater: an evaluation . Eng. Geol. , 60 : 193 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan , C. N. , Yong , R. N. and Gibbs , B. F. 2001b . Surfactant-enhanced remediation of contaminated soil: a review . Eng. Geol. , 60 : 371 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazos , M. , Alcántara , M. T. , Cameselle , C. and Sanromán , M. A. 2009 . Evaluation of electrokinetic technique for industrial waste decontamination . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 44 : 2304 – 2321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , K. R. 2010 . Technical challenges to in-situ remediation of polluted sites . Geotech. Geol. Eng. , 28 : 211 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Acar , Y. B. , Alshawabkeh , A. N. and Gale , R. J. 1993a . Fundamental aspects of electrokinetic remediation of soils . Waste Manage. , 13 : 5 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Acar , Y. B. , Gale , R. J. , Alshawabkeh , A. N. , Marks , R. E. , Puppala , S. , Bricka , M. and Parker , R. 1995 . Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and technology status . J. Hazard. Mater. , 40 : 117 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshawabkeh , A. N. 2009 . Electrokinetic soil remediation: Challenges and opportunities . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 44 : 2171 – 2187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Gutierrez , M. D. , Gomez-Lahoz , C. , Rodriguez-Maroto , J. M. , Vereda-Alonso , C. and Garcia-Herruzo , F. 2007 . Electrokinetic remediation of a soil contaminated by the pyritic sludge spill of Aznalcollar (SW, Spain) . Electrochim. Acta , 52 : 3372 – 3380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page , M. M. and Page , C. L. 2002 . Electroremediation of contaminated soils . J. Environ. Eng. , 128 : 208 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazos , M. , Ricart , M. T. , Sanromán , M. A. and Cameselle , C. 2007 . Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of polluted kaolinite with an azo dye . Electrochim. Acta , 52 : 3393 – 3398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saichek , R. E. and Reddy , K. R. 2005 . Enhanced remediation of hydrophobic organic compounds in soils: A review . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 115 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarahney , H. , Wang , J. and Alshawabkeh , A. N. 2005 . Electrokinetic process for removing Cu, Cr, and As from CCA-treated wood . Environ. Eng. Sci. , 22 : 642 – 650 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha , R. A. , Pham , T. D. and Sillanpää , M. 2009 . Remediation of chrysene from contaminated soil by enhanced electrokinetics . Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. , 4 : 1387 – 1394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , D. M. , Cang , L. , Alshawabkeh , A. N. , Wang , Y. J. and Hao , X. Z. 2006 . Pilot-scale electrokinetic treatment of a Cu contaminated red soil . Chemosphere , 63 : 964 – 971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virkutyte , J. , Sillanpää , M. and Latostenmaa , P. 2002 . Electrokinetic soil remediation—critical overview . Sci. Total. Environ. , 289 : 97 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , J. H. , Qiang , Z. , Huang , C. P. and Ellis , A. V. 2009 . Phenanthrene removal in unsaturated soils treated by electrokinetics with different surfactants—Triton X-100 and rhamnolipid . Colloids Surf. A , 348 : 157 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couto , H. , Massarani , G. , Biscaia , E. and Sant’Anna , G. L. 2009 . Remediation of sandy soils using surfactant solutions and foams . J. Hazard. Mater. , 164 : 1325 – 1335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalladi , R. , Benhabiles , O. , Bentahar , F. and Moulai-Mostefa , N. 2009 . Surfactant remediation of diesel fuel polluted soil . J. Hazard. Mater. , 164 : 1179 – 1185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laha , S. , Tansel , B. and Ussawarujikulchai , A. 2009 . Surfactant–soil interactions during surfactant-amended remediation of contaminated soils by hydrophobic organic compounds: A review . J. Environ. Manage. , 90 : 95 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maturi , K. , Reddy , K. R. and Cameselle , C. 2009 . Surfactant-enhanced electrokinetic remediation of mixed contamination in low permeability soils . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 44 : 2385 – 2410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paria , S. 2008 . Surfactant-enhanced remediation of organic contaminated soil and water . Adv. Coll. Interf. Sci. , 138 : 24 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. Y. , Lee , H. H. , Kim , S. J. , Lee , Y. J. and Yang , J. W. 2007 . Surfactant-enhanced electrokinetic removal of phenanthrene from kaolinite . J. Hazard. Mater. , 140 : 230 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazos , M. , Rosales , E. , Alcántara , T. , Gómez , J. and Sanromán , M. A. 2010 . Decontamination of soils containing PAHs by electroremediation: A review . J. Hazard. Mater. , 177 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham , T. D. , Shrestha , R. A. and Sillanpää , M. 2010 . Removal of hexachlorobenzene and phenanthrene from clayey soil by surfactant and ultrasound-assisted electrokinetics . J. Environ. Eng. , 136 : 739 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , K. R. , Ala , P. R. , Sharma , S. and Kumar , S. N. 2006 . Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of contaminated manufactured gas plant soil . Eng. Geol. , 85 : 132 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , K. R. , Asce , M. and Saichek , R. E. 2003 . Effect of soil type on the electrokinetic removal of phenanthrene using surfactants and cosolvents . J. Environ. Eng. , 129 : 336 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , K. R. , Maturi , K. and Cameselle , C. 2009 . Sequential electrokinetic remediation of mixed contaminants in low permeability soils . J. Environ. Eng. , 135 : 989 – 999 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saichek , R. E. and Reddy , K. R. 2003 . Effect of pH control at the anode for the electrokinetic removal of phenanthrene from kaolin soil . Chemosphere. , 51 : 273 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan , J. , Li , Z. , Lu , X. and Yuan , S. 2010 . Remediation of a hexachlorobenzene-contaminated soil by surfactant-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with microscale Pd/Fe PRB . J. Hazard. Mater. , 184 : 184 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , W. and Zhu , L. 2008 . Enhanced soil flushing of phenanthrene by anionic–nonionic mixed surfactant . Water Res. , 42 : 101 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hamdan , A. Z. and Reddy , K. R. 2008 . Electrokinetic remediation modeling incorporating geochemical effects . J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. , 134 : 91 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcántara , M. T. , Gómez , J. , Pazos , M. and Sanromán , M. A. 2010 . Electrokinetic remediation of PAH mixtures from kaolin . J. Hazard. Mater. , 179 : 1156 – 1161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcántara , T. , Pazos , M. , Gouveia , S. , Cameselle , C. and Sanromán , M. A. 2008a . Remediation of phenanthrene from contaminated kaolinite by electroremediation-Fenton technology . J. Environ. Sci. Health Pt. A Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. , 43 : 901 – 907 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcántara , T. , Pazos , M. , Cameselle , C. and Sanromán , M. A. 2008b . Electrochemical remediation of phenanthrene from contaminated kaolinite . Environ. Geochem. Health. , 30 : 89 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. J. , Han , H. , Kim , S. H. and Yang , J. W. 2009 . Combination of electrokinetic separation and electrochemical oxidation for acid dye removal from soil . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 44 : 2455 – 2470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maturi , K. and Reddy , K. R. 2008 . Cosolvent-enhanced desorption and transport of heavy metals and organic contaminants in soils during electrokinetic remediation . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 189 : 199 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oonnittan , A. , Shrestha , R. A. and Sillanpää , M. 2009 . Removal of hexachlorobenzene from soil by electrokinetically enhanced chemical oxidation . J. Hazard. Mater. , 162 : 989 – 994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazos , M. , Cameselle , C. and Sanromán , M. A. 2008 . Remediation of dye-polluted kaolinite by combination of electrokinetic remediation and electrochemical treatment . Environ. Eng. Sci. , 25 : 419 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. Y. , Huang , X. J. , Kao , J. C.M. and Stabnikova , O. 2007 . Simultaneous removal of organic contaminants and heavy metals from kaolin using an upward electrokinetic soil remediation process . J. Hazard. Mater. , 144 : 292 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , J. H. and Liao , Y. C. 2006 . The effect of critical operational parameters on the circulation-enhanced electrokinetics . J. Hazard. Mater. , 129 : 186 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maini , G. , Sharman , A. K. , Knowles , C. J. , Sunderland , G. and Jackman , S. A. 2000 . Electrokinetic remediation of metals and organics from historically contaminated soil . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 75 : 657 – 665 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , H. H. and Yang , J. W. 2000 . A new method to control electrolytes pH by circulation system in electrokinetic soil remediation . J. Hazard. Mater. , 77 : 227 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acar , Y. B. , Alshawabkeh , A. N. and Gale , R. J. 1993b . Fundamentals of extracting species from soils by electrokinetics . Waste Manage. , 13 : 141 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Pamukcu , S. 2007 . Electro-chemical technologies for in-situ restoration of contaminated subsurface soils . Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. , 2
   Google Scholar