Publication Cover
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A
Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering
Volume 55, 2020 - Issue 1
330
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni) in aerosols emitted from electronic cigarettes sold in Malaysia

ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all
Pages 55-62 | Received 14 Sep 2018, Accepted 16 Aug 2019, Published online: 18 Sep 2019

References

  • Lempert, L. K.; Grana, R.; Glantz, S. A. The Importance of Product Definitions in US e-Cigarette Laws and Regulations. Tob. Control. 2016, 25, e44–e51. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051913.
  • Farsalinos, K. E.; Voudris, V.; Poulas, K. Are Metals Emitted from Electronic Cigarettes a Reason for Health Concern? a Risk-Assessment Analysis of Currently Available Literature. Ijerph. 2015, 12, 5215–5232. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505215.
  • Kim, K. H.; Kabir, E.; Jahan, S. A. Review of Electronic Cigarettes as Tobacco Cigarette Substitutes: Their Potential Human Health Impact. J. Environ. Sci. Health. 2016, 34, 262–275. DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1236604.
  • Beard, E.; Shahab, L.; Cummings, D. M.; Michie, S.; West, R. New Pharmacological Agents to Aid Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Harm Reduction: What Has Been Investigated, and What Is in the Pipeline? CNS Drugs. 2016, 30, 951–983. DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0362-3.
  • Kadowaki, J.; Vuolo, M.; Kelly, B. C. A Review of the Current Geographic Distribution of and Debate Surrounding Electronic Cigarette Clean Air Regulations in the United States. Health Place. 2015, 31, 75–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.11.003.
  • Baharom, H. Where are the e-Cigarette Regulation? Malaysiakini. 2017. https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/394489 (accessed Jan 2018).
  • Williams, M.; Villarreal, A.; Bozhilov, K.; Lin, S.; Talbot, P. Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles Are Present in Electronic Cigarette Cartomizer Fluid and Aerosol. PLoS One. 2013, 8, e57987. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057987.
  • Goniewicz, M. L.; Knysak, J.; Gawron, M.; Kosmider, L.; Sobczak, A.; Kurek, J.; Prokopowicz, A.; Jablonska-Czapla, M.; Rosik-Dulewska, C.; Havel, C.; et al. Levels of Selected Carcinogens and Toxicants in Vapour from Electronic Cigarettes. Tob. Control 2014, 23, 133–139. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859.
  • Palazzolo, D. L.; Crow, A. P.; Nelson, J. M.; Johnson, R. A. Trace Metals Derived from Electronic Cigarette (ECIG) Generated Aerosol: Potential Problem of ECIG Devices That Contain Nickel. Front. Physiol. 2016, 7, 663.
  • The United States Pharmacopeial Convention Chapter <232> Elemental Impurities-Limits. Revision Bulletin 2013, http://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp/document/our-work/chemical-medicines/key-issues/c232_final.pdf (accessed Dec 2017).
  • Göney, G. Electronic Cigarette (E-Cigarette) Using: Toxicological Aspects. Alcohol. 2017, 50, 50.
  • Wu, L. E.; Levina, A.; Harris, H. H.; Cai, Z.; Lai, B.; Vogt, S.; James, D. E.; Lay, P. A. Carcinogenic Chromium (VI) Compounds Formed by Intracellular Oxidation of Chromium (III) Dietary Supplements by Adipocytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 1742–1745. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509065.
  • Fang, Z.; Zhao, M.; Zhen, H.; Chen, L.; Shi, P.; Huang, Z. Genotoxicity of tri- and hexavalent chromium compounds in vivo and their modes of action on DNA damage in vitro . PLoS One. 2014, 9, e103194DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103194.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs. 2015., 1–120. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Classifications-AlphaOrder.pdf (accessed Dec 2017).
  • Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry [ATSDR]. Toxicological profile for nickel. 2005., https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=245&tid=44 (accessed Dec 2017).
  • Hess, C. A.; Olmedo, P.; Navas-Acien, A.; Goessler, W.; Cohen, J. E.; Rule, A. M. E-Cigarettes as a Source of Toxic and Potentially Carcinogenic Metals. Environ. Res. 2017, 152, 221–225. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.026.
  • IBM. SPSS Statistics Version 21; International Business Machines Corp: Boston, 2012.
  • Brown, J. D. Skewness and Kurtosis. JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG: Shiken. 1997., http://hosted.jalt.org/test/bro_1.htm (accessed Jan 2018).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.