Detection of multidrug resistant environmental isolates of acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a possible threat for community acquired infections?

References

• Genthe, B.; Le Roux, W. J.; Schachtschneider, K.; Oberholster, P. J.; Aneck-Hahn, N. H.; Chamier, J. Health Risk Implications from Simultaneous Exposure to Multiple Environmental Contaminants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2013, 93, 171–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebic, V.; Masic, N.; Teskeredzic, S.; Aljicevic, M.; Abduzaimovic, A.; Rebic, D. J. The Importance of Acinetobacter Species in the Hospital Environment. Med. Arch. 2018, 72, 325–329. DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2018.72.330-334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adegoke, A. A.; Stenström, T. A.; Okoh, A. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as an Emerging Ubiquitous Pathogen: looking beyond Contemporary Antibiotic  Therapy. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 2276. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries for the Republic of South Africa: Antimicrobial Resistance National Strategy Framework 2018–2024. http://www.health.gov.za/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/199-antimicrobial-resistance. (Accessed January 14, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Brooke, J. S. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An Emerging Global Opportunistic Pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2012, 25, 2–41. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00019-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y.; Niu, W.; Sun, Y.; Hao, H.; Yu, D.; Xu, G.; Shang, X.; Tang, X.; Lu, S.; Yue, J.; Li, Y. Identification and Characterization of a Serious Multidrug Resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain in China. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 1–10. DOI: 10.1155/2015/580240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal, L.; Kaur, P.; Gautam, V. J. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: From Trivial to Grievous. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2017, 35, 469–479. DOI: 10.4103/IJMM. _16_430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancer, S. Controlling Hospital-Acquired Infection: focus on the Role of the Environment and New Technologies for Decontamination. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2014, 27, 665–690. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00020-14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla, K.; Vishwanath, S.; Gupta, A. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2014, 8, DC20–DC22. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/10780.5320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garazi, M.; Singer, C.; Tai, J.; Ginocchio, C. C. Bloodstream Infections Caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: A Seven-Year Review. J. Hosp. Infect. 2012, 81, 114–118. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.02.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Anazi, K. A.; Al-Jasser, A. M. Infections Caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front. Oncol. 2014, 4, 232.DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar, S.; Bandyopadhyay, M.; Chatterjee, M.; Banerjee, P.; Poddar, S.; Banerjee, D. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: complicating Treatment of ESBL UTI. Adv. Biomed. Res. 2015, 4, 36. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.151241. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.151241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falagas, M.; Kastoris, A.; Vouloumanou, E.; Dimopoulos, G. Community-acquired Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infections: A Systematic Review. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2009, 28, 719–730. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.151241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looney, W. J.; Narita, M.; Mühlemann, K. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An Emerging Opportunist Human Pathogen. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 2009, 9, 312–323. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70083-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, W. P.; Chen, C. L.; Ko, W. C.; Pan, S. C. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteraemia in Burn Patients. Burns 2006, 32, 155–158. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2005.08.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhlongo, N.; Essack, S.; Govinden, U. NDM-1, Novel TEM-205, Novel TEM-213 and Other Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases co-Expressed in Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients from South Africa. S Afr. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 30, 103–107. DOI: 10.1080/23120053.2015.1074441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink, A. J.; Botha, R. F.; Poswa, X.; Senekal, M.; Badal, R. E.; Grolman, D. C.; Richards, G. A.; Feldman, C.; Boffard, K. D.; Veller, M.; et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Gram-Negative Pathogens Isolated from Patients with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections in South African Hospitals (SMART Study 2004–2009): Impact of the New Carbapenem Breakpoints. Surg. Infect. 2012, 13, 43–49. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2011.074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisiwe, F.; Van Rensburg, B.; Barrett, C.; van Rooyen, C.; van Vuuren, C. Haemodialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections at Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein: should we Change Our Empiric Antibiotics? S Afr. J Infect. Dis. 2015, 30, 29–33. DOI: 10.1080/23120053.2015.1103960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, R.; Bamford, C. Community- versus healthcare-acquired bloodstream infections at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. S Afr. Med. J. 2015, 105, 363–369. DOI: 10.7196/samj.8183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motloba, D.; Ngqandu, M. D. Ventriculostomy Infections at the Paediatric Neurosurgical Unit at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital. S Afr. J. Child Health. 2015, 9, 6–8. DOI: 10.7196/sajch.767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muchesa, P.; Leifels, M.; Jurzik, L.; Hoorzook, K.; Barnard, T.; Bartie, C. Coexistence of Free-Living Amoebae and Bacteria in Selected South African Hospital Water Distribution Systems. Parasitol. Res. 2017, 116, 155–165. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5271-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adjidé, C.; De, Meyer, A.; Weyer, M.; Obin, O.; Lamory, F.; Lesueur, C.; Trouillet, L.; Biendo, M.; Eb, F.; Ganry, O. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Water Associated Microbiologic Risk Assessment in Amiens' University Hospital Centre. Pathol. Biol. 2010, 58, e1–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.07.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berg, G.; Eberl, L.; Hartmann, A. The Rhizosphere as a Reservoir for Opportunistic Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 7, 1673–1685. DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00891. x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon, Y. D.; Jeong, W. Y.; Kim, M. H.; Jung, I. Y.; Ahn, M. Y.; Ann, H. W.; Ahn, J. Y.; Han, S. H.; Choi, J. Y.; Song, Y. G. Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteremia. Med. (Baltimore). 2016, 95, E4375. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. Z.; Li, J. Antimicrobial Resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Antimicrob. Drug Resist. 2017, 2, 937–958. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47266-9_11.
   Google Scholar
• Dijkshoorn, L.; Van der Toorn, J. Acinetobacter Species: which Do we Mean? Clin. Infect. Dis. 1992, 15, 748–749. DOI: 10.1093/clind/15.4.748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbain, J.; Peleg, A. Y. Treatment of Acinetobacter Infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 51, 79–84. DOI: 10.1086/653120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. S.; Lee, Y. T.; Huang, T. W.; Sun, J. R.; Kuo, S. C.; Yang, C. H.; Chen, T. L.; Lin, J. C.; Fung, C. P.; Chang, F. Y. Acinetobacter baumannii Nosocomial Pneumonia: Is the Outcome More Favorable in Non-Ventilated than Ventilated Patients? BMC Infect. Dis. 2013, 13, 142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-142.d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B. N.; Peleg, A. Y.; Lodise, T. P.; Lipman, J.; Li, J.; Nation, R.; Paterson, D. L. Management of Meningitis Due to antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter species . Lancet. Infect. Dis. 2009, 9, 245–255. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70055-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisplinghoff, H.; Paulus, T.; Lugenheim, M.; Stefanik, D.; Higgins, P. G.; Edmond, M. B.; Wenzel, R. P.; Seifert, H. Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections Due to Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter pittii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis in the United States. J. Infect. 2012, 64, 282–290. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartelli, M. A Focus on Intra-Abdominal Infections. World J. Emerg. Surg. 2010, 5, 9. DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-5-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vâţă, D.; Olga, F.; Olivia, D.; Cătălina, L.; Carmen, M.; Carmen, D.; Laura, S.; Vâţă, A. Acinetobacter Spp. skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital of Iaşi City, between 2006 and 2010. Ther. Pharmacol. Clin. Toxicol. 2012, 16, 95–100.
   Google Scholar
• Fournier, P. E.; Richet, H.; Weinstein, R. A. The Epidemiology and Control of Acinetobacter baumannii in Health Care Facilities. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 42, 692–699. DOI: 10.1086/500202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliopoulos, G. M.; Maragakis, L. L.; Perl, T. M. Acinetobacter baumannii: epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Treatment Options. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46, 1254–1263. DOI.ORG/10.1086/529198. DOI: 10.1086/529198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peleg, A. Y.; Seifert, H.; Paterson, D. L. Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a Successful Pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2008, 21, 538–582. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00058-07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. 2017. Global Priority List of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics. https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO-PPL-Short_Summary_25Feb-ET_NM_WHO. (Accessed 24-05-2019).
   Google Scholar
• Alqahtani, J. M. Emergence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Nosocomial Isolates in a Saudi Children's Hospital. Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics. Saudi Med. J. 2017, 38, 521–527. DOI: 10.15537/SMJ.2017.5.16375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulani, M. S.; Kamble, E. E.; Kumkar, S. N.; Tawre, M. S.; Pardesi, K. R. Emerging Strategies to Combat ESKAPE Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 539. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navidinia, M. The Clinical Importance of Emerging ESKAPE Pathogens in Nosocomial Infections. J. Paramed. Sci. 2016, 7, 43–57. DOI: 10.22037/jps.v7i3.12584.
   Google Scholar
• Hotta, G.; Matsumura, Y.; Kato, K.; Nakano, S.; Yunoki, T.; Yamamoto, M.; Nagao, M.; Ito, Y.; Takakura, S.; Ichiyama, S. Risk Factors and Outcomes of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteraemia: A Comparison with Bacteraemia Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. PLoS One. 2014, 9, e112208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Y.; Choi, M. J.; Choi, H. J.; Ko, K. S. Preservation of Acquired Colistin Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2016, 60, 609–612. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01574-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveillard, M.; Kempf, M.; Belmonte, O.; Pailhoriès, H.; Joly-Guillou, M. L. Reservoirs of Acinetobacter baumannii outside the Hospital and Potential Involvement in Emerging Human Community-Acquired Infections. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 17, 802–805. DOI: 10.1016/J.IJID.2013.03.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antunes, L.; Visca, P.; Towner, K. Acinetobacter baumannii: Evolution of a Global Pathogen. Pathog. Dis. 2014, 71, 292–301. DOI: 10.1111/2049-632X.12125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet. (Accessed Dec12, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Bendadeche, F.; Hamed, M. B. B.; Ayad, S. Crude Oil Degradation Potential of Indigenous Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacterial Strain Acinetobacter johnsonii Firstly Isolated from Marine Sediments of Oran Port, Algeria. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2019, 8, 131–140. DOI: 10.17265/2162-5298/2019.04.001.
   Google Scholar
• Shi-Qi, A.; Berg, G. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia – Microbe of the Month. Trends Microbiol. 2018, 26, 637–638. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, G.; Vajpayee, P.; Ram, S.; Shanker, R. Environmental Reservoirs for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in South Asian Gangetic Riverine System. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 6475–6480. DOI: 10.1021/es1004208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulamattathil, S. G.; Bezuidenhout, C.; Mbewe, M.; Ateba, C. N. Isolation of Environmental Bacteria from Surface and Drinking Water in Mafikeng, South Africa, and Characterization Using Their Antibiotic Resistance Profiles. J. Pathog. 2014, 2014, 371208. DOI: 10.1155/2014/371208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anbazhagan, D.; Mui, W. S.; Mansor, M.; Yan, G. O. S.; Yusof, M. Y.; Sekaran, S. D. Development of Conventional and Real-Time Multiplex PCR Assays for the Detection of Nosocomial Pathogens. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2011, 42, 448–458. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-83822011000200006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo, S. W.; Ramos, P. L.; Ferreira, C. A. S.; Oliveira, S. D. A Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Method to Identify Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2013, 108, 390–391. DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762013000300020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C.; Cai, P.; Chang, D.; Mi, Z. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolate Producing the GES-5 Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2006, 57, 1261–1262. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri, J. S.; Moniri, R.; Firoozeh, F.; Sehat, M.; Dasteh, G. Y. Susceptibility Pattern and Distribution of Oxacillinases and blaPER-1 Genes among Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Teaching Hospital in Iran. J. Pathog. 2015, 2015, 1–7. DOI: 10.1155/2015/957259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. H.; Lee, S.; Su, P.; Yang, C. S.; Chuang, L. Genotype and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in Taiwan. Microb. Drug Resist. 2008, 14, 281–288. DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2008.0861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hembach, N.; Schmid, F.; Alexander, J.; Hiller, C.; Rogall, E. T.; Schwartz, T. Occurrence of the Mcr-1 Colistin Resistance Gene and Other Clinically Relevant Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Microbial Populations at Different Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Germany. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 1282 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerrn, M.; Klemmensen, T.; Frimodt-Møller, N.; Espersen, F. Susceptibility of Danish Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections and Bacteraemia, and Distribution of Sul Genes Conferring Sulphonamide Resistance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002, 50, 513–516. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkf164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuer, H.; Smalla, K. Manure and Sulfadiazine Synergistically Increased Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance in Soil over at Least Two Months. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 9, 657–666. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01185. x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera-Heredia, S. A.; Pezina-Cantú, C.; Garza-González, E.; Bocanegra-Ibarias, P.; Mendoza-Olazarán, S.; Morfín-Otero, R.; Camacho-Ortiz, A.; Villarreal-Treviño, L.; Rodríguez-Noriega, E.; Paláu-Davila, L.; et al. Risk Factors and Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Mexico. J. Med. Microbiol. 2017, 66, 1102–1109. DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dashti, A. A.; Jadaon, M. M.; Abdulsamad, A. M; Dashti, H. M. Heat treatment of bacteria: A simple method of DNA extraction for molecular techniques. Kuwait Med. J. 2012, 41, 117–122.
   Google Scholar
• Tao, R.; Ying, G. G.; Su, H. C.; Zhou, H. W.; Sidhu, J. P. Detection of Antibiotic Resistance and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from the Pearl Rivers in South China. Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158, 2101–2109. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 27th Information Supplement M100 - S27. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Blasco, M.; Esteve, C.; Alcaide, E. Multiresistant Waterborne Pathogens Isolated from Water Reservoirs and Cooling Systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 105, 469–475. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03765.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osundiya, O.; O; Oladele, R. O.; Oduyebo, O. O. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Indices of Pseudomonas and Klebsiella Species Isolates in Lagos University Teaching Hospital. African J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol. 2013, 14, 164–168. DOI: 10.4314/ajcem.v14i3.8.
   Google Scholar
• Tayabali, A. F.; Nguyen, K. C.; Shwed, P. S.; Crosthwait, J.; Coleman, G.; Seligy, V. L. Comparison of the Virulence Potential of Acinetobacter Strains from Clinical and Environmental Sources. PLoS One. 2012, 7, e37024. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Kadmy, I. M.; Ali, A. N. M.; Salman, I. M. A.; Khazaal, S. Molecular Characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Iraqi Hospital Environment. New Microbes New Infect. 2018, 21, 51–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2017.10.010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenström, T. A.; Okoh, A. I.; Adegoke, A. A. Antibiogram of Environmental Isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus from Nkonkobe Municipality, South Africa. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 2016, 25, 3059–3065. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doughari, H. J.; Ndakidemi, P. A.; Human, I. S.; Benade, S. Virulence, Resistance Genes, and Transformation Amongst Environmental Isolates of Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 22, 25–33. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1107.07029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, F. Z.; Zou, H. Y.; Wu, D. L.; Chen, S.; He, L. Y.; Zhang, M.; Bai, H.; Ying, G. G. Swine Farming Elevated the Proliferation of Acinetobacter with the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Groundwater. Environ. Int. 2020, 136, 105484. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, P. G.; Hrenovic, J.; Seifert, H.; Dekic, S. Characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii from Water and Sludge Line of Secondary Wastewater Treatment Plant. Water Res. 2018, 140, 261–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q.; Wang, P.; Yang, Q. Occurrence and Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance in Untreated Hospital Wastewater. Sci. Total Environ. . 2018, 621, 990–999. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proia, L.; Anzil, A.; Borrego, C.; Farrè, M.; Llorca, M.; Sanchis, J.; Bogaerts, P.; Balcázar, J. L.; Servais, P. Occurrence and Persistence of Carbapenemases Genes in Hospital and Wastewater Treatment Plants and Propagation in the Receiving River. J. Hazard. Mater. 2018, 358, 33–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, L.; Grosso, F.; Branquinho, R.; Ribeiro, T. G.; Sousa, C.; Peixe, L. Exploring non-hospital-related settings in Angola reveals new Acinetobacter reservoirs for blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-58 . Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2016, 48, 228–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Gheethi, A.; Efaq, A.; Bala, J.; Norli, I.; Abdel-Monem, M.; Kadir, M. A. Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria from Sewage, Treated Effluent and Biosolids for Agricultural Purposes. Appl. Water Sci. 2018, 8, 74. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-018-0698-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmanuel, E.; Perrodin, Y.; Keck, G.; Blanchard, J. M.; Vermande, P. 2002. Effects of Hospital Wastewater on Aquatic Ecosystem. In: Proceedings of the XXVIII Congreso Interamericano de Ingenieria Sanitaria y Ambiental. Cancun, México. 27–31.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, H. C.; Chen, C. R.; Lin, J. W.; Shen, G. H.; Chang, K. M.; Tseng, Y. H.; Weng, S. F. Isolation and Characterization of Novel Giant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Phage phiSMA5. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71, 1387–1393. DOI:10.1128/AE M.71.3.1387.2005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatsu, C.; Fulthorpe, R.; Holland, B.; Peel, M.; Wyndham, R. The Phylogenetic Distribution of a Transposable Dioxygenase from the Niagara River Watershed. Mol. Ecol. 1995, 4, 593–604. x. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.1995.tb00259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivas, R.; García-Fraile, P.; Mateos, P. F.; Martinez-Molina, E.; Velázquez, E. Phylogenetic Diversity of Fast-Growing Bacteria Isolated from Superficial Water of Lake Martel, a Saline Subterranean Lake in Mallorca Island (Spain) Formed by Filtration from the Mediterranean Sea through Underground Rocks. Adv. Stud. Biol. 2009, 1, 333–344.
   Google Scholar
• Silbaq, F. Viable Ultramicrocells in Drinking Water. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 106, 106–117. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03981.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simões, L. C.; Simões, M.; Oliveira, R.; Vieira, M. J. Potential of the Adhesion of Bacteria Isolated from Drinking Water to Materials. J. Basic Microbiol. 2007, 47, 174–183. DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200610224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasakova, N.; Gregova, G.; Takacova, D.; Mojzisova, J.; Papajova, I.; Venglovsky, J.; Szaboova, T.; Kovacova, S. Pollution of Surface and Ground Water by Sources Related to Agricultural Activities. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 2018, 2, 42.. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00042.
   Google Scholar
• Adegoke, A. A.; Okoh, A. I. Antibiogram of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolated from Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Jundishapur J. Microbiolog 2015, 8, 13975. DOI: 10.5812/jjm.13975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majeed, A.; Abbasi, M. K.; Hameed, S.; Imran, A.; Rahim, N. Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria from Wheat Rhizosphere and Their Effect on Plant Growth Promotion. Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 198.DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, B.; Liu, H.; Tian, W. X.; Fan, X. Y.; Li, B.; Zhou, X. P.; Jin, G. L.; Xie, G. L. Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia RR-10, Isolated as an Endophyte from Rice root. J. Bacteriol. 2012, 194, 1280–1281. DOI: 10.1128/JB.06702-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawwam, G.; Elbeltagy, A.; Emara, H.; Abbas, I.; Hassan, M. Beneficial Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Isolated from the Roots of Potato Plant. Ann. Agri. Sci. 2013, 58, 195–201. DOI; DOI: 10.1016/j.aoas.2013.07.007.
   Google Scholar
• Pereira, P.; Ibáñez, F.; Rosenblueth, M.; Etcheverry, M.; Martínez-Romero, E. Analysis of the Bacterial Diversity Associated with the Roots of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Through Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods. Int. Sch. Res. Not. 2011, 2011, 1–10. DOI: 10.5402/2011/938546.
   Google Scholar
• Dungan, R. S.; Yates, S. R.; Frankenberger, W. T. Transformations of Selenate and Selenite by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolated from a Seleniferous Agricultural Drainage Pond Sediment. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 5, 287–295. DOI:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00410. x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, G.; Roskot, N.; Smalla, K. Genotypic and Phenotypic Relationships between Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999, 37, 3594–3600. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.11.3594-3600.1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z.; Yuen, G.; Sarath, G.; Penheiter, A. Chitinases from the Plant Disease Biocontrol Agent, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia C3. J. Phytopathol. 2001, 91, 204–211. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.2.204.
   Google Scholar
• Peralta, K. D.; Araya, T.; Valenzuela, S.; Sossa, K.; Martínez, M.; Peña-Cortés, H.; Sanfuentes, E. Production of Phytohormones, Siderophores and Population Fluctuation of Two Root-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Eucalyptus Globulus Cuttings. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 28, 2003–2014. DOI: 10.1007/S11274-012-1003-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemec, A.; Krizova, L.; Maixnerova, M.; Sedo, O.; Brisse, S.; Higgins, P. G. Acinetobacter seifertii sp. nov., a Member of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex isolated from human clinical specimens. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2015, 65, 934–942. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, M. A.; Ozer, E.; Bolon, M. K.; Hauser, A. R. Influence of ACB Complex Genospecies on Clinical Outcomes in a US Hospital with High Rates of Multidrug Resistance. J. Infect. 2015, 70, 144–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L.; Yuan, J.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, F.; Chen, Z. Comparison of Clinical Manifestations and Antibiotic Resistances among Three Genospecies of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii Complex. PLOS One. 2018, 13, e0191748. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, D.; Nielsen, T. B.; Bonomo, R. A.; Pantapalangkoor, P.; Luna, B.; Spellberg, B. Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview of Acinetobacter Infections: A Century of Challenges. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2017, 30, 409–447. DOI:10.1128/CMR.0005816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regalado, N. G.; Martin, G.; Antony, S. Acinetobacter lwoffii: bacteremia Associated with Acute Gastroenteritis. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2009, 7, 316–317. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2009.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, H.; Strate, A.; Schulze, A.; Pulverer, G. Vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection due to Acinetobacter johnsonii (formerly Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. lwoffi): report of 13 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1993, 17, 632–636. DOI: 10.1093/clinids/17.4.632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, P. C.; Gajbhiye, S. R.; Agrawal, G. N. Clinical and Antimicrobial Profile of Acinetobacter Spp.: an Emerging Nosocomial Superbug. Adv. Biomed. Res. 2014, 3, 13. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.124642. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.124642.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Y. L.; Scipione, M. R.; Dubrovskaya, Y.; Papadopoulos, J. Monotherapy with Fluoroquinolone or Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for Treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014, 58, 176–182. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01324-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C. H.; Lin, J. C.; Lin, H. A.; Chang, F. Y.; Wang, N. C.; Chiu, S. K.; Lin, T. Y.; Yang, Y. S.; Kan, L. P.; Yang, C. H. Comparisons between Patients with Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole Susceptible and Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole-Resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Monomicrobial Bacteremia: A 10-Year Retrospective Study. J. Microbiol, Immunol. 2016, 49, 378–386. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, K.; Yau, Y. C.; Matukas, L.; Waters, V. Biofilm Compared to Conventional Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother . 2013, 57, 1546–1548. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02215-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, J. H.; Kang, C. I.; Cornejo-Juárez, P.; Yeh, K. M.; Wang, C. H.; Cho, S. Y.; Gözel, M. G.; Kim, S. H.; Hsueh, P. R.; Sekiya, N.. Fluoroquinolones versus Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2019, 25, 546–554. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Y. T.; Lin, C. Y.; Chen, Y. H.; Hsueh, P. R. Update on Infections Caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with Particular Attention to Resistance Mechanisms and Therapeutic Options. Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meletis, G. J. Carbapenem Resistance: Overview of the Problem and Future perspectives. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis. 2016, 3, 15–21. DOI: 10.1177/2049936115621709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, S. Y.; Lee, D. G.; Choi, S. M.; Park, C.; Chun, H. S.; Park, Y. J.; Choi, J. K.; Lee, H. J.; Park, S. H.; Choi, J. H. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bloodstream Infection in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies: A Retrospective Study and in Vitro Activities of Antimicrobial Combinations. BMC Infect. Dis. 2015, 15, 69. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0801-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, M. F.; Lan, C. Y. Antimicrobial Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: From Bench to Bedside. World J. Clin. Cases 2014, 2, 787–814. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i12.787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell, M. J.; Actis, L.; Pachón, J. Acinetobacter baumannii: human Infections, Factors Contributing to Pathogenesis and Animal Models. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2013, 37, 130–155. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00344.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah, S. E.; Johnson, M. D.; Zhu, Y.; Tsuji, B. T.; Forrest, A.; Bulitta, J. B.; Boyce, J. D.; Nation, R. L.; Li, J. Polymyxin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: genetic Mutations and Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Clinically Relevant Dosage Regimens. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 26233 DOI: 10.1038/srep26233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Agamy, M. H.; Khalaf, N. G.; Tawfick, M. M.; Shibl, A. M.; El Kholy, A. Molecular Characterization of carbapenem-insensitive Acinetobacter baumannii in Egypt . Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2014, 22, 49–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agodi, A.; Voulgari, E.; Barchitta, M.; Quattrocchi, A.; Bellocchi, P.; Poulou, A.; Santangelo, C.; Castiglione, G.; Giaquinta, L.; Romeo, M. A. Spread of a Carbapenem- and Colistin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST2 Clonal Strain Causing Outbreaks in Two Sicilian Hospitals. J. Hosp. Infect. 2014, 86, 260–266. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. Y.; Shin, J. H.; Park, K. H.; Kim, J. H.; Shin, M. G.; Suh, S. P.; Ryang, D. W.; Kim, S. H. Identification, Genotypic Relation, and Clinical Features of Colistin Resistant Isolates of Acinetobacter Genomic Species 13BJ/14TU from Bloodstreams of Patients in a University Hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014, 52, 931–939. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02868-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pournaras, S.; Poulou, A.; Dafopoulou, K.; Chabane, Y. N.; Kristo, I.; Makris, D.; Hardouin, J.; Cosette, P.; Tsakris, A.; Dé, E. Growth Retardation, Reduced Invasiveness, and Impaired Colistin-Mediated Cell Death Associated with Colistin Resistance Development in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014, 58, 828–832. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01439-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, X.; Zhou, Q.; Luo, Y. Occurrence and Source Analysis of Typical Veterinary Antibiotics in Manure, Soil, Vegetables and Groundwater from Organic Vegetable Bases, Northern China. Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158, 2992–2998. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol. 2010.05. 023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, Z.; Weinberg, H. S.; Meyer, M. T. Trace Analysis of Trimethoprim and Sulfonamide, Macrolide, Quinolone, and Tetracycline Antibiotics in Chlorinated Drinking Water Using Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 1135–1144. DOI: 10.1021/ac060972a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, M. B.; Martínez, J. L. The Efflux Pump smeDEF Contributes to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. . 2015, 59, 4347–4348. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00714-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taitt, C. R.; Leski, T. A.; Stockelman, M. G.; Craft, D. W.; Zurawski, D. V.; Kirkup, B. C.; Vora, G. J. Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates Taken from Military Treatment Facilities. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014, 58, 767–781. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01897-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchanda, V.; Sanchaita, S.; Singh, N. J. Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 2010, 2, 291–304. DOI: 10.4103/0974-777X.68538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonomo, R. A. β-Lactamases: A Focus on Current Challenges. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2017, 7, a025239. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, L.; Lei, J.; Xu, J. Han, S. blaOXA-23-like and blaTEM Rather than blaOXA-51-like Contributed to a High Level of Carbapenem Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains from a Teaching Hospital in Xi’an, China. Med (Baltimore). 2017, 96, e8965. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, M. B.; Martínez, J. L. Overexpression of the Efflux Pumps smeVWX and smeDEF is a Major Cause of Resistance to co-Trimoxazole in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2018, 62, 301–318. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00301-18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darvishi, M. Virulence Factors Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Various Infections Recovered from Immunosuppressive Patients. Biomed. Pharmacol. J. 2016, 9, 1057–1062. DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1048.
   Google Scholar
• Daryanavard, R.; Safaei, H. R. Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance Properties of Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Paediatrics Suffered from UTIs. Int. J. Adv. Res Biol. Sci. 2015, 2, 272–279.
   Google Scholar
• Momtaz, H.; Seifati, S. M.; Tavakol, M. Determining the Prevalence and Detection of the Most Prevalent Virulence Genes in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Hospital Infections. IJML. 2015, 2, 87–97.
   Google Scholar
• Mohajeri, P.; Sharbati, S.; Farahani, A.; Rezaei, Z. Evaluate the Frequency Distribution of Nonadhesive Virulence Factors in Carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Clinical Samples in Kermanshah . J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med. 2016, 7, 58–61. DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.175071.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowman, W.; Kalk, T.; Menezes, C. N.; John, M. A.; Grobusch, M. P. A Case of Community-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii Meningitis - Has the Threat Moved Beyond the Hospital? J. Med. Microbiol. 2008, 57, 676–678. DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47781-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergogne-Bérézin, E.; Towner, K. J. Acinetobacter spp. as Nosocomial Pathogens: microbiological, Clinical and Epidemiological Features. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1996, 9, 148–165. DOI: 10.1099/JMM.0.47781-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cillóniz, C.; Dominedò, C.; Torres, A. Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Crit. Care. 2019, 23, 79. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2371-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer, M.; Travierso, C.; Cilloniz, C.; Gabarrus, A.; Ranzani, O. T.; Polverino, E.; Liapikou, A.; Blasi, F.; Torres, A. Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Characteristics and Prognostic Factors in Ventilated and Non-Ventilated Patients. PLoS One. 2018, 13, e0191721. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar