89
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Nasal Epithelial and Inflammatory Response to Ozone Exposure: A Review of Laboratory-Based Studies Published Since 1985

, &
Pages 521-568 | Published online: 07 Jan 2011

References

  • Aris , R. M. , Christian , D. , Hearne , P. Q. , Kerr , K. , Finkbeiner , W. E. and Balmes , J. R. 1993 . Ozone-induced airway inflammation in human subjects as determined by airway lavage and biopsy . Am. Rev. Respir.Dis. , 148 : 1363 – 1372 .
  • Avissar , N. E. , Reed , C. K. , Cox , C. , Frampton , M. W. and Finkelstein , J. N. 2000 . Ozone, but not nitrogen dioxide, exposure decreases glutathione peroxidases in epithelial lining fluid of human lung . Am. J. Respir. CrIt. Care Med. , 162 : 1342 – 1347 .
  • Barnes , P. J. and Adcock , I. M. 1997 . NF-kappa B: A pivotal role in asthma and a new target for therapy . Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , 18 : 46 – 50 .
  • Bascom , R. , Naderio , R. M. , Fitzgerald , T. K. , Kagey-Sobotka , A. and Proud , D. 1990 . Effect of ozone inhalation on the response to nasal challenge with antigen of allergic subjects . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 142 : 594 – 601 .
  • Bassett , D. J. , Elbon-Copp , C. , lshii , Y. , Barradough-Mitchell , H. and Yang , H. 2000 . Lung tissue neutrophil content as a determinant of ozone-induced injury . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 60 : 513 – 530 .
  • Bassett , D. , Elbon-Copp , C. , Otterbein , S. , Barradough-Mitchell , H. , Delorme , M. and Yang , H. 2001 . Inflammatory cell availability affects ozone-induced lung damage . J. Toxicol. Environ Health A , 64 : 547 – 565 .
  • Yoshimura , E. , Majima , A. , Sakakura , Y. , Sakakura , T. and Yoshida , T. 1999 . Expression of tenascin-C and the integrin alpha 9 subunit in regeneration of rat nasal mucosa after chemical injury: Involvement in migration and proliferation of epithelial cells . Histochem. Cell Biol. , 111 : 259 – 264 .
  • Baumgarten , C R. , Togias , A. C. , Naderio , R. M. , Lichtenstein , L. M. , Norman , P. S. and Proud , D. 1985 . Influx of kininogens into nasal secretions after antigen challenge of allergic individuals . J. Clin. Invest. , 76 : 191 – 197 .
  • Beck , N. , Koenig , J. , Lutchel , D. , Altman , L. , Orsborn , M. and Kenney , J. 1994 . Ozone can increase the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and the synthesis of cytokines by human nasal epithelial cells, lnhal . Toxicol. , 6 : 345 – 357 .
  • Bhalla , D. K. 1996 . Alteration of alveolar macrophage chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and cell adhesion molecules following ozone exposure of rats . J. Cell Physiol. , 169 : 429 – 438 .
  • Bhalla , D. K. 1999 . Ozone-induced lung inflammation and mucosal barrier disruption: Toxicology, mechanisms, and implications . 7. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. , 2 : 31 – 86 .
  • Booth , H. , Richmond , I. , Ward , C , Cardiner , R. , Harkawar , R. and Walters , E. H. 1995 . Effect of high doseinhaled fluticasone propionate on airway inflammation in asthma . Am.). Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 152 : 45 – 52 .
  • Borsi , L. , Balza , E. , Castellanl , P. , Carnemolla , B. , Ponassi , M. , Querze , G. and Zardi , L. 1994 . Cell-cyde dependent alternative splicing of the tenascin primary transcript Cell . Adhes. Commun. , 1 : 307 – 317 .
  • Breuer , R. , Christensen , T. C. , Lucey , E. C. , Bolbochan , C. , Stone , P. J. and Snider , C. L. 1993 . Elastase causes secretory discharge in bronchi of hamsters with elastase-induced secretory cell metaplasia . Exp. Lung Res. , 19 : 273 – 282 .
  • Broide , D. H. , Lotz , M. , Cuomo , A. J. , Coburn , D. A. , Federman , E. C. and Wasserman , S. I. 1992 . Cytokines in symptomatic asthma airways . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 89 : 958 – 967 .
  • Buckley , B. J. , Tanswell , A. K. and Freeman , B. A. 1987 . Liposome-mediated augmentation of catalase in alveolar type Il cells protects against H2O2 injury . 7. Appl. Physiol. , 63 : 359 – 367 .
  • Calderon, M. A., Devalia, J. L., Rusznak, C, Evans, K., and Davies, R. J. 1994. The effect of ozone on epithelial permeability and synthesis of IL-8 and CM-CSF. Clin. Exp. Allergy 24.
  • Calderon-Carciduenas , L. , Valencia-Salazar , G. , Rodriguez-Alcaraz , A. , Gambling , T. M. , Garcia , R. , Osnaya , N. , Villarreal-Calderon , A. , Devlin , R. B. and Carson , J. L. 2001 . Ultrastructural nasal pathology in children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pollutants . Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. , 24 : 132 – 138 .
  • Cantin , A. M. , North , S. L. , Hubbard , R. C. and Crystal , R. G. 1987 . Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione . J. Appl. Physiol. , 63 : 152 – 157 .
  • Carson , J. L. , Collier , A. M. , Henshaw , N. C. , Smith , C. A. and Hu , S. C. 1985 . Response of human ciliated respirator/epithelium to brief in vivo ozone exposure: An ultrastructural study . Environ. Res. , 37 : 212 – 227 .
  • Cheek , J. M. , McDonald , R. J. , Rapalyea , L. , Tarkington , B. K. and Hyde , D. M. 1995 . Neutrophils enhance removal of ozone-injured alveolar epithelial cells in vitro . Am. J. Physiol. , 269 : 1527 – 535 .
  • Chen , P. C , Lai , Y. M. , Chan , C. C. , Hwang , J. S. , Yang , C. Y. and Wang , J. D. 1999 . Short-term effect of ozone on the pulmonary function of children in primary school . Environ. Health Perspect. , 107 : 921 – 925 .
  • Chiquet-Ehrismann , R. 1991 . Anti-adhesive molecules of the extracellular matrix . Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. , 3 : 800 – 804 .
  • Cho , H. Y. , Hotchkiss , J. A. , Bennett , C. B. and Harkema , J. R. 1999 . Effects of pre-existing rhinitis on ozone-induced mucous cell metaplasia in rat nasal epithelium . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 158 : 92 – 102 .
  • Cho , H. Y. , Hotchkiss , J. A. , Bennett , C. B. and Harkema , J. R. 2000 . Neutrophil-dependent and neutrophil-independent alterations in the nasal epithelium of ozone-exposed rats . Am. J. Respir. Crit.CareMed. , 162 : 629 – 636 .
  • Cho , H. Y. , Hotchkiss , J. A. and Harkema , J. R. 1999 . Inflammatory and epithelial responses during the development of ozone-induced mucous cell metaplasia in the nasal epithelium of rats . Toxicol. Sei. , 51 : 135 – 145 .
  • Corren , J. , Adinoff , A. D. , Buchmeier , A. D. and Irvin , C. C. 1992 . Nasal bedomethasone prevents the seasonal increase in bronchial responsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 90 : 250 – 256 .
  • De Haller , R. and Reid , L. 1965 . Adult chronic bronchitis . Morphology, histochemistry and vascularisation of the bronchial mucous glands. Med. Thorac. , 22 : 549 – 567 .
  • Dimitriadis , V. K. 1992 . Carbohydrate cytochemistry of bonnet monkey (Macaca radiaca) nasal epithelium . Response to ambient levels of ozone. Histol. Histopathol. , 7 : 479 – 488 .
  • Dumler , K. , Hanley , Q. S. , Baker , C , Luchtel , D. L. , Altman , L. C. and Koenig , J. Q. 1994 . The effects of ozone exposure on lactate dehydrogenase release from human and primate respiratory epithelial cells . Toxicol. Lett. , 70 : 203 – 209 .
  • Ecdes , R. 1996 . A role for the nasal cycle in respiratory defence, Eur . Respir.). , 9 : 371 – 376 .
  • Fabrikant , J. 1. 1970 . The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues . Xl. Estimation of DNA synthesis time in human tissues. Radiology , 95 : 691 – 693 .
  • Fanucchi , M. V. , Harkema , J. R. , Plopper , C. C. and Hotchkiss , J. A. 1999 . In vitro culture of microdissected rat nasal airway tissues . Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. , 20 : 1274 – 1285 .
  • Ferng , S. F. , Castro , C. E. , Afifi , A. A. , Bermudez , E. and Mustafa , M. C. 1997 . Ozone-induced DNA strand breaks In guinea pig tracheobronchial epithelial cells . 7. Toxicol. Environ Health , 51 : 353 – 367 .
  • Folinsbee , L. J. , Horstman , D. H. , Kehrl , H. R. , Harder , S. , Abdul-Salaam , S. and Ives , P. J. 1994 . Respiratory responses to repeated prolonged exposure to 0.12 ppm ozone . Am.). Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 149 : 98 – 105 .
  • Foster , W. M. , Brown , R. H. , Macri , K. and Mitchell , C. S. 2000 . Bronchial reactivity of healthy subjects: 18-2Oh postexposure to ozone . J. Appl. Physiol. , 89 : 1804 – 1810 .
  • Frampton , M. W. , Pryor , W. A. , Cueto , R. , Cox , C. , Morrow , P. E. and Utell , M. J. 1999 . Ozone exposure increases aldehydes in epithelial lining fluid in human lung . Am.). Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 159 : 1134 – 1137 .
  • Gerrrty , T. R. , Weaver , R. A. , Berntsen , J. , House , D. E. and O'Neil , J. J. 1988 . Extrathoracic and intra- thoracic removal of O3 in tidal-breathing humans . J. Appl. Physiol. , 65 : 393 – 400 .
  • Graham , D. , Henderson , F. and House , D. 1988 . Neutrophil influx measured in nasal lavages of humans exposed to ozone . Arch. Environ. Health , 43 : 228 – 233 .
  • Graham , D. E. and Koren , H. S. 1990 . Biomarkers of inflammation in ozone-exposed humans . Comparison of the nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 142 : 152 – 156 .
  • Harkema , J. R. 1991 . Comparative aspects of nasal airway anatomy: Relevance to inhalation toxicology . Toxicol. Pathol. , 19 : 321 – 336 .
  • Harkema , J. R. , Barr , E. B. and Hotchkiss , J. A. 1997 . Responses of rat nasal epithelium to short- and longterm exposures of ozone: Image analysis of epithelial injury, adaptation and repair . Microsc. Res. Tech. , 36 : 276 – 286 .
  • Harkema , J. R. , Catalano , P. J. and Hotchkiss , J. A. 1997 . Consequences of prolonged inhalation of ozone on F344/N rats: Collaborative studies . Part XII: Atrophy of bone in nasal turbinâtes. Res. Rep. ,
  • Health Eff. lnst. 1-19; discussion 21-16.
  • Harkema , J. R. , Hotchkiss , J. A. , Barr , E. B. , Bennett , C. B. , Callup , M. , Lee , J. K. and Basbaum , C. 1999 . Long-lasting effects of chronic ozone exposure on rat nasal epithelium . Am.). Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. , 20 : 517 – 529 .
  • Harkema , J. R. , Hotchkiss , J. A. and Griffith , W. C . 1997 . Mucous cell metaplasia in rat nasal epithelium after a 20-month exposure to ozone: A morphometric study of epithelial differentiation . Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. , 16 : 521 – 530 .
  • Harkema , J. R. , Hotchkiss , J. A. and Henderson , R. F. 1989 . Effects of 0.12 and 0.80 ppm ozone on rat nasal and nasopharyngeal epithelial mucosubstances: Quantitative histochemistry . Toxicol. Pathol. , 17 : 525 – 535 .
  • Harkema, J. R., Morgan, K. T., Cross, E. A., Catalano, P. J., and Griffith, W. C. 1994. Consequences of prolonged inhalation of ozone on F344/N rats: Collaborative studies. Part VII: Effects on the nasal mucociliary apparatus. Res. Rep. Health Eff. lnst. 3-26; discussion 27-34.
  • Wagner , J. C. , Van Dyken , S. J. , Hotchkiss , J. A. and Harkema , J. R. 2001 . Endotoxin enhancement of ozone-induced mucous cell metaplasia is neutrophil-dependent in rat nasal epithelium . Toxicol. Sci. , 60 : 338 – 347 .
  • Watson , W. T. , Becker , A. B. and Simons , F. E. 1993 . Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma: Effect on lower airway responsiveness . J. Allergy Clin, Immunol. , 91 : 97 – 101 .
  • Wright , J. L. , Hobson , J. , Wiggs , B. R. and Hogg , J. C. 1988 . Comparison of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar fluid with those in the lumen and tissue peripheral airways and alveolar airspace . Lung , 166 : 75 – 83 .
  • Wyler , C. , Braun-Fahrlander , C. , Kunzli , N. , Schindler , C. , Ackermann-Liebrich , U. , Perruchoud , A. P. , Leuenberger , P. and Wuthrich , B. 2000 . Exposure to motor vehicle traffic and allergic sensrtization . The Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team. Epidemiology , 11 : 450 – 456 .
  • Harkema , J. R. , Plopper , C. C. , Hyde , D. M. , St George , J. A. and Dungworth , D. L. 1987 . Effects of an ambient level of ozone on primate nasal epithelial mucosubstances . Quantitative histochemistry. Am. J. Pathol. , 127 : 90 – 96 .
  • Harkema , J. R. , Plopper , C. G. , Hyde , D. M. , St. George , J. A. , Wilson , D. W. and Dungworth , D. L. 1987 . Response of the macaque nasal epithelium to ambient levels of ozone . A morphologic and morphometric study of the transitional and respiratory epithelium. Am. J. Pathol. , 128 : 29 – 44 .
  • Harkema , J. R. , Plopper , C. G. , Hyde , D. M. , Wilson , D. W. , St. George , J. A. and Wong , V. J. 1987 . Nonolfactory surface epithelium of the nasal cavity of the bonnet monkey: A morphologic and morphometric study of the transitional and respiratory epithelium . Am. J. Anat. , 180 : 266 – 279 .
  • Henderson , R. F. , Hotchkiss , J. A. , Chang , I. Y. , Scott , B. R. and Harkema , J. R. 1993 . Effect of cumulative exposure on nasal response to ozone . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 119 : 59 – 65 .
  • Hiltermann , J. T. , Lapperre , T. S. , van Bree , L. , Steerenberg , P. A. , Brahim , J. J. , Sont , J. K. , Sterk , P. J. , Hiemstra , P. S. and Stolk , J. 1999 . Ozone-induced inflammation assessed in sputum and bronchial lavage fluid from asthmatics: A new noninvasive tool in epidemiologic studies on air pollution and asthma . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 27 : 1448 – 1454 .
  • Hotchkiss , J. A. and Harkema , J. R. 1991 . Endotoxin or cytokines attenuate ozone-induced DNA synthesis in rat nasal transitional epithelium . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 114 : 182 – 187 .
  • Hotchkiss , J. A. , Harkema , J. R. and Henderson , R. F. 1991 . Effect of cumulative ozone exposure on ozoneinduced nasal epithelial hyperplasia and secretory metaplasia in rats . Exp. Lung Res. , 17 : 589 – 600 .
  • Hotchkiss , J. A. , Harkema , J. R. and Johnson , N. F. 1997 . Kinetics of nasal epithelial cell loss and proliferation in F344 rats following a single exposure to 0.5 ppm ozone . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 143 : 75 – 82 .
  • Hotchkiss , J. A. , Harkema , J. R. , Sun , J. D. and Henderson , R. F. 1989 . Comparison of acute ozone-induced nasal and pulmonary inflammatory responses in rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 98 : 289 – 302 .
  • Hotchkiss , J. A. , Hilaski , R. , Cho , H. , Regan , K. , Spencer , P. , Slack , K. and Harkema , J. R. 1998 . Fluticasone propionate attenuates ozone-induced rhinitis and mucous cell metaplasia in rat nasal airway epithelium . Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. , 18 : 91 – 99 .
  • Housley , D. G. , Mudway , I. , Kelly , F. J. , Eccles , R. and Richards , R. J. 1995 . Depletion of urate in human nasal lavage following in vitro ozone exposure . Int.). Biochem. Cell. Biol. , 27 : 1153 – 1159 .
  • Iijima , M. K. , Kobayashi , T. , Kamada , H. and Shimojo , N. 2001 . Exposure to ozone aggravates nasal allergylike symptoms in guinea pigs . Toxicol. Lett. , 123 : 77 – 85 .
  • Jalaludin , B. B. , Chey , T. , OToole , B. I. , Smith , W. T. , Capon , A. C. and Leeder , S. R. 2000 . Acute effects of low levels of ambient ozone on peak expiratory flow rate in a cohort of Australian children . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 29 : 549 – 557 .
  • Johnson , M. 1995 . Anti-inflammatory properties of fluticasone propionate . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 107 : 439 – 440 .
  • Johnson , N. F. , Hotchkiss , J. A. , Harkema , J. R. and Henderson , R. F. 1990 . Proliferative responses of rat nasal epithelia to ozone . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 103 : 143 – 155 .
  • Jorres , R. A. , HoIz , O. , Zachgo , W. , Timm , P. , Koschyk , S. , Muller , B. , Grimminger , F. , Seeger , W. , Kelly , F. J. , Dunster , C. , Frischer , T. , Lubec , G. , Waschewski , M. , Niendorf , A. and Magnussen , H. 2000 . The effect of repeated ozone exposures on inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and mucosal biopsies . ATJ. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 161 : 1855 – 1861 .
  • Jorres , R. , Nowak , D. and Magnussen , H. 1996 . The effect of ozone exposure on allergen responsiveness in subjects with asthma or rhinitis . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 153 : 56 – 64 .
  • Kimbell , J. S. and Subramaniam , R. P. 2001 . Use of computational fluid dynamics models for dosimetry of inhaled gases in the nasal passages, lnhal . Toxicol. , 13 : 325 – 334 .
  • Kleeberger , S. R. , Ohtsuka , Y. , Zhang , L. Y. and Longphre , M. 2001 . Airway responses to chronic ozone exposure are partially mediated through mast cells . J. Appl. Physiol. , 90 : 713 – 723 .
  • Kopp , M. V. , Bohnet , W. , Frischer , T. , Ulmer , C. , Studnicka , M. , lhorst , C. , Gardner , C. , Forster , J. , Urbanek , R. and Kuehr , J. 2000 . Effects of ambient ozone on lung function in children over a two-summer period, fur . Respir. J. , 16 : 893 – 900 .
  • Koren , H. S. , Devlin , R. B. , Graham , D. E. , Mann , R. , McGee , M. P. , Horstman , D. H. , Kozumbo , W. J. , Becker , S. , House , D. E. McDonnell , W. F. 1989 . Ozone-induced inflammation in the lower airways of human subjects . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 139 : 407 – 415 .
  • Koren , H. S. , Hatch , G. E. and Graham , D. E. 1990 . Nasal lavage as a tool in assessing acute inflammation in response to inhaled pollutants . Toxicology , 60 : 15 – 25 .
  • Kramer , U. , Koch , T. , Ranft , U. , Ring , J. and Behrendt , H. 2000 . Traffic-related air pollution is associated with atopy in children living in urban areas . Epidemiology , 11 : 64 – 70 .
  • Lev , R. and Spicer , S. S. 1972 . A histochemical comparison of human epithelial mucins in normal and inhypersecretory states including pancreatic cystic fibrosis . Am. J. Pathol. , 46 : 23 – 47 .
  • Levine , S. J. , Larivee , P. , Logun , C. , Angus , C. W. , Ognibene , F. P. and Shelhamer , J. H. 1995 . Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces mucin hypersecretion and MUC-2 gene expression by human airway epithelial cells . Am.J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. , 12 : 196 – 204 .
  • Levine, S. J., Larivee, P., Logun, C, and Shelhamer, J. H. 1994. IL-1 beta induces respiratory mucous glycoprotein secretion and MUC-2 gene expression by human airway epithelial cells (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149.
  • Liu , L. , Leech , J. A. , Urch , R. B. , Poon , R. , Zimmerman , B. , Kubay , J. M. and Silverman , F. S. 1999 . A comparison of biomarkers of ozone exposure in human plasma, nasal lavage, and sputum, lnhal . Toxicol. , 11 : 657 – 674 .
  • Masuyama , K. , Jacobson , M. R. , Rak , S. , Meng , Q. , Sudderick , R. M. , Kay , A. B. , Lowhagen , O. , Hamid , Q. and Durham , S. R. 1994 . Topical glucooortioosteroid (fluticasone propbnate) inhibits cells expressing cytokine mRNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis . Immunology , 82 : 192 – 199 .
  • McBride , D. E. , Koenig , J. Q. , Luchtel , D. L , Williams , P. V. and Henderson , W. R. Jr . 1994 . Inflammatory effects of ozone in the upper airways of subjects with asthma . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 149 : 1192 – 1197 .
  • Michdson , P. H. , Dailey , L , Devlin , R. B. and Peden , D. B. 1999 . Ozone effects on the immediate-phase response to allergen in the nasal airways of allergic asthmatic subjects . Otolaryngol. Head. Neck. Surg. , 120 : 225 – 232 .
  • Molfino , N. A. , Wright , S. C , Katz , I. , Tarlo , S. , Silverman , F. , McClean , P. A. , Szalai , J. P. , Raizenne , M. , Slutsky , A. S. and Zamel , N. 1991 . Effect of low concentrations of ozone on inhaled allergen responses in asthmatic subjects . Lancet , 338 : 199 – 203 .
  • Mudway , I. S. , Blomberg , A. , Frew , A. J. , Holgate , S. T. , Sandstrom , T. and Kelly , F. J. 1999 . Antioxidant consumption and repletion kinetics in nasal lavage fluid following exposure of healthy human volunteers to ozone, Eur . Respir. J. , 13 : 1429 – 1438 .
  • Naderio , R. M. , Meier , H. L. , Kagey-Sobotka , A. , Adkinson , N. F. , Jr. , Meyers , D. A. , Norman , P. S. and Lichtenstein , L. M. 1983 . Mediator release after nasal airway challenge with allergen . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 128 : 597 – 602 .
  • Nichols , B. G. , Woods , J. S. , Luchtel , D. L. , Corral , J. and Koenig , J. Q. 2001 . Effects of ozone exposure on nuclear factor-kappaB activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in human nasal epithelial cells . Toxicol. Sci. , 60 : 356 – 362 .
  • Patra , A. L. 1986 . Comparative anatomy of mammalian respiratory tracts: The nasopharyngeal region and the tracheobronchial region . 7. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 17 : 163 – 174 .
  • Peden , D. B. , Hohman , R. , Brown , M. E. , Mason , R. T. , Berkebile , C , Fales , H. M. and Kaliner , M. A. 1990 . Uric acid is a major antioxidant in human nasal airway secretions . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 87 : 7638 – 7642 .
  • Peden , D. B. , Setzer , R. W. , Jr. and Devlin , R. B. 1995 . Ozone exposure has both a priming effect on allergen-induced responses and an intrinsic inflammatory action in the nasal airways of perennially allergic asthmatics . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 151 : 1336 – 1345 .
  • Poon , R. , Vu , D. and Vincent , R. 1995 . N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: Characterization and response to ozone exposure, lnhal . Toxicol. , 7 : 1195 – 1206 .
  • Potter-Perigo , S. , Kaplan , E. D. , Luchtel , D. L. , Baker , C , Altman , L C and Wight , T. N. 1998 . Ozone alters the expression of tenascin-C in cultured primate nasal epithelial cells . Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. , 18 : 471 – 478 .
  • Pryor , W. A. 1992 . How far does ozone penetrate the pulmonary air/tissue boundary before it reacts? Free Radical Biol . Med. , 12 : 83 – 88 .
  • Pryor , W. A. , Squadrito , C. L. and Friedman , M. 1995 . The cascade mechanism to explain ozone toxicity in the role of lipid ozonation products . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 19 : 935 – 941 .
  • Rajini , P. and Witsch i , H. 1995 . Cumulative labeling indices in epithelial cell populations of the respiratory tract after exposure to ozone at low concentrations . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 130 : 32 – 40 .
  • Schierhorn , K. , Zhang , M. , Kacy , M. and Kunkel , C. 1997 . Ozone-induced augmentation of eicosanoid metabolism in human nasal mucosa in vitro . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 113 : 312 – 315 .
  • Schierhorn , K. , Zhang , M. , Matthias , C. and Kunkel , G. 1999 . Influence of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on histamine and interleukin formation in a human nasal mucosa culture system . Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. , 20 : 1013 – 1019 .
  • Schreider , J. P. and Raabe , O. G. 1981 . Anatomy of the nasal-pharyngeal airway of experimental animals . Anat. Rec. , 200 : 195 – 205 .
  • Seltzer , J. , Bigby , B. C. , Stulbarg , M. , Holtzman , M. J. , Nadel , J. A. , Ueki , I. F. , Leikauf , C. D. , Coetzl , E. J. and Boushey , H. A. 1986 . O3-induced change in bronchial reactivity to methacholine and airway inflammation in humans . J. Appl. Physiol. , 60 : 1321 – 1326 .
  • Sheppard , D. 1996 . Epithelial integrins . Bioessays , 18 : 655 – 660 .
  • Siri , A. , Knauper , V. , Veirana , N. , Caocci , F. , Murphy , C. and Zardi , L. 1995 . Different susceptibility of small and large human tenascin-C isoforms to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases . J. Biol. Chem. , 270 : 8650 – 8654 .
  • Smith , C. E. , Koren , H. S. , Graham , D. C. and Johnson , D. A. 1993 . Mast cell tryptase is increased in the nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of humans after ozone exposure, lnhal . Toxicol. , 5 : 117 – 127 .
  • Steerenberg , P. A. , Fischer , P. H. , Cmelig Meyling , F. , Willighagen , J. , Ceerse , E. , van de Vliet , H. , Ameling , C , Boink , A. B. , Dormans , J. A. , van Bree , L. and Van Loveren , H. 1996 . Nasal lavage as tool for health effect assessment of photochemical air pollution . Hum. Exp. Toxicol. , 15 : 111 – 119 .
  • Tosi , M. F. , Hamedani , A. , Brosovich , J. and Alpert , S. E. 1994 . ICAM-1-independent, CD18-dependent adhesion between neutrophils and human airway epithelial cells exposed in vitro to ozone . J. Immunol. , 152 : 1935 – 1942 .
  • Venaille , T. J. , Mendis , A. H. , Phillips , M. J. , Thompson , P. J. and Robinson , B. W. 1995 . Role of neutrophils in mediating human epithelial cell detachment from native basement membrane . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 95 : 597 – 606 .
  • Venn , A. , Lewis , S. , Cooper , M. , Hubbard , R. , Hill , I. , Boddy , R. , Bell , M. and Britton , J. 2000 . Local road traffic activity and the prevalence, severity, and persistence of wheeze in school children: Combined cross sectional and longitudinal study . Occup. Environ. Med. , 57 : 152 – 158 .
  • Wagner , J. G. , Hotchkiss , J. A. and Harkema , J. R. 2002 . Enhancement of nasal inflammatory and epithelial responses after ozone and allergen coexposure in Brown Norway rats . Toxicol Sei. , 67 : 284 – 294 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.