Potential for Effects of Land Contamination on Human Health. 1. The Case of Cadmium

REFERENCES

• Andersen , O. , Nielsen , J. B. and Nordberg , G. F. 2004 . Nutritional interactions in intestinal cadmium uptake-Possibilities for risk reduction . Biometals , 17 : 543 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arisawa , K. , Uemura , H. , Hiyoshi , M. , Takeda , H. , Saito , H. and Soda , M. 2007a . Cadmium-induced renal dysfunction and mortality in two cohorts: Disappearance of the association in a generation born later . Toxicol. Lett. , 169 : 214 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arisawa , K. , Uemura , H. , Hiyoshi , M. , Dakeshita , S. , Kitayama , A. , Saito , H. and Soda , M. 2007b . Cause-specific mortality and cancer incidence rates in relation to urinary beta 2-microglobulin: 23-Year follow-up study in a cadmium-polluted area . Toxicol. Lett. , 173 : 168 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arisawa , K. , Nakano , A. , Saito , H. , Liu , X. J. , Yokoo , M. , Soda , M. , Koba , T. , Takabashi , T. and Kinoshita , K. 2001 . Mortality and cancer incidence among a population previously exposed to environmental cadmium . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 74 : 255 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton , E. N. , Sargeant , L. A. , Samuels , D. , Smith , R. , James , J. , Wilson , R. , Smith , F. , Falconer , H. , Yeates , C. , Smikle , M. F. and Gilbert , D. T. 2004 . A survey of chronic renal failure in Jamaica . West Ind. Med. J. , 53 : 81 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai , S. W. , Yue , L. , Hu , Z. N. , Zhong , X. Z. , Ye , Z. L. , Xu , H. D. , Liu , Y. R. , Ji , R. D. , Zhang , W. H. and Zhang , F. Y. 1990 . Cadmium exposure and health-effects among residents in an irrigation area with ore dressing wastewater . Sci. Total Environ. , 90 : 67 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , X. , Zhu , G. , Jin , T. and Gu , S. 2009 . Effects of cadmium on forearm bone density after reduction of exposure for 10 years in a Chinese population . Environ. Int. , 35 : 1164 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui , Y. J. , Zhu , Y. G. , Zhai , R. H. , Huang , Y. Z. , Qiu , Y. and Liang , J. Z. 2005 . Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanjing, China . Environ. Int. , 31 : 784 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Burbure , C. , Buchet , J. P. , Bernard , A. , Leroyer , A. , Nisse , C. , Haguenoer , J. M. , Bergamaschi , E. and Mutti , A. 2003 . Biomarkers of renal effects in children and adults with low environmental exposure to heavy metals . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 66 : 783 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhooge , W. , Van Larebeke , N. , Comhaire , F. and Kaufman , J. M. 2007 . Reproductive parameters of community-dwelling men from 2 regions in flanders are associated with the consumption of self grown vegetables . J. Androl. , 28 : 836 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , P. , Arnold , R. , Cockings , S. , Eaton , N. , Jarup , L. , Jones , J. , Quinn , M. , Rosato , M. , Thornton , I. , Toledano , M. , Tristan , E. and Wakefield , J. 2000 . Risk of mortality, cancer incidence, and stroke in a population potentially exposed to cadmium . Occup. Environ. Med. , 57 : 94 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environmental Pollution Act 1990. UK, Part Q3 IIA, Section 78A(2). www.legislation.gov.uk (http://www.legislation.gov.uk) (Accessed: July 2012 ).
   Google Scholar
• Eum , K. D. , Lee , M. S. and Paek , D. 2008 . Cadmium in blood and hypertension . Sci. Total Environ. , 407 : 147 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewers , U. , Freier , I. , Turfeld , M. , Brockhaus , A. , Hofstetter , I. , önig , W. K , Leiner-Saaber , J. and Delschen , T. 1993 . Heavy metals in garden soil and vegetables from private gardens located in lead/zinc smelter area and exposure of gardeners to lead and cadmium (in German) . Gesundheitswesen , 55 : 318 – 325 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ewers , U. , Brockhaus , A. , Dolgner , R. , Freier , I. , Jermann , E. , Bernard , A. , Stillerwinkler , R. , Hahn , R. and Manojlovic , N. 1985 . Environmental exposure to cadmium and renal function of elderly women living in cadmium polluted areas of the Federal Republic of Germany . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 55 : 217 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezaki , T. , Tsukahara , T. , Moriguchi , J. , Furuki , K. , Fukui , Y. , Ukai , H. , Okamoto , S. , Sakurai , K. , Honda , S. and Ikeda , M. 2003 . Analysis for threshold levels of cadmium in urine that induce tubular dysfunction among women in non-polluted areas in Japan . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 76 : 197 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Protection Agency. 2011. Health Protection Agency, Compendium of chemical hazards: Cadmium. http://www.hpa.org.uk/chemicals/compendium/cadmium/default.htm (http://www.hpa.org.uk/chemicals/compendium/cadmium/default.htm) (Accessed: May 2012 ).
   Google Scholar
• Hough , R. L. 2007 . Soil and human health: An epidemiological review . Eur. J. Soil Sci. , 58 : 1200 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarup , L. , Hellstrom , L. , Alfven , T. , Carlsson , M. D. , Grubb , A. , Persson , B. , Pettersson , C. , Spang , G. , Schutz , A. and Elinder , C. G. 2000 . Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage: The OSCAR study . Occup. Environ. Med. , 57 : 668 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin , T. Y. , Nordberg , M. , Frech , W. , Dumont , X. , Bernard , A. , Ye , T. T. , Kong , Q. H. , Wang , Z. J. , Li , P. J. , Lundstrom , N. G. , Li , Y. D. and Nordberg , G. F. 2002 . Cadmium biomonitoring and renal dysfunction among a population environmentally exposed to cadmium from smelting in China (ChinaCad) . Biometals , 15 : 397 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibble , A. J. and Saunders , P. J. 2001 . “ Contaminated land and the link with health ” . In Assessment and reclamation of contaminated land, Issues in environmental science and technology , Edited by: Hester , R.E. and Harrison , R.M. Vol. 65 , Cambridge , , UK : The Royal Society of Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Kwon , H. J. , Cheong , H. K. , Choi , K. , Jang , J. Y. , Jeong , W. C. , Kim , D. S. , Yu , S. , Kim , Y. W. , Yang , S. O. , Jhung , I. J. , Yang , W. H. and Hong , Y. C. 2008 . Investigation on health effects of an abandoned metal mine . J. Korean Med. Sci. , 23 : 452 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kippler , M. , Tofail , F. , Gardner , R. , Rahman , A. , Hamadani , J. D. , Bottai , M. and Vahter , M. 2012 . Maternal cadmium exposure during pregnancy and size at birth: A prospective cohort study . Environ. Health Perspect. , 120 : 284 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalor , G. C. 2008 . Review of cadmium transfers from soil to humans and its health effects in the Jamaican environment . Sci. Total Environ. , 400 : 162 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , Y. , Lei , L. , Nilsson , J. , Li , H. , Nordberg , M. , Bernard , A. , Nordberg , G. F. , Bergdahl , I. A. and Jin , T. 2012 . Renal function after reduction in cadmium exposure: An 8-year follow-up of residents in cadmium-oolluted areas . Environ. Health Perspect. , 120 : 223 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda , T. , Kobayashi , E. , Okubo , Y. , Suwazono , Y. , Kido , T. , Nishijo , M. , Nakagawa , H. and Nogawa , K. 2002 . Association between renal dysfunction and mortality among inhabitants in the region around the Jinzu River basin polluted by cadmium . Environ. Res. , 88 : 156 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell Perry , H. and Kopp , S. J. 1983 . Does cadmium contribute to human hypertension . Sci. Total Environ. , 26 : 223 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa , H. , Nishijo , M. , Morikawa , Y. , Miura , K. , Tawara , K. , Kuriwaki , J. , Kido , T. , Ikawa , A. , Kobayashi , E. and Nogawa , K. 2006 . Urinary cadmium and mortality among inhabitants of a cadmium-polluted area in Japan . Environ. Res. , 100 : 323 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawrot , T. , Plusquin , M. , Hogervorst , J. , Roels , H. A. , Celis , H. , Thijs , L. , Vangronsveld , J. , Van Hecke , E. and Staessen , J. A. 2006 . Environmental exposure to cadmium and risk of cancer: A prospective population-based study . Lancet Oncol. , 7 : 119 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawrot , T. S. , Van Hecke , E. , Thijs , L. , Richart , T. , Kuznetsova , T. , Jin , Y. , Vangronsveld , J. , Roels , H. A. and Staessen , J. A. 2008 . Cadmium-related mortality and long-term secular trends in the cadmium body burden of an environmentally exposed population . Environ. Health Perspect. , 116 : 1620 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishijo , M. , Nakagawa , H. , Honda , R. , Tanebe , K. , Saito , S. , Teranishi , H. and Tawara , K. 2002 . Effects of maternal exposure to cadmium on pregnancy outcome and breast milk . Occup. Environ. Med. , 59 : 394 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishijo , M. , Nakagawa , H. , Morikawa , Y. , Kuriwaki , J. , Miura , K. , Kido , T. and Nogawa , K. 2004 . Mortality in a cadmium polluted area in Japan . Biometals , 17 : 535 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishijo , M. , Morikawa , Y. , Nakagawa , H. , Tawara , K. , Miura , K. , Kido , T. , Ikawa , A. , Kobayashi , E. and Nogawa , K. 2006 . Causes of death and renal tubular dysfunction in residents exposed to cadmium in the environment . Occup. Environ. Med. , 63 : 545 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordberg , G. F. , Jin , T. , Kong , Q. , Ye , T. , Cai , S. , Wang , Z. , Zhuang , F. and Wu , X. 1997 . Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure and renal effects in a population group residing in a polluted area in China . Sci. Total Environ. , 199 : 111 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1991 . National Research Council, Committee on Environmental Epidemiology. Environmental Epidemiology: Public health and hazardous wastes , Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Osawa , T. , Kobayashi , E. , Okubo , Y. , Suwazono , Y. , Kido , T. and Nogawa , K. 2001 . A retrospective study on the relation between renal dysfunction and cadmium concentration in rice in individual hamlets in the Jinzu River basin, Toyama prefecture, Japan . Environ. Res. , 86 : 51 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan , J. , Plant , J. A. , Voulvoulis , N. , Oates , C. J. and Ihlenfeld , C. 2010 . Cadmium levels in Europe: Implications for human health . Environ. Geochem. Health , 32 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal Commision on Environmental Pollution . 1996 . “ Sustainable use of soil ” . In Royal Commision on Environmental Pollution, Nineteenth Report , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Royal Town Planning Institute. 2007. Land contamination. www.rtpi.org.uk/download/1536/land-contamination.pdf (http://www.rtpi.org.uk/download/1536/land-contamination.pdf) (Accessed: May 2012 ).
   Google Scholar
• Sato , R. , Kido , T. , Honda , R. , Nishijo , M. , Nakagawa , H. , Kobayashi , E. and Suwazono , Y. 2010 . Seventeen-year observation on urinary cadmium and beta(2)-microglobulin in inhabitants after cessation of cadmium-exposure in Japan . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 84 : 363 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen , J. , Amery , A. , Bernard , A. , Bruaux , P. , Buchet , J. P. , Claeys , F. , Deplaen , P. , Ducoffre , G. , Fagard , R. , Lauwerys , R. R. , Lijnen , P. , Nick , L. , Saintremy , A. , Roels , H. , Rondia , D. , Sartor , F. and Thijs , L. 1991 . Effects of exposure to cadmium on calcium-metabolism—A population study . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 48 : 710 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staessen , J. A. , Lauwerys , R. R. , Ide , G. , Roels , H. A. , Vyncke , G. and Amery , A. 1994 . Renal-function and historical environmental cadmium pllution from zinc smelters . Lancet , 343 : 1523 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen , J. A. , Kuznetsova , T. , Roels , H. A. , Emelianov , D. and Fagard, for the Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium Study Group , R. 2000 . Exposure to cadmium and conventional and ambulatory blood pressures in a prospective population study . Am. J. Hypertens. , 13 : 146 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen , J. A. , Buchet , J. P. , Ginucchio , G. , Lauwerys , R. R. , Lijnen , P. , Roels , H. and Fagard , R. 1996 . Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: An overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium. Working Groups . J. Cardiovasc. Risk , 3 : 26 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staessen , J. A. , Roels , H. A. , Emelianov , D. , Kuznetsova , T. , Thijs , L. , Vangronsveld , J. and Fagard , R. 1999 . Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: Prospective population study . Lancet , 353 : 1140 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strehlow , C. D. and Barltrop , D. 1988 . Health studies . Sci. Total Environ. , 75 : 101 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suwazono , Y. , Kobayashi , E. , Okubo , Y. , Nogawa , K. , Kido , T. and Nakagawa , H. 2000 . Renal effects of cadmium exposure in cadmium nonpolluted areas in Japan . Environ. Res. , 84 : 44 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , L. D. K. , Hodgson , S. , Nieuwenhuijsen , M. and Jarup , L. 2009 . Early kidney damage in a population exposed to cadmium and other heavy metals . Environ. Health Perspect. , 117 : 181 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton , I. 1988 . Content of soils and dust. The Shipham report. An investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health . Sci. Total Environ. , 75 : 21 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukahara , T. , Ezaki , T. , Moriguchi , J. , Furuki , K. , Shimbo , S. , Matsuda-Inoguchi , N. and Ikeda , M. 2003 . Rice as the most influential source of cadmium intake among general Japanese population . Sci. Total Environ. , 305 : 41 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , Y. , Kobayashi , E. , Okubo , Y. , Suwazono , Y. , Kido , T. and Nogawa , K. 2002 . Relationship between cadmium concentration in rice and renal dysfunction in individual subjects of the Jinzu River basin determined using a logistic regression analysis . Toxicology , 172 : 93 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 1992 . “ Environmental health criteria 134 ” . In Cadmium , Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , A. L. 1996 . Assessing the risk from environmental cadmium exposure . J. Public Health Medicine , 18 : 432 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , P. R. D. , Rattray , R. , Lalor , G. and Hanson , R. 2010 . Minimal health impact from exposure to diet-sourced cadmium on a population in central Jamaica . Environ. Geochem. Health , 32 : 567 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , X. W. , Liang , Y. H. , Jin , T. Y. , Ye , T. T. , Kong , Q. H. , Wang , Z. J. , Lei , L. J. , Bergdahl , I. A. and Nordberg , G. F. 2008 . Renal effects evolution in a Chinese population after reduction of cadmium exposure in rice . Environ. Res. , 108 : 233 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , G. Y. , Wang , H. F. , Shi , Y. X. , Weng , S. F. , Jin , T. Y. , Kong , Q. H. and Nordberg , G. F. 2004 . Environmental cadmium exposure and forearm bone density . Biometals , 17 : 499 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar