Effects of exposure to oil spills on human health: Updated review

References

• Abramson, D. M., I. E. Redlener, T. Stehling-Ariza, J. Sury, A. N. Banister, and Y. S. Park. 2010. Impact on children and families of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Preliminary findings of the coastal population impact study. Columbia University Academic Commons. http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:128195 ( accessed January 12, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Aguilera, F., J. Méndez, E. Pásaro, and B. Laffon. 2010. Review on the effects of exposure to spilled oils on human health. Journal of Applied Toxicology 30:291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Petroleum Institute. 2011. High production volume (HPV) Chemical challenge program. Crude oil category assessment document. Submitted to the US EPA by American Petroleum Institute Petroleum HPV Testing Group. Consortium Registration No. 1100997. http://www.petroleumhpv.org/petroleum-substances-and-categories/~/media/0DA0EA3771174E9DB6F5B43B73857842.ashx ( accessed January 12, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. E., J. Franko, E. Lukomska, and B. J. Meade. 2011. Potential immunotoxicological health effects following exposure to Corexit 9500a during cleanup of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 74:1419–30. doi:10.1080/15287394.2011.606797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman, L., T. Glass, I. Brissette, and T. Seeman. 2000. From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine 51:843–57. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00065-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biern, G., J. Giraldo, J.-P. Zock, G. Monyarch, A. Espinosa, G. Rodríguez-Trigo, F. Gómez, F. Pozo-Rodríguez, J.-A. Barberà, and C. Fuster. 2015. Human genotoxic study carried out two years after oil exposure during the clean-up activities using two different biomarkers. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 3:1334–48. doi:10.3390/jmse3041334.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, P. A., D. Gu, and A. Clapp. 2000. Climate under impermeable protective clothing. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 25:233–38. doi:10.1016/S0169-8141(99)00013-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongers, S., N. A. H. Janssen, B. Reiss, L. Grievink, E. Lebret, and H. Kromhout. 2008. Challenges of exposure assessment for health studies in the aftermath of chemical incidents and disasters. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 18:341–59. doi:10.1038/jes.2008.23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewton, R. A., R. Fulford, and R. J. Griffitt. 2013. Gene expression and growth as indicators of effects of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill on spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 76:1198–209. doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.848394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttke, D., S. Vagi, T. Bayleyegn, K. Sircar, T. Strine, M. Morrison, M. Allen, and A. Wolkin. 2012a. Mental health needs assessment after the Gulf coast oil spill—Alabama and Mississippi, 2010. Prehospital Disaster Medicine 27:401–08. doi:10.1017/S1049023X12001100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buttke, D., S. Vagi, A. Schnall, T. Bayleyegn, M. Morrison, M. Allen, and A. Wolkin. 2012b. Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) one year following the Gulf Coast oil spill: Alabama and Mississippi, 2011. Prehospital and Disaster Medica 27:496–502. doi:10.1017/S1049023X12001380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caress, S. M., and A. C. Steinemann. 2004. Prevalence of multiple chemical sensitivities: A population-based study in the southeastern United States. American Journal of Public Health 94:746–47. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.5.746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caress, S. M., and A. C. Steinemann. 2005. National prevalence of asthma and chemical hypersensitivity: An examination of potential overlap. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 47:518–22. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000161736.54099.44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco, J., B. Perez-Gomez, M. Garcia-Mendizabal, V. Lope, N. Aragones, M. Forjaz, P. Guallar-Castillon, G. Lopez-Abente, F. Rodriguez-Artalejo, and M. Pollan. 2007. Health-related quality of life and mental health in the medium-term aftermath of the Prestige oil spill in Galiza (Spain): A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 7:245. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco, J. M., V. Lope, B. Pérez-Gómez, N. Aragonés, B. Suárez, F. López-Abente, and M. Pollán. 2006. Association between health information, use of protective devices and occurrence of acute health problems in the Prestige oil spill clean-up in Asturias and Cantabria (Spain): A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 6:1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheong, H.-K., Ha, M., Lee, J. S., Kwon, H., Ha, E.-H., Hong, Y.-C., Choi, Y., Jeong, W.-C., Hur, J., Lee, S.-M., Kim, E.-J., and Im, H. 2011. Hebei Spirit oil spill exposure and subjective symptoms in residents participating in clean-up activities. Environmental Health and Toxicology 26:e2011007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cherry, K. E., L. Sampson, P. F. Nezat, A. Cacamo, L. D. Marks, and S. Galea. 2015. Long-term psychological outcomes in older adults after disaster: Relationships to religiosity and social support. Aging & Mental Health 19:430–43. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.941325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, K.-H., M.-H. Lim, M. Ha, J. N. Sohn, J.-W. Kang, Y.-H. Choi, and H.-K. Cheong. 2016. Psychological vulnerability of residents of communities affected by the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10: 51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, J., D. M. Beare, A. P. W. Waugh, E. Capulas, K. E. Aldridge, C. F. Arlett, M. H. L. Green, J. E. Crum, D. Cox, R. C. Garner, K. H. Dingley, E. A. Martin, K. Podmore, R. Heydon, and P. B. Farmer. 1997. Biomonitoring of possible human exposure to environmental genotoxic chemicals: Lessons from a study following the wreck of the oil tanker Braer. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 30:97–111. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:2<97::AID-EM2>3.0.CO;2-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Andrea, M. A., and G. K. Reddy. 2014. Health consequences among subjects involved in Gulf oil spill clean-up activities. American Journal of Medicine 126:966–74. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.05.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Andrea, M. A., and G. K. Reddy. 2014. Crude oil spill exposure and human health risks. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56:1029–41. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar, P. A., M. T. Smith, A. Vasishta, A. E. Hubbard, and L. Zhang. 2007. Leukaemia-specific chromosome damage detected by comet with fluorescence in situ hybridization (Comet-FISH). Mutagenesis 22:321–27. doi:10.1093/mutage/gem020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gestal Otero, J. J., E. Smyth Chamosa, A. Figueiras Guzmán, and A. Montes Martínez. 2004. Collection and cleanup of Prestige oil. Assessment of exposure and health damage in volunteers and workers [in Galician]. Santiago de Compostela, Spain: Área de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, D. A., J. S. Picou, and L. A. Ritchie. 2012. The Exxon Valdez and BP oil spills: A comparison of initial social and psychological impacts. American Behavioral Scientist 56:3–23. doi:10.1177/0002764211408585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan, L. M., S. Roberts, W. T. Mahan, P. K. McLaughlin, W. S. Otwell, and J. G. Morris. 2011. The early psychological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on Florida and Alabama communities. Environmental Health Perspectives 119:838–43. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha, M., W.-C. Jeong, M. Lim, H. Kwon, Y. Choi, S.-J. Yoo, S. R. Noh, and H.-K. Cheong. 2013. Children’s mental health in the area affected by the Hebei Spirit oil spill accident. Environment Health and Toxicology 28:e2013010. doi:10.5620/eht.2013.28.e2013010.
   Google Scholar
• Ha, M., H. Kwon, H.-K. Cheong, S. Lim, S. J. Yoo, E.-J. Kim, S. G. Park, J. Lee, and B. C. Chung. 2012. Urinary metabolites before and after cleanup and subjective symptoms in volunteer participants in cleanup of the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Science of the Total Environment 429:167–73. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildur, K., C. Templado, J.-P. Zock, J. Giraldo, F. Pozo-Rodríguez, A. Frances, G. Monyarch, G. Rodríguez-Trigo, E. Rodriguez-Rodriguez, A. Souto, F. P. Gómez, J. M. Antó, J. A. Barberà, C. Fuster, and X. Ren. 2015. Follow-up genotoxic study: Chromosome damage two and six years after exposure to the Prestige oil spill. PLoS ONE 10:e0132413. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132413.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. 2010. Research priorities for assessing health effects from the Gulf of Mexico oil spill: A letter report. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ishioka, N., S. Umeki, Y. Hirai, M. Akiyama, T. Kodama, K. Ohama, and S. Kyoizumi. 1997. Stimulated rapid expression in vitro for early detection of in vivo T-cell receptor mutations induced by radiation exposure. Mutation Research 390:269–82. doi:10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00025-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited. 2015. Oil tanker spill statistics 2014. http://www.itopf.com/fileadmin/data/Documents/Company_Lit/Oil_Spill_Stats_2014FINALlowres.pdf ( accessed January 12, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Jernelöv, A. 2010. The threats from oil spills: Now, then, and in the future. Ambio 39:353–66. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0085-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, S.-C., K.-M. Kim, K.-S. Lee, S. Roh, W.-C. Jeong, S.-J. Kwak, I.-J. Lee, Y.-H. Choi, S. R. Noh, J.-I. Hur, and Y.-K. Jee. 2013. Respiratory effects of the Hebei Spirit oil spill on children in Taean, Korea. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 5:365–70. doi:10.4168/aair.2013.5.6.365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurshid, M., M. Sheikh, and S. Iqbal. 2008. Health of people working/living in the vicinity of an oil-polluted beach near Karachi, Pakistan. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 14:179–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, B.-M., E. K. Park, S.-Y. LeeAn, M. Ha, E.-J. Kim, H. Kwon, Y.-C. Hong, W.-C. Jeong, J. Hur, H.-K. Cheong, J. Yi, J. H. Kim, B.-E. Lee, J.-H. Seo, M.-H. Chang, and E.-H. Ha. 2009. BTEX exposure and its health effects in pregnant women following the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 42:96–103. doi:10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.2.96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, Y.-M., J.-H. Park, K. Choi, S. R. Noh, Y.-H. Choi, and H.-K. Cheong. 2013. Burden of disease attributable to the Hebei Spirit oil spill in Taean, Korea. BMJ Open 3:e003334. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003334.
   Google Scholar
• King, B. S., and J. D. Giggins 2011. Health hazard evaluation of Deepwater Horizon response workers. Health hazard evaluation report. HETA 2010-0115 & 2010-0129-3138. August 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2010-0115-0129-3138.pdf ( accessed February 22, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Krajnak, K., H. Kan, S. Waugh, G. R. Miller, C. Johnson, J. R. Roberts, W. T. Goldsmith, M. Jackson, W. McKinney, D. Frazer, M. L. Kashon, and V. Castranova. 2011. Acute effects of Corexit ec9500a on cardiovascular functions in rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 74:1397–404. doi:10.1080/15287394.2011.606795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffon, B. 2014. Fuel oils. In Encyclopedia of toxicology, ed. P. Wexler, vol. 2, 3rd ed., 667–70. London: Elsevier, Inc., Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laffon, B., F. Aguilera, J. Ríos-Vázquez, J. García-Lestón, D. Fuchs, V. Valdiglesias, and E. Pásaro. 2013. Endocrine and immunological parameters in individuals involved in Prestige spill cleanup tasks seven years after the exposure. Environment International 59:103–11. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffon, B., F. Aguilera, J. Ríos-Vázquez, V. Valdiglesias, and E. Pásaro. 2014. Follow-up study of genotoxic effects in individuals exposed to oil from the tanker Prestige, seven years after the accident. Mutation Research 760:10–16. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.09.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffon, B., R. Fraga-Iriso, B. Pérez-Cadahía, and J. Méndez. 2006. Genotoxicity associated to exposure to Prestige oil during autopsies and cleaning of oil-contaminated birds. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44:1714–23. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.05.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C.-H., Y.-A. Kang, K.-J. Chang, C.-H. Kim, J.-I. Hur, J.-Y. Kim, and J.-K. Lee. 2010. Acute health effects of the Hebei oil spill on the residents of Taean, Korea. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 43:166–73. doi:10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.2.166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, M. R., and T. C. Blanchard. 2012. Community attachment and negative affective states in the context of the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster. American Behavioral Scientist 56:24–47. doi:10.1177/0002764211409384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. M., M. Ha, E. J. Kim, W. C. Jeong, J. Hur, S. G. Park, H. Kwon, Y. C. Hong, E. H. Ha, J. S. Lee, B. C. Chung, J. Lee, H. Im, Y. Choi, Y. M. Cho, and H. K. Cheong. 2009. The effects of wearing protective devices among residents and volunteers participating in the cleanup of the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 42:89–95. doi:10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.2.89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Y.-Z., A. M. Roy-Engel, M. C. Baddoo, E. K. Flemington, G. Wang, and H. Wang. 2015. The impact of oil spill to lung health—Insights from an RNA-seq study of human airway epithelial cells. Gene, 578: 38–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, C., and D. Werner. 2013. Stigma of help-seeking behavior following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Contemporary Rural Social Work 5:17–41.
   Google Scholar
• Meo, S., A. Al-Drees, S. Rasheed, I. Meo, M. Al-Saadi, H. Ghani, and J. Alkandari. 2009a. Health complaints among subjects involved in oil cleanup operations during oil spillage from a Greek tanker “Tasman Spirit.” International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 22:143–48. doi:10.2478/v10001-009-0011-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meo, S., A. Al-Drees, S. Rasheed, I. Meo, M. Khan, M. Al-Saadi, and J. Alkandari. 2009b. Effect of duration of exposure to polluted air environment on lung function in subjects exposed to crude oil spill into sea water. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 22:35–41. doi:10.2478/v10001-009-0007-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monyarch, G., F. De Castro Reis, J. Zock, J. Giraldo, F. Pozo-Rodríguez, A. Espinosa, G. Rodríguez- Trigo, H. Verea, G. Castaño-Vinyals, F. Gómez, J. Antó, ., M. Coll, J. Barberà, C. Fuster, and P. Fei. 2013. Chromosomal bands affected by acute oil exposure and DNA repair errors. PLoS ONE 8:e81276. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. G., L. M. Grattan, B. M. Mayer, and J. K. Blackburn. 2013. Psychological responses and resilience of people and communities impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 124:191–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Na, J. U., M. S. Sim, I. J. Jo, and H. G. Song. 2012. The duration of acute health problems in people involved with the cleanup operation of the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64:1246–51. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh, S. R., H.-K. Cheong, M. Ha, S.-Y. Eom, H. Kim, Y.-H. Choi, and D. Paek. 2015. Oxidative stress biomarkers in long-term participants in clean-up work after the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Science of the Total Environment 515–516:207–14. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osofsky, H. J., and J. D. Osofsky. 2013. Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf oil spill: Lessons learned. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 36:371–83. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osofsky, H. J., L. A. Palinkas, and J. M. Galloway. 2011. Mental health effects of the Gulf oil spill. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 4:273–76. doi:10.1001/dmp.2010.45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palinkas, L. A., J. S. Petterson, J. Russell, and M. A. Downs. 1993. Community patterns of psychiatric disorders after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. American Journal of Psychiatry 150:1517–23. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.10.1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, D. W., B. Jin, D. Jang, K. Yang, J.-D. Park, Y.-S. Lee, and D.-Y. Ryu. 2004. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 in a Korean population. Archives of Toxicology 78:306–08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peres, L. C., E. Trapido, A. L. Rung, D. L. Harrington, E. Oral, Z. Fang, E. Fontham, and E. S. Peters. 2016. The deepwater horizon oil spill and physical health among adult women in southern Louisiana: The Women and Their Children’s Health (WaTCH) Study. Environment Health Perspectives, in press. doi:10.1289/ehp.1510348.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pérez-Cadahía, B., B. Laffon, E. Pásaro, and J. Méndez. 2006. Genetic damage induced by accidental environmental pollutants. Scientific World Journal 6:1221–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Cadahía, B., B. Laffon, M. Porta, A. Lafuente, T. Cabaleiro, T. López, A. Caride, J. Pumarega, A. Romero, E. Pásaro, and J. Méndez. 2008c. Relationship between blood concentrations of heavy metals and cytogenetic and endocrine parameters among subjects involved in cleaning coastal areas affected by the `Prestige’ tanker oil spill. Chemosphere 71:447–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Cadahía, B., B. Laffon, V. Valdiglesias, E. Pásaro, and J. Méndez. 2008b. Cytogenetic effects induced by Prestige oil on human populations: The role of polymorphisms in genes involved in metabolism and DNA repair. Mutation Research 653:117–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Cadahía, B., A. Lafuente, T. Cabaleiro, E. Pásaro, J. Méndez, and B. Laffon. 2007. Initial study on the effects of Prestige oil on human health. Environment International 33:176–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Cadahía, B., J. Méndez, E. Pásaro, A. Lafuente, T. Cabaleiro, and B. Laffon. 2008a. Biomonitoring of human exposure to Prestige oil: Effects on DNA and endocrine parameters. Environment Health Insights 2:83–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pérez-Pereira, M., C. Tinajero, M. S. Rodríguez, M. Peralbo, and J. M. Sabucedo. 2012. Academic effects of the Prestige oil spill disaster. Spanish Journal of Psychology 15:1055–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. R., J. S. Reynolds, J. A. Thompson, E. J. Zaccone, M. J. Shimko, W. T. Goldsmith, M. Jackson, W. McKinney, D. G. Frazer, A. Kenyon, M. L. Kashon, G. Piedimonte, V. Castranova, and J. S. Fedan. 2011. Pulmonary effects after acute inhalation of oil dispersant (Corexit ec9500a) in rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environment Health, Particle A 74:1381–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Trigo, G., J.-P. Zock, F. Pozo-Rodríguez, F. P. Gómez, G. Monyarch, L. Bouso, M. D. Coll, H. Verea, J. M. Antó, C. Fuster, and J. A. Barberá; for the for the SEPAR (Sociedad Espanñola de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica)–Prestige Study Group. 2010. Health changes in fishermen 2 years after clean-up of the Prestige oil spill. Annals of International Medicine 153:489–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosati, M. V., A. Sancini, F. Tomei, G. Andreozzi, L. Scimitto, M. P. Schifano, B. G. Ponticiello, M. Fiaschetti, and G. Tomei. 2011. Plasma cortisol concentrations and lifestyle in a population of outdoor workers. International Journal of Environment Health Research 21:62–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabucedo, J. M., C. Arce, M. J. Ferraces, H. Merino, and M. Durán. 2009. Psychological impact of the Prestige catastrophe. International Journal of Clinical Psychologist 9:105–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabucedo, J. M., C. Arce, C. Senra, G. Seoane, and I. Vázquez. 2010. Symptomatic profile and health-related quality of life of persons affected by the Prestige catastrophe. Disasters 34:809–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz, D. A., and L. S. Engel. 2010. Lessons for study of the health effects of oil spills. Annals of Internal Medicine 153:540–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaum, J., M. Cohen, S. Perry, R. Artz, R. Draxler, J. B. Frithsen, D. Heist, M. Lorber, and L. Phillips. 2010. Screening level assessment of risks due to dioxin emissions from burning oil from the BP Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico spill. Environmental Science & Technology 44:9383–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y., A. M. Roy-Engel, and H. Wang. 2013. Effects of Corexit dispersants on cytotoxicity parameters in a cultured human bronchial airway cells, BEAS-2B. Journal of Toxicology and Environment Health, Part A 76:827–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim, M. S., I. J. Jo, and H. G. Song. 2010. Acute health problems related to the operation mounted to clean the Hebei Spirit oil spill in Taean, Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, G. M., and S. Janssen. 2010. Health effects of the Gulf oil spill. Journal of the American Medical Association 304:1118–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, M., Y. C. Hong, H. K. Cheong, M. Ha, H. Kwon, E. H. Ha, Y. Choi, W. C. Jeong, J. Hur, S. M. Lee, and E. J. Kim. 2009. Psychological health in residents participating in clean-up works of Hebei Spirit oil spill. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 42:82–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sriram, K., G. X. Lin, A. M. Jefferson, W. T. Goldsmith, M. Jackson, W. McKinney, D. G. Frazer, V. A. Robinson, and V. Castranova. 2011. Neurotoxicity following acute inhalation exposure to the oil dispersant Corexit ec9500a. Journal of Toxicology and Environment Health, Part A 74:1405–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stillman, W. S., M. Varella-Garcia, and R. D. Irons. 2000. The benzene metabolite, hydroquinone, selectively induces 5q31- and -7 in human CD34+CD19– bone marrow cells. Experimental Hematology 28:169–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomei, F., M. V. Rosati, M. Ciarrocca, T. P. Baccolo, M. Gaballo, T. Caciari, and E. Tomao. 2003. Plasma cortisol levels and workers exposed to urban pollutants. Industrial Health 41:320–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdiglesias, V., G. Kiliç, O. Amor-Carro, L. Mariñas-Pardo, D. Ramos-Barbón, J. Méndez, E. Pásaro, and B. Laffon. 2012. In vivo genotoxicity assessment in rats exposed to Prestige-like oil by inhalation. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 75:756–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivier, E., E. Tomasello, M. Baratin, T. Walzer, and S. Ugolini. 2008. Functions of natural killer cells. Nature Immunology 9:503–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, D., and C. Locke. 2012. Experiences of chronic stress one year after the Gulf oil spill. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 14:239–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, L., D. A. Eastmond, and M. T. Smith. 2002. The nature of chromosomal aberrations detected in humans exposed to benzene. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 32:1–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zock, J.-P., G. Rodríguez-Trigo, F. Pozo-Rodríguez, J. A. Barberá, L. Bouso, Y. Torralba, J. M. Antó, F. P. Gómez, C. Fuster, H. Verea, and for the SEPAR-Prestige Study Group. 2007. Prolonged respiratory symptoms in clean-up workers of the Prestige oil spill. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 176:610–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zock, J.-P., G. Rodríguez-Trigo, E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, A. Espinosa, F. Pozo-Rodríguez, F. Gómez, C. Fuster, G. Castaño-Vinyals, J. M. Antó, and J. A. Barberá. 2012. Persistent respiratory symptoms in clean-up workers 5 years after the Prestige oil spill. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 69:508–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zock, J.-P., G. Rodríguez-Trigo, E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, A. Souto-Alonso, A. Espinosa, F. Pozo-Rodríguez, F. P. Gómez, C. Fuster, G. Castaño-Vinyals, J. M. Antó, and J. A. Barberá. 2014. Evaluation of the persistence of functional and biological respiratory health effects in clean-up workers 6 years after the Prestige oil spill. Environment International 62:72–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar