Increased blood levels of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in obese individuals after weight loss—A review

References

• Aasheim, E. T., S. Bjorkman, T. T. Sovik, M. Engstrom, S. E. Hanvold, T. Mala, T. Olbers, and T. Bohmer. 2009. Vitamin status after bariatric surgery: A randomized study of gastric bypass and duodenal switch. [Erratum appears in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 91 (1):239–40.] American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90:15–22. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelouahab, N., Y. Ainmelk, and L. Takser. 2011. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and sperm quality. Reproductive Toxicology 31:546–50. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abenhaim, H. A., N. Alrowaily, N. Czuzoj-Shulman, A. R. Spence, and S. L. Klam. 2016. Pregnancy outcomes in women with bariatric surgery as compared with morbidly obese women. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 29:3596–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adetona, O., K. Horton, A. Sjodin, R. Jones, D. B. Hall, M. Aguillar-Villalobos, B. E. Cassidy, J. E. Vena, L. L. Needham, and L. P. Naeher. 2013. Concentrations of select persistent organic pollutants across pregnancy trimesters in maternal and in cord serum in Trujillo, Peru. Chemosphere 91:1426–33. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akutsu, K., S. Takatori, S. Nozawa, M. Yoshiike, H. Nakazawa, K. Hayakawa, T. Makino, and T. Iwamoto. 2008. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum and sperm quality. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 80:345–50. doi:10.1007/s00128-008-9370-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrisani, L., A. Santonicola, P. Iovino, G. Formisano, H. Buchwald, and N. Scopinaro. 2015. Bariatric surgery worldwide 2013. Obesity Surgery 25:1822–32. doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1657-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin, H., M. Sanchez, G. A. Bray, J. C. Lovejoy, J. C. Peters, R. J. Jandacek, J. P. Chaput, and A. Tremblay. 2009. Impact of adopting a vegan diet or an olestra supplementation on plasma organochlorine concentrations: Results from two pilot studies. British Journal of Nutrition 103:1433–41. doi:10.1017/S000711450999331X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asp, V., E. Ulleras, V. Lindstrom, U. Bergstrom, A. Oskarsson, and I. Brandt. 2010. Biphasic hormonal responses to the adrenocorticolytic DDT metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE in human cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 242:281–89. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.10.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman, L., and B. Kolmodin-Hedman. 1978. Concentration of DDT and DDE in plasma and subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after intestinal bypass operation for treatment of obesity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 46:663–69. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(78)90311-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, V., T. H. Nøst, S. Hansen, A. Elverland, A.-S. Veyhe, R. Jorde, J. Ø. Odland, and T. M. Sandanger. 2015. Assessing the relationship between perfluoroalkyl substances, thyroid hormones and binding proteins in pregnant women; a longitudinal mixed effects approach. Environment International 77:63–69. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergonzi, R., C. Specchia, M. Dinolfo, C. Tomasi, G. De Palma, T. Frusca, and P. Apostoli. 2009. Distribution of persistent organochlorine pollutants in maternal and foetal tissues: Data from an Italian polluted urban area. Chemosphere 76:747–54. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, A. 2006. “Brimful of STARLITE”: Toward standards for reporting literature searches. Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA 94:421–429, e205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourez, S., S. Le Lay, C. Van den Daelen, C. Louis, Y. Larondelle, J. P. Thome, Y. J. Schneider, I. Dugail, and C. Debier. 2012. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in adipocytes: Selective targeting to lipid droplets and role of caveolin-1. PLoS ONE 7:e31834. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031834.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. F.,Jr., and R. W. Lawton. 1984. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) partitioning between adipose tissue and serum. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 33:277–80. doi:10.1007/BF01625543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, S., P. Miller, V. Waghiyi, C. L. Buck, F. A. Von Hippel, and D. O. Carpenter. 2015. Persistent organochlorine pesticide exposure related to a formerly used defense site on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska: Data from sentinel fish and human sera. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 78:976–92. doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.1037412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, Y., W. Zhang, J. Hu, G. Sheng, D. Chen, and J. Fu. 2011. Characterization of maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Reproductive Toxicology 31:106–10. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casals-Casas, C., and B. Desvergne. 2011. Endocrine disruptors: From endocrine to metabolic disruption. Annual Review of Physiology 73:135–62. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catoi, A. F., A. Parvu, A. Muresan, and L. Busetto. 2015. Metabolic mechanisms in obesity and type 2 diabetes: Insights from bariatric/metabolic surgery. Obesity Facts 8:350–63. doi:10.1159/000441259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlier, C., C. Desaive, and G. Plomteux. 2002. Human exposure to endocrine disrupters: Consequences of gastroplasty on plasma concentration of toxic pollutants. International Journal of Obesity 26:1465–68. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevrier, J., E. Dewailly, P. Ayotte, P. Mauriege, J. P. Despres, and A. Tremblay. 2000. Body weight loss increases plasma and adipose tissue concentrations of potentially toxic pollutants in obese individuals. International Journal of Obesity 24:1272–78. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, A. A., R. M. Connaughton, C. L. Lyons, A. M. McMorrow, and H. M. Roche. 2016. Fatty acids and chronic low grade inflammation associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. European Journal of Pharmacology 785:207–14. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, G. M. 2014. Biomonitoring of human fetal exposure to environmental chemicals in early pregnancy. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 17:205–24. doi:10.1080/10937404.2014.898167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnerud, P. O. 2003. Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife. Environment International 29:841–53. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00107-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Roos, A. J., C. M. Ulrich, A. Sjodin, and A. McTiernan. 2012. Adiposity, body composition, and weight change in relation to organochlorine pollutant plasma concentrations. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 22:617–24. doi:10.1038/jes.2012.43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Tata, V. 2014. Association of dioxin and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with diabetes: Epidemiological evidence and new mechanisms of beta cell dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15:7787–811. doi:10.3390/ijms15057787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decherf, S., and B. A. Demeneix. 2011. The obesogen hypothesis: A shift of focus from the periphery to the hypothalamus. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 14:423–48. doi:10.1080/10937404.2011.578561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirinck, E., A. C. Dirtu, P. G. Jorens, G. Malarvannan, A. Covaci, and L. F. Van Gaal. 2015. Pivotal role for the visceral fat compartment in the release of persistent organic pollutants during weight loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100:4463–71. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirinck, E., P. G. Jorens, A. Covaci, T. Geens, L. Roosens, H. Neels, I. Mertens, and L. Van Gaal. 2011. Obesity and persistent organic pollutants: Possible obesogenic effect of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Obesity 19:709–14. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirinck, E. L., A. C. Dirtu, M. Govindan, A. Covaci, P. G. Jorens, and L. F. Van Gaal. 2016. Endocrine-disrupting polychlorinated biphenyls in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese subjects before and after weight loss: Difference at the start but not at the finish. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103:989–98. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.119081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirtu, A. C., E. Dirinck, G. Malarvannan, H. Neels, L. Van Gaal, P. G. Jorens, and A. Covaci. 2013. Dynamics of organohalogenated contaminants in human serum from obese individuals during one year of weight loss treatment. Environmental Science & Technology 47:12441–49. doi:10.1021/es400657t.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elabbas, L. E., J. Esteban, X. Barber, G. Hamscher, H. Nau, W. J. Bowers, J. S. Nakai, M. Herlin, A. Akesson, M. Viluksela, D. Borg, and H. Hakansson. 2014. In utero and lactational exposure to a mixture of environmental contaminants detected in Canadian Arctic human populations alters retinoid levels in rat offspring with low margins of exposure. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 77:223–45. doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.861776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser, A., P. M. Gaum, T. Schettgen, T. Kraus, M. Gube, and J. Lang. 2015. Effect of occupational polychlorinated biphenyls exposure on quality-adjusted life years over time at the HELPcB surveillance program. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 78:132–50. doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.946165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faerch, K., K. Hojlund, B. F. Vind, A. Vaag, C. Dalgard, F. Nielsen, and P. Grandjean. 2012. Increased serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants among prediabetic individuals: Potential role of altered substrate oxidation patterns. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97:E1705–E1713. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1342.
   Google Scholar
• Fein, G. G., J. L. Jacobson, S. W. Jacobson, P. M. Schwartz, and J. K. Dowler. 1984. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: Effects on birth size and gestational age. Journal of Pediatrics 105:315–20. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80139-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, K. K., M. S. O’Neill, and J. D. Meeker. 2013. Environmental contaminant exposures and preterm birth: A comprehensive review. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 16:69–113. doi:10.1080/10937404.2013.775048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrante, M. C., P. Amero, A. Santoro, A. Monnolo, R. Simeoli, F. Di Guida, G. Mattace Raso, and R. Meli. 2014. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 101, PCB 153 and PCB 180) alter leptin signaling and lipid metabolism in differentiated 3t3-l1 adipocytes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 279:401–08. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjevestad, E., J. Hjelmesaeth, R. Sandbu, and N. Nordstrand. 2015. Effects of intensive lifestyle intervention and gastric bypass on aortic stiffness: A 1-year nonrandomized clinical study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 23:37–45. doi:10.1002/oby.20880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govarts, E., M. Nieuwenhuijsen, G. Schoeters, F. Ballester, K. Bloemen, M. de Boer, C. Chevrier, O. M. Eggesb, M. Guxens, U. Kramer, J. Legler, D. Martinez, L. Palkovicova, E. Patelarou, U. Ranft, A. Rautio, M. S. Petersen, R. Slama, H. Stigum, G. Toft, T. Trnovec, S. Vandentorren, P. Weihe, N. W. Kuperus, M. Wilhelm, J. Wittsiepe, and J. P. Bonde. 2012. Birth weight and prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE): A meta-analysis within 12 European birth cohorts. Environmental Health Perspectives 120:162–70. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grun, F., and B. Blumberg. 2009. Endocrine disrupters as obesogens. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304:19–29. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, E. E., J. W. Nelson, R. W. Stahlhut, and T. F. Webster. 2010. Association of endocrine disruptors and obesity: Perspectives from epidemiological studies. International Journal of Andrology 33:324–32. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henkler, F., and A. Luch. 2011. Adverse health effects of environmental chemical agents through non-genotoxic mechanisms. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65:1–3. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.083881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyer, A. P., T. Jorgensen, P. Grandjean, and H. B. Hartvig. 2000. Repeated measurements of organochlorine exposure and breast cancer risk (Denmark). Cancer Causes Control 11:177–84. doi:10.1023/A:1008926219539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hue, O., J. Marcotte, F. Berrigan, M. Simoneau, J. Dore, P. Marceau, S. Marceau, A. Tremblay, and N. Teasdale. 2006. Increased plasma levels of toxic pollutants accompanying weight loss induced by hypocaloric diet or by bariatric surgery. Obesity Surgery 16:1145–54. doi:10.1381/096089206778392356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbeault, P., J. Chevrier, E. Dewailly, P. Ayotte, J. P. Despres, A. Tremblay, and P. Mauriege. 2001. Increase in plasma pollutant levels in response to weight loss in humans is related to in vitro subcutaneous adipocyte basal lipolysis. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 25:1585–91. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrell, J., S. Chan, R. Hauser, and H. Hu. 2005. Longitudinal assessment of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in pregnant women from Western Canada. Environ Health 4:10. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson, P. I., H. M. Stapleton, B. Mukherjee, R. Hauser, and J. D. Meeker. 2013. Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men. Science of the Total Environment 445–446:177–84. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan-Sturk, R., H. Akerud, H. Volgsten, L. Hellstrom-Westas, and E. Wiberg-Itzel. 2013. Outcome of deliveries in healthy but obese women: Obesity and delivery outcome. BMC Research Notes 6:50. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karmaus, W., J. R. Osuch, I. Eneli, L. M. Mudd, J. Zhang, D. Mikucki, P. Haan, and S. Davis. 2009. Maternal levels of dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) may increase weight and body mass index in adult female offspring. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 66:143–49. doi:10.1136/oem.2008.041921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmon, A., and E. Sheiner. 2008. Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: A comprehensive review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 277:381–88. doi:10.1007/s00404-008-0608-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., S. J. Kwack, E. S. Han, T. S. Kang, S. H. Kim, and S. Y. Han. 2011a. Induction of apoptosis and CYP4A1 expression in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to low doses of perfluorooctane sulfonate. Journal of Toxicological Sciences 36:201–10. doi:10.2131/jts.36.201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. J., P. Marchand, C. Henegar, J. P. Antignac, R. Alili, C. Poitou, J. L. Bouillot, A. Basdevant, B. Le Bizec, R. Barouki, and K. Clement. 2011b. Fate and complex pathogenic effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in obese subjects before and after drastic weight loss. Environmental Health Perspectives 119:377–83. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Merrill, M., C. Emond, M. J. Kim, J. P. Antignac, B. Le Bizec, K. Clement, L. S. Birnbaum, and R. Barouki. 2013. Toxicological function of adipose tissue: Focus on persistent organic pollutants. Environment Health Perspectives 121:162–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laug, E. P., F. M. Kunze, and C. S. Prickett. 1951. Occurrence of DDT in human fat and milk. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 3:245–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Law, R. J., A. Covaci, S. Harrad, D. Herzke, M. A. E. Abdallah, K. Fernie, L.-M. L. Toms, and H. Takigami. 2014. Levels and trends of PBDEs and HBCDs in the global environment: Status at the end of 2012. Environment International 65:147–58. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. H., D. R. Jacobs,Jr., and M. Porta. 2009. Hypothesis: A unifying mechanism for nutrition and chemicals as lifelong modulators of DNA hypomethylation. Environmental Health Perspectives 117:1799–802. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. H., M. Porta, D. R. Jacobs,Jr., and L. N. Vandenberg. 2014. Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Endocrine Reviews 35:557–601. doi:10.1210/er.2013-1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, J. S., D. H. Lee, and D. R. Jacobs, Jr. 2008. Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the U.S. population, 2003–2004. Diabetes Care 31:1802–07. doi:10.2337/dc08-0850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, J. S., H. K. Son, S. K. Park, D. R. Jacobs, Jr., and D. H. Lee. 2010. Inverse associations between long-term weight change and serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants. International Journal of Obesity 35:744–47. doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston, E. H., and J. W. Zylke. 2012. Progress in obesity research: Reasons for optimism. Journal of the American Medical Association 308:1162–64. doi:10.1001/2012.jama.12203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis, D., K. Guyton, Y. Grosse, F. El Ghissasi, V. Bouvard, L. Benbrahim-Tallaa, N. Guha, H. Mattock, and K. Straif. 2015. Carcinogenicity of lindane, DDT, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Lancet Oncology 16:891–92. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00081-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyche, J. L., A. C. Gutleb, A. Bergman, G. S. Eriksen, A. J. Murk, E. Ropstad, M. Saunders, and J. U. Skaare. 2009. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 12:225–49. doi:10.1080/10937400903094091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggard, M. A., I. Yermilov, Z. Li, M. Maglione, S. Newberry, M. Suttorp, L. Hilton, H. P. Santry, J. M. Morton, E. H. Livingston, and P. G. Shekelle. 2008. Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association 300:2286–96. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.641..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister, E. J., N. V. Dhurandhar, S. W. Keith, L. J. Aronne, J. Barger, M. Baskin, R. M. Benca, J. Biggio, M. M. Boggiano, J. C. Eisenmann, M. Elobeid, K. R. Fontaine, P. Gluckman, E. C. Hanlon, P. Katzmarzyk, A. Pietrobelli, D. T. Redden, D. M. Ruden, C. Wang, R. A. Waterland, S. M. Wright, and D. B. Allison. 2009. Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 49:868–913. doi:10.1080/10408390903372599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker, J. D., S. Sathyanarayana, and S. H. Swan. 2009. Phthalates and other additives in plastics: Human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364:2097–113. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez, M. A., R. Garcia-Esteban, M. Guxens, M. Vrijheid, M. Kogevinas, F. Goni, S. Fochs, and J. Sunyer. 2011. Prenatal organochlorine compound exposure, rapid weight gain, and overweight in infancy. Environmental Health Perspectives 119:272–78. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocarelli, P., P. M. Gerthoux, L. L. Needham, D. G. Patterson Jr., G. Limonta, R. Falbo, S. Signorini, M. Bertona, C. Crespi, C. Sarto, P. K. Scott, W. E. Turner, and P. Brambilla. 2011. Perinatal exposure to low doses of dioxin can permanently impair human semen quality. Environmental Health Perspectives 119:713–18. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. G. Altman. 2010. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery 8:336–41. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouritsen, A., L. Aksglaede, K. Sorensen, S. S. Mogensen, H. Leffers, K. M. Main, H. Frederiksen, A. M. Andersson, N. E. Skakkebaek, and A. Juul. 2010. Hypothesis: Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with timing of puberty. International Journal of Andrology 33:346–59. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullerova, D., J. Kopecky, D. Matejkova, L. Muller, J. Rosmus, J. Racek, F. Sefrna, S. Opatrna, O. Kuda, and M. Matejovic. 2008. Negative association between plasma levels of adiponectin and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 in obese women under non-energy-restrictive regime. International Journal of Obesity 32:1875–78. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullerova, D., D. Matejkova, J. Dvorakova, L. Muller, J. Rosmus, and K. Kovarova. 2015. Persistent organochlorine pollutants in obese women after diet induced weight loss: Five years follow up study. Central European Journal of Public Health 23:214–17. doi:10.21101/cejph.a4100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham, L. L., P. Grandjean, B. Heinzow, P. J. Jorgensen, F. Nielsen, D. G. Patterson Jr., A. Sjodin, W. E. Turner, and P. Weihe. 2011. Partition of environmental chemicals between maternal and fetal blood and tissues. Environmental Science & Technology 45:1121–26. doi:10.1021/es1019614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbold, R. R., E. Padilla-Banks, W. N. Jefferson, and J. J. Heindel. 2008. Effects of endocrine disruptors on obesity. International Journal of Andrology 31:201–08. doi:10.1111/ija.2008.31.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordstrand, N., E. Gjevestad, J. K. Hertel, L. K. Johnson, E. Saltvedt, J. Roislien, and J. Hjelmesaeth. 2013. Arterial stiffness, lifestyle intervention and a low-calorie diet in morbidly obese patients-a nonrandomized clinical trial. Obesity 21:690–97. doi:10.1002/oby.20099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. S., A. Bergman, L. Linderholm, M. Athanasiadou, A. Kocan, J. Petrik, B. Drobna, T. Trnovec, M. J. Charles, and I. Hertz-Picciotto. 2008. Placental transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls, their hydroxylated metabolites and pentachlorophenol in pregnant women from Eastern Slovakia. Chemosphere 70:1676–84. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier, C., E. Doucet, P. Imbeault, and A. Tremblay. 2002. Associations between weight loss-induced changes in plasma organochlorine concentrations, serum T(3) concentration, and resting metabolic rate. Toxicological Sciences 67:46–51. doi:10.1093/toxsci/67.1.46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier, C., P. Imbeault, and A. Tremblay. 2003. Energy balance and pollution by organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls. Obesity Reviews 4:17–24. doi:10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00085.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pestana, D., G. Faria, C. Sa, V. C. Fernandes, D. Teixeira, S. Norberto, A. Faria, M. Meireles, C. Marques, L. Correia-Sa, A. Cunha, J. T. Guimaraes, A. Taveira-Gomes, A. C. Santos, V. F. Domingues, C. Delerue-Matos, R. Monteiro, and C. Calhau. 2014. Persistent organic pollutant levels in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese individuals-depot differences and dysmetabolism implications. Environmental Research 133:170–77. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, D. L., J. L. Pirkle, V. W. Burse, J. T. Bernert, Jr., L. O. Henderson, and L. L. Needham. 1989. Chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in human serum: Effects of fasting and feeding. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:495–500. doi:10.1007/BF01055015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier, P., M. A. Cornier, T. Mazzone, S. Stiles, S. Cummings, S. Klein, P. A. McCullough, C. Ren Fielding, and B. A. Franklin. 2011. Bariatric surgery and cardiovascular risk factors: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123:1683–701. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182149099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polder, A., C. Thomsen, G. Lindstrom, K. B. Loken, and J. U. Skaare. 2008. Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from northern and southern Norway. Chemosphere 73:14–23. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta, M. 2006. Persistent organic pollutants and the burden of diabetes. Lancet 368:558–59. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69174-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta, M., M. Jariod, T. Lopez, J. Pumarega, E. Puigdomenech, E. Marco, N. Malats, J. O. Grimalt, and F. X. Real. 2009. Correcting serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds by lipids: Alternatives to the organochlorine/total lipids ratio. Environment International 35:1080–85. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta, M., T. Lopez, M. Gasull, M. Rodriguez-Sanz, M. Gari, J. Pumarega, C. Borrell, and J. O. Grimalt. 2012. Distribution of blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in a representative sample of the population of Barcelona in 2006, and comparison with levels in 2002. Science of the Total Environment 423:151–61. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantakokko, P., V. Mannisto, R. Airaksinen, J. Koponen, M. Viluksela, H. Kiviranta, and J. Pihlajamaki. 2015. Persistent organic pollutants and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbidly obese patients: A cohort study. Environ Health 14:79. doi:10.1186/s12940-015-0066-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rignell-Hydbom, A., L. Rylander, and L. Hagmar. 2007. Exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Human & Experimental Toxicology 26:447–52. doi:10.1177/0960327107076886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogan, W. J., B. C. Gladen, J. D. McKinney, N. Carreras, P. Hardy, J. Thullen, J. Tinglestad, and M. Tully. 1986. Neonatal effects of transplacental exposure to PCBs and DDE. The Journal of Pediatrics 109:335–41. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80397-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubino, F. 2013. From bariatric to metabolic surgery: Definition of a new discipline and implications for clinical practice. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 15:369. doi:10.1007/s11883-013-0369-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander, C., T. M. Sandanger, T. H. Nøst, K. Breivik, and E. Lund. 2015. Combining plasma measurements and mechanistic modeling to explore the effect of POPs on type 2 diabetes mellitus in Norwegian women. Environmental Research 142:365–73. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander, L., E. Wallin, B. A. Jonssson, M. Stridsberg, E. M. Erfurth, and L. Hagmar. 2006. Associations between CB-153 and p,p’-DDE and hormone levels in serum in middle-aged and elderly men. Chemosphere 65:375–81. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehi, F., M. C. Turner, K. P. Phillips, D. T. Wigle, D. Krewski, and K. J. Aronson. 2008. Review of the etiology of breast cancer with special attention to organochlorines as potential endocrine disruptors. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 11:276–300. doi:10.1080/10937400701875923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, K. S., and S. E. Kegley. 2002. Persistent toxic chemicals in the US food supply..” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56:813–17. doi:10.1136/jech.56.11.813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schildkraut, J. M., W. Demark-Wahnefried, E. DeVoto, C. Hughes, J. L. Laseter, and B. Newman. 1999. Environmental contaminants and body fat distribution. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 8:179–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheiner, E., A. Edri, E. Balaban, I. Levi, and B. Aricha-Tamir. 2011. Pregnancy outcome of patients who conceive during or after the first year following bariatric surgery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:50.e1–50.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.08.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaare, J. U., and A. Polder. 1990. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in milk of Norwegian women during lactation. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19:640–45. doi:10.1007/BF01183978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaare, J. U., J. M. Tuveng, and H. A. Sande. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in maternal adipose tissue, blood, milk, and cord blood from mothers and their infants living in Norway. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17:55–63. doi:10.1007/BF01055154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogoy, K., R. Laurini, and E. T. Aasheim. 2009. [Pregnancy shortly after bariatric surgery]. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke 129:534–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stapleton, H. M., and N. G. Dodder. 2008. Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / SETAC 27:306–12. doi:10.1897/07-301R.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, G. A., G. M. Singh, Y. Lu, G. Danaei, J. K. Lin, M. M. Finucane, A. N. Bahalim, R. K. McIntire, H. R. Gutierrez, M. Cowan, C. J. Paciorek, F. Farzadfar, L. Riley, M. Ezzati, & the Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group. 2012. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Population Health Metrics 10:22. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-10-22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thuresson, K., P. Hoglund, L. Hagmar, A. Sjodin, A. Bergman, and K. Jakobsson. 2006. Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 114:176–81. doi:10.1289/ehp.8350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, A., and J. P. Chaput. 2012. Obesity: The allostatic load of weight loss dieting. Physiology & Behavior 106:16–21. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.05.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, A., C. Pelletier, E. Doucet, and P. Imbeault. 2004. Thermogenesis and weight loss in obese individuals: A primary association with organochlorine pollution. International Journal of Obesity 28:936–39. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triunfo, S., and A. Lanzone. 2014. Impact of overweight and obesity on obstetric outcomes. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 37:323–29. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0058-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turyk, M., H. A. Anderson, L. Knobeloch, P. Imm, and V. W. Persky. 2009. Prevalence of diabetes and body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and p,p’-diphenyldichloroethene in Great Lakes sport fish consumers. Chemosphere 75:674–79. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzoma, A., and R. Keriakos. 2013. Pregnancy management following bariatric surgery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 33:109–14. doi:10.3109/01443615.2012.736550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vested, A., A. Giwercman, J. P. Bonde, and G. Toft. 2014. Persistent organic pollutants and male reproductive health. Asian Journal of Andrology 16:71–80. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.122345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizcaino, E., J. O. Grimalt, A. Fernandez-Somoano, and A. Tardon. 2014a. Transport of persistent organic pollutants across the human placenta. Environment International 65:107–15. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizcaino, E., J. O. Grimalt, B. Glomstad, A. Fernandez-Somoano, and A. Tardon. 2014b. Gestational weight gain and exposure of newborns to persistent organic pollutants. Environment Health Perspectives 122:873–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walford, R. L., D. Mock, T. MacCallum, and J. L. Laseter. 1999. Physiologic changes in humans subjected to severe, selective calorie restriction for two years in biosphere 2: Health, aging, and toxicological perspectives. Toxicological Sciences 52:61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R. Y., R. B. Jain, A. F. Wolkin, C. H. Rubin, and L. L. Needham. 2009. Serum concentrations of selected persistent organic pollutants in a sample of pregnant females and changes in their concentrations during gestation. Environmental Health Perspectives 117:1244–49. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. C., K. McPherson, T. Marsh, S. L. Gortmaker, and M. Brown. 2011. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet 378:815–25. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60814-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, H., Y. Zou, A. Li, E. R. Christensen, and K. J. Rockne. 2013. Photolytic debromination pathway of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in hexane by sunlight. Environmental Pollution 174:194–200. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub, A. Y., A. Levy, I. Levi, M. Mazor, A. Wiznitzer, and E. Sheiner. 2008. Effect of bariatric surgery on pregnancy outcome. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 103:246–51. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.07.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, M. S., J. A. Britton, S. L. Teitelbaum, S. Eng, E. Deych, K. Ireland, Z. Liu, A. I. Neugut, R. M. Santella, and M. D. Gammon. 2005. Improving organochlorine biomarker models for cancer research. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 14:2224–36. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Y. Cai, G. Sheng, D. Chen, and J. Fu. 2011. Tissue distribution of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its metabolites in sucking rat pups after prenatal and/or postnatal exposure. Toxicology 283:49–54. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar