2,919
Views
60
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Risk assessment of zinc oxide, a cosmetic ingredient used as a UV filter of sunscreens

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all

References

  • Aamodt, R. L., W. F. Rumble, G. S. Johnston, D. Foster, and R. I. Henkin. 1979. Zinc metabolism in humans after oral and intravenous administration of Zn-69m. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32:559–69.
  • ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 2005. Documentation of the TLV’s and BEI’s with other world wide occupational exposure values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH. 1: 45240–1634.
  • Adamcakova-Dodd, A., L. V. Stebounova, J. S. Kim, S. U. Vorrink, A. P. Ault, P. T. O’Shaughnessy, V. H. Grassian, and P. S. Thorne. 2014. Toxicity assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticles using sub-acute and sub-chronic murine inhalation models. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 11:15. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-11-15.
  • Agren, M. S. 1991. Influence of two vehicles for zinc oxide on zinc absorption through intact skin and wounds. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 71:153–56.
  • Alaraby, M., B. Bnnangi, R. Marcos, and A. Hernandez. 2016. Drosophila melanogaster as a suitable in vivo model to determine potential side effects of nanomaterials: A review. Journal Toxicogical Environment Health B 19:65–104. doi:10.1080/10937404.2016.1166466.
  • Annangi, B., L. Rubio, M. Alaraby, J. Bach, R. Marcos, and A. Hernández. 2016. Acute and long-term in vitro effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Archives of Toxicology 90:2201–13. doi:10.1007/s00204-015-1613-7.
  • Ansari, M. S., W. J. Miller, J. W. Lassiter, M. W. Neathery, and R. P. Gentry. 1975. Effects of high but nontoxic dietary zinc on zinc metabolism and adaptations in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 150:534–36. doi:10.3181/00379727-150-39072.
  • Ansari, M. S., W. J. Miller, M. W. Neathery, J. W. Lassiter, R. P. Gentry, and R. L. Kincaid. 1976. Zinc metabolism and homeostasis in rats fed a wide range of high dietary zinc levels. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 52:192–94. doi:10.3181/00379727-152-39358.
  • Ansari, S. A., M. M. Khan, S. Kalathil, A. Nisar, J. Lee, and M. H. Cho. 2013. Oxygen vacancy induced band gap narrowing of ZnO nanostructures by an electrochemically active biofilm. Nanoscale 5:9238–92346. doi:10.1039/c3nr02678g.
  • Baek, M., H. E. Chung, J. Yu, J. A. Lee, T. H. Kim, J. M. Oh, W. J. Lee, S. M. Paek, J. K. Lee, J. Jeong, J. H. Choy, and S. J. Choi. 2012. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of zinc oxide nanoparticles. International Journal Nanomed 7:3081–97.
  • Baldwin, S., M. R. Odio, S. L. Haines, R. J. O’Connor, J. S. Englehart, and A. T. Lane. 2001. Skin benefits from continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 5 (Suppl. 1):5–11. doi:10.1046/j.0926-9959.2001.00002.x.
  • Becheri, A., M. Dürr, P. Lo Nostro, and P. Baglioni. 2008. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Application to textiles as UV-absorbers. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 10:679–89. doi:10.1007/s11051-007-9318-3.
  • Bingham, E., B. Cohrssen, and C. H. Powell. 2001. Patty’s toxicology volumes 1–9, Vol. 2, 5th ed., 270. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bleavins, M. R., R. J. Aulerich, J. R. Hochstein, T. C. Hornshaw, and A. C. Napolitano. 1983. Effects of excessive dietary zinc on the intrauterine and postnatal development of mink. The Journal of Nutrition 113:2360–67.
  • Blum, J. L., J. R. Edwards, W. C. Prozialeck, J. Q. Xiong, and J. T. Zelikoff. 2015. Effects of maternal exposure to cadmium oxide nanoparticles during pregnancy on maternal and offspring kidney injury markers using a murine model. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 78:711–24. doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.1026622.
  • Braakhuis, H. M., F. R. Cassee, P. H. Fokkens, L. J. De La Fonteyne, A. G. Oomen, P. Krystek, W. H. De Jong, H. Van Loveren, and M. V. Park. 2016. Identification of the appropriate dose metric for pulmonary inflammation of silver nanoparticles in an inhalation toxicity study. Nanotoxicology 10:63–73.
  • Bremmer, H. J., L. C. H. Pruˇıd Homme De Lodder, and J. G. M. Van Engelen 2006a. Cosmetics Fact Sheet to assess the risk for the consumer. Updated version for ConsExpo 4;RIVM report 320104001/2006.
  • Bremmer, H. J., L. C. H. Pruˇıd Homme De Lodder, and J. G. M. Van Engelen 2006b. General Fact Sheet – Limiting conditions and reliability, ventilation, room size, body surface area. Updated version for ConsExpo 4;RIVM report 320104002/2006. http://www.rivm.nl/en/Documents_and_publications/Scientific/Reports/2006/augustus/General_fact_sheet_Limiting_conditions_and_reliability_ventilation_room_size_body_surface_area_Updated_version_for_ConsExpo_4?sp%257C%255Bequals%255D%257Ccml2bXE9ZmFsc2U7c2VhcmNoYmFzZTOONig5MDtyaXZtcT1mYWxzZTs%257C%255Bequals%255D%257C&pagenr%257C%255Bequals%255D%257C4690 ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • Carneiro, H. M. F., and F. Barbosa Jr. 2016. Gold nanoparticles: A critical review of therapeutic applications and toxicological aspects. Journal Toxicogical Environment Health B 19:129–48. doi:10.1080/10937404.2016.1168762.
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2010. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards: Zinc oxide. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0675.html ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • Chang, Y. N., M. Y. Zhang, L. Xia, J. Zhang, and G. M. Xing. 2012. The toxic effects and mechanisms of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles. Materials 5:2850–71. doi:10.3390/ma5122850.
  • Chatterjee, N., J. Yang, H. M. Kim, E. Jo, P. J. Kim, K. Choi, and J. Choi. 2014. Potential toxicity of differential functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in human cell line (BEAS2B) and Caenorhabditis elegans.. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 77:1399–408. doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.951756.
  • Cho, W. S., R. Duffin, C. A. Poland, S. E. M. Howie, W. MacNee, M. Bradley, I. L. Megson, and K. Donaldson. 2010. Metal oxide nanoparticles induce unique inflammatory footprints in the lung: Important implications for nanoparticle testing. Environ Health Persp 118:1699–706. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002201.
  • Cho, W. S., B. C. Kang, J. K. Lee, J. Jeong, J. H. Che, and S. H. Seok. 2013. Comparative absorption, distribution, and excretion of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles after repeated oral administration. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 10:9. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-10-9.
  • Choi, J., H. Kim, P. Kim, E. Jo, H. M. Kim, M. Y. Lee, S. M. Jin, and K. Park. 2015. Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats treated by two different routes: Single intravenous injection and single oral administration. Journal Toxicogical Environment Health A 78:226–43. doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.949949.
  • Choi, S. J., and J. H. Choy. 2014. Biokinetics of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Toxicokinetics, biological fates, and protein interaction. International Journal Nanomed 9 (2):261–69.
  • CIR (Cosmetic ingredient review). 2012. CIR Precedents, Aerosols. http://www.cirsafety.org/sites/default/files/aeroso092012rep_0.pdf ( accessed Febraury 20 2016).
  • Clayton, G. D., and F. E. Clayton. 1981–1982. Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology. Toxicology, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons: 2A, 2B, 2C:2040.
  • Conner, M. W., W. H. Flood, A. E. Rogers, and M. O. Amdur. 1988. Lung injury in guinea pigs caused by multiple exposures to ultrafine zinc oxide: Changes in pulmonary lavage fluid. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 25:57–69. doi:10.1080/15287398809531188.
  • Cross, S. E., B. Innes, M. S. Roberts, T. Tsuzuki, T. A. Robertson, and P. McCormick. 2007. Human skin penetration of sunscreen nanoparticles: In-vitro assessment of a novel micronized zinc oxide formulation. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 20:148–54. doi:10.1159/000098701.
  • CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association). 2005. Calculation of margin of safety. Adult and baby exposures. Washington, DC: Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Assoc.
  • Demir, E., A. Creus, and R. Marcos. 2014. Genotoxicity and DNA repair processes of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 77:1292–303. doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.935540.
  • Deng, X., Q. Luan, W. Chen, Y. Wang, M. Wu, H. Zhang, and Z. Jiao. 2009. Nanosized zinc oxide particles induce neural stem cell apoptosis. Nanotechnology 20:115101. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/20/11/115101.
  • Djurisic, A. B., and Y. H. Leung. 2006. Optical properties of ZnO nanostructures. Small 2:944–61. doi:10.1002/smll.200600134.
  • Dufour, E. K., T. Kumaravel, G. J. Nohynek, D. Kirkland, and H. Toutain. 2006. Clastogenicity, photo-clastogenicity or pseudo-photo-clastogenicity: Genotoxic effects of zinc oxide in the dark, in pre-irradiated or simultaneously irradiated Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutation Research 607:215–24. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.04.015.
  • Durand, L., N. Habran, V. Henschel, and K. Amighi. 2009. In vitro evaluation of the cutaneous penetration of sprayable sunscreen emulsions with high concentrations of UV filters. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 31:279–92. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00498.x.
  • Dussert, A. S., E. Gooris, and J. Hemmerle. 1997. Characterization of the mineral content of a physical sunscreen emulsion and its distribution onto human stratum corneum. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 19:119–29. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.1997.tb00175.x.
  • ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2003. Technical guidance documents in support of The Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances, the Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances, and Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC23785/EUR%2020418%20EN-1.pdf ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2004. European Union Risk Assessment Report. Zinc oxide. http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/cc20582a-d359-4722-8cb6-42f1736dc820 ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • Esmaeillou, M., M. Moharamnejad, R. Hsankhani, A. A. Tehrani, and H. Maadi. 2013. Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in healthy adult mice. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 35:67–71. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2012.11.003.
  • Fan, Z., and J. G. Lu. 2005. Zinc oxide nanostructures: Synthesis and properties. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5:1561–73. doi:10.1166/jnn.2005.182.
  • Filipe, P., J. N. Silva, R. Silva, J. L. Cirne De Castro, M. Marques-Gomes, L. C. Alves, R. Santus, and T. Pinheiro. 2009. Stratum corneum is an effective barrier to TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticle percutaneous absorption. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 22:266–75. doi:10.1159/000235554.
  • Frazzini, V., E. Rockabrand, E. Mocchegiani, and S. L. Sensi. 2006. Oxidative stress and brain aging: Is zinc the link? Biogerontology 7:307–14. doi:10.1007/s10522-006-9045-7.
  • Friberg, L., G. F. Nordberg, E. Kessler, and V. B. Vouk. 1986. Handbook of the toxicology of metals, Vol. II, 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 671.
  • Gamer, A. O., E. Leibold, and B. Van Ravenzwaay. 2006. The in vitro absorption of microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide through porcine skin. Toxicology in Vitro 20:301–07. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2005.08.008.
  • Gao, L., S. T. Yang, S. Li, Y. Meng, H. Wang, and H. Lei. 2013. Acute toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to the rat olfactory system after intranasal instillation. Journal of Applied Toxicology 33:1079–88. doi:10.1002/jat.2842.
  • George, S., S. Pokhrel, T. Xia, B. Gilbert, Z. Ji, M. Schowalter, A. Rosenauer, R. Damoiseaux, K. A. Bradley, L. Madler, and A. E. Nel. 2010. Use of a rapid cytotoxicity screening approach to engineer a safer zinc oxide nanoparticle through iron doping. ACS Nano 4:15–29. doi:10.1021/nn901503q.
  • Gerloff, K., C. Albrecht, A. W. Boots, I. Förster, and R. P. F. Schins. 2009. Cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage by nanoparticles in human intestinal caco-2 cells. Nanotoxicology 3:355–64. doi:10.3109/17435390903276933.
  • Goncalves, D. M., and D. Girard. 2014. Zinc oxide nanoparticles delay human neutrophil apoptosis by a de novo protein synthesis-dependent and reactive oxygen species-independent mechanism. Toxicology in Vitro 28:926–31. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2014.03.002.
  • Gulson, B., M. McCall, M. Korsch, L. Gomez, P. Casey, Y. Oytam, A. Taylor, M. McCulloch, J. Trotter, L. Kinsley, and G. Greenoak. 2010. Small amounts of zinc from zinc oxide particles in sunscreens applied outdoors are absorbed through human skin. Toxicological Sciences 118:140–49. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq243.
  • Hackenberg, S., and N. Kleinsasser. 2012. Dermal toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles: A worrying feature of sunscreen? Nanomedicine 7:461–63. doi:10.2217/nnm.12.23.
  • Hackenberg, S., A. Scherzed, A. Technau, M. Kessler, K. Froelich, C. Ginzkey, C. Koehler, M. Burghartz, R. Hagen, and N. Kleinsasser. 2011. Cytotoxic, genotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in human nasal mucosa cells in vitro. Toxicology in Vitro 25:657–63. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2011.01.003.
  • Hallmans, G. 1977. Treatment of burns with zinc-tape. A study of local absorption of zinc in humans. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 11:155–61. doi:10.3109/02844317709025512.
  • Han, C., M. Q. Yang, B. Weng, and Y. J. Xu. 2014. Improving the photocatalytic activity and anti-photocorrosion of semiconductor ZnO by coupling with versatile carbon. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16:16891–903. doi:10.1039/C4CP02189D.
  • Hanley, C., J. Layne, A. Punnoose, K. Reddy, I. Coombs, A. Coombs, K. Feris, and D. Wingett. 2008. Preferential killing of cancer cells and activated human T cells using ZnO nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 19:295103. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/29/295103.
  • Huang, C. C., R. S. Aronstam, D. R. Chen, and Y. W. Huang. 2010. Oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and altered gene expression in human lung epithelial cells exposed to ZnO nanoparticles. Toxicology in Vitro 24:45–55. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.007.
  • Hynek, J., V. Kalousek, R. Zouzelka, P. Bezdicka, P. Dzik, J. Rathousky, J. Demel, and K. Lang. 2013. High photocatalytic activity of transparent films composed of ZnO nanosheets. Langmuir 30:380–86. doi:10.1021/la404017q.
  • ISO/TR13014. 2012. Nanotechnologies-guidance on physic-chemical characterization of engineered nanoscale materials for toxicologic assessment. International Organization of Standard, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:tr:13014:ed-1:v1:en ( accessed Febraury 20 2016).
  • Jang, J. Y., S. N. Jo, S. Kim, S. J. Kim, and H. K. Cheong. 2007. Korean exposure factors handbook. Seoul, Korea: Ministry of Environment.
  • Jeng, H. A., and J. Swanson. 2006. Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells. Journal Enviro-nment Sciences Health A 49:2699–700. doi:10.1080/10934520600966177.
  • Kang, M., C. H. Lim, and J. H. Han. 2013. Comparison of toxicity and deposition of nano-sized carbon black aerosol prepared with or without dispersing sonication. Toxicogical Researcher 29:121–27. doi:10.5487/TR.2013.29.2.121.
  • Kapur, S., B. Bhussry, S. Rao, and E. Harmuth-Hoene. 1974. Percutaneous uptake of zinc in rabbit skin. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 145:932–37. doi:10.3181/00379727-145-37927.
  • KCII (The Foundation of Korea Cosmetic Industry Institute). 2012. Survey on the concentration of ingredient in domestic cosmetic products. Osan, Korea.
  • Kermanizadeh, A., I. Gosens, L. MacCalman, H. Johnston, P. H. Danielsen, N. R. Jacobsen, A. G. Lenz, T. Fernandes, R. P. Schins, F. R. Cassee, H. Wallin, W. Kreyling, T. Stoeger, S. Loft, P. Møller, L. Tran, and V. Stone. 2016. A multilaboratory toxicological assessment of a panel of 10 engineered nanomaterials to human health–ENPRA project-The highlights, limitations, and current and future challenges. Journal Toxicogical Environment Health B 19:1–28. doi:10.1080/10937404.2015.1126210.
  • Ketcheson, M. R., G. P. Barron, and D. H. Cox. 1969. Relationship of maternal dietary zinc during gestation and lactation to development and zinc, iron and copper content of the postnatal rat. The Journal of Nutrition 98:303–11.
  • Kim, Y. H., K. A. Kwak, T. S. Kim, J. H. Seok, H. S. Roh, J. K. Lee, J. Jeong, E. H. Meang, J. S. Hong, Y. S. Lee, and J. S. Kang. 2015. Retinopathy induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats assessed by micro-computed tomography and histopathology. Toxicogical Researcher 31:157–63. doi:10.5487/TR.2015.31.2.157.
  • Kocbek, P., K. Teskac, M. E. Kreft, and J. Kristl. 2010. Toxicological aspects of long-term treatment of keratinocytes with ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles. Small 6:1908–17. doi:10.1002/smll.201000032.
  • Kozik, M. B., G. Gramza, and M. Pietrzak. 1981. Neurosecretion of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system after intragastric administration of zinc oxide. Folia Histochemistry Cytochem (Krakow) 19:115–22.
  • Kuo, T. R., C. L. Wu, C. T. Hsu, W. Lo, S. J. Chiang, S. J. Lin, C. Y. Dong, and C. C. Chen. 2009. Chemical enhancer induced changes in the mechanisms of transdermal delivery of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 30:3002–08. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.003.
  • Kwon, J. Y., P. Koedrith, and Y. R. Seo. 2014. Current investigations into the genotoxicity of zinc oxide and silica nanoparticles in mammalian models in vitro and in vivo: Carcinogenic/genotoxic potential, relevant mechanisms and biomarkers, artifacts, and limitations. International Journal Nanomed 9 (Suppl 2):271–86.
  • Landsiedel, R., L. Ma-Hock, T. Hofmann, M. Wiemann, V. Strauss, S. Treumann, W. Wohlleben, S. Groters, K. Wiench, and B. Van Ravenzwaay. 2014. Application of short-term inhalation studies to assess the inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 11:16. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-11-16.
  • Landsiedel, R., L. Ma-Hock, B. Van Ravenzwaay, M. Schulz, K. Wiench, S. Champ, S. Schulte, W. Wohlleben, and F. Oesch. 2010. Gene toxicity studies on titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanomaterials used for UV-protection in cosmetic formulations. Nanotoxicology 4:364–81. doi:10.3109/17435390.2010.506694.
  • Lansdown, A. B. 1991. Interspecies variations in response to topical application of selected zinc compounds. Food and Chemical Toxicology 29:57–64. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(91)90063-D.
  • Lansdown, A. B., and A. Taylor. 1997. Zinc and titanium oxides: Promising UV-absorbers but what influence do they have on the intact skin? International Journal of Cosmetic Science 19:167–72. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.1997.tb00180.x.
  • Lee, Y.-G., J. Jeong, J. Raftis, and W. –. S. Cho. 2015. Determination of adsorption affinity of nanoparticles for interleukin-8 secreted from A549 cells by in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 78:185–95. doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.955158.
  • Leiter, U., and C. Garbe. 2008. Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer–the role of sunlight. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 624:89–103.
  • Leite-Silva, V. R., M. L. Lamer, W. Y. Sanchez, D. C. Liu, W. H. Sanchez, I. Morrow, D. Martin, H. D. T. Silva, T. W. Prow, J. E. Grice, and M. S. Roberts. 2013. The effect of formulation on the penetration of coated and uncoated zinc oxide nanoparticles into the viable epidermis of human skin in vivo. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 84:297–308. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.01.020.
  • Leitzmann, M., M. Stampfer, K. Wu, G. Colditz, W. Willett, and E. Giovannucci. 2003. Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95:1004–07. doi:10.1093/jnci/95.13.1004.
  • Lewis, R. J. S. 2000. Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 10th ed. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Li, C. H., C. C. Shen, Y. W. Cheng, S. H. Huang, C. C. Wu, C. C. Kao, J. W. Liao, and J. J. Kang. 2012. Organ biodistribution, clearance, and genotoxicity of orally administered zinc oxide nanoparticles in mice. Nanotoxicology 6:746–56. doi:10.3109/17435390.2011.620717.
  • Lim, C. H., J. H. Han, H. W. Cho, and M. Kang. 2014. Studies on the toxicity and distribution of indium compounds according to particle size in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicogical Researcher 30:55–63. doi:10.5487/TR.2014.30.1.055.
  • Lin, L. L., J. E. Grice, M. K. Butler, A. V. Zvyagin, W. Becker, T. A. Robertson, H. P. Soyer, M. S. Roberts, and T. W. Prow. 2011. Time-correlated single photon counting for simultaneous monitoring of zinc oxide nanoparticles and NAD(P)H in intact and barrier-disrupted volunteer skin. Pharmaceutical Research 28:2920–30. doi:10.1007/s11095-011-0515-5.
  • Liu, J., X. Feng, L. Wei, L. Chen, B. Song, and L. Shao. 2016. The toxicology of ion-shedding zinc oxide nanoparticles. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 46:348–84. doi:10.3109/10408444.2015.1137864.
  • Llobet, J. M., J. L. Domingo, M. T. Colomina, E. Mayayo, and J. Corbella. 1988. Subchronic oral toxicity of zinc in rats. Bulletin Environment Contamination Toxicogical 41:36–43. doi:10.1007/BF01689056.
  • Lu, P. J., W. L. Cheng, S. C. Huang, Y. P. Chen, H. K. Chou, and H. F. Cheng. 2015. Characterizing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen spray. International Journal Cosmetic Sciences 37:620–26. doi:10.1111/ics.12239.
  • Ma, H., L. K. Wallis, S. Diamond, S. Li, J. Canas-Carrell, and A. Parra. 2014. Impact of solar UV radiation on toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles through photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and photo-induced dissolution. Environmental Pollution 193:165–72. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.027.
  • Marrs, T. C., H. F. Colgrave, J. A. Edginton, R. F. Brown, and N. L. Cross. 1988. The repeated dose toxicity of a zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke. Archives of Toxicology 62:123–32. doi:10.1007/BF00570130.
  • Meyer, K., P. Rajanahalli, M. Ahamed, J. J. Rowe, and Y. Hong. 2011. ZnO nanoparticles induce apoptosis in human dermal fibroblasts via p53 and p38 pathways. Toxicology in Vitro 25:1721–26. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2011.08.011.
  • MFDS (The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). 2013. Guideline for risk assessment of cosmetic products. http://www.mfds.go.kr/index.do?mid=689&seq=7116&cmd=v ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • MFDS (The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). 2014. Regulations on safety standards of cosmetics. MFDS;notice 199. http://www.mfds.go.kr/index.do?x=0&searchkey=title:contents&mid=1013&searchword=%C8%AD%C0%E5%C7%B0%20%BE%C8%C0%FC%B1%E2%C1%D8%20%B5%EE%BF%A1%20%B0%FC%C7%D1%20%B1%D4%C1%A4&y=0&division=&pageNo=1&seq=8669&cmd=v ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • Mitchnick, M. A., D. Fairhurst, and S. R. Pinnell. 1999. Microfine zinc oxide (Z-cote) as a photostable UVA/UVB sunblock agent. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 40:85–90. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70532-3.
  • Muller, K. H., J. Kulkarni, M. Motskin, A. Goode, P. Winship, J. N. Skepper, M. P. Ryan, and A. E. Porter. 2010. pH-dependent toxicity of high aspect ratio ZnO nanowires in macrophages due to intracellular dissolution. ACS Nano 4:6767–79. doi:10.1021/nn101192z.
  • Nair, S., A. Sasidharan, V. V. Divya Rani, D. Menon, S. Nair, K. Manzoor, and S. Raina. 2009. Role of size scale of ZnO nanoparticles and microparticles on toxicity toward bacteria and osteoblast cancer cells. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine 20 (Suppl. 1):S235–S241. doi:10.1007/s10856-008-3548-5.
  • Nations, S., M. Long, M. Wages, J. Canas, J. D. Maul, C. Theodorakis, and G. P. Cobb. 2011b. Effects of ZnO nanomaterials on Xenopus laevis growth and development. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 74:203–10. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.018.
  • Nations, S., M. Wages, J. E. Canas, J. Maul, C. Theodorakis, and G. P. Cobb. 2011a. Acute effects of Fe2O3, TiO2, ZnO and CuO nanomaterials on Xenopus laevis.. Chemosphere 83:1053–61. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.061.
  • Nel, A. E., L. Mädler, D. Velegol, T. Xia, E. M. Hoek, P. Somasundaran, F. Klaessig, V. Castranova, and M. Thompson. 2009. Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano–bio interface. Nature Mater 8:543–57. doi:10.1038/nmat2442.
  • Newman, M. D., M. Stotland, and J. I. Ellis. 2009. The safety of nanosized particles in titanium dioxide- and zinc oxide-based sunscreens. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 61:685–92. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.02.051.
  • Nohynek, G. J., and E. K. Dufour. 2012. Nano-sized cosmetic formulations or solid nanoparticles in sunscreens: A risk to human health? Archives of Toxicology 86:1063–75. doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0831-5.
  • Osman, I. F., A. Baumgartner, E. Cemeli, J. N. Fletcher, and D. Anderson. 2010. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in Hep-2 cells. Nanomedicine 5:1193–203. doi:10.2217/nnm.10.52.
  • Osmond, M. J., and M. J. McCall. 2010. Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern sunscreens: An analysis of potential exposure and hazard. Nanotoxicology 4:15–41. doi:10.3109/17435390903502028.
  • Osmond-McLeod, M., Y. Oytam, J. K. Kirby, L. Gomez-Fernandez, B. Baxter, and M. J. McCall. 2014. Dermal absorption and short-term biological impact in hairless mice from sunscreens containing zinc oxide nano- or larger particles. Nanotoxicology 8 (S1):72–84. doi:10.3109/17435390.2013.855832.
  • Paek, H. J., Y. J. Lee, H. E. Chung, N. H. Yoo, J. A. Lee, M. K. Kim, J. K. Lee, J. Jeong, and S. J. Choi. 2013. Modulation of the pharmacokinetics of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their fates in vivo. Nanoscale 5:11416–27. doi:10.1039/c3nr02140h.
  • Pal, N., and B. Pal. 1987. Zinc feeding and conception in the rats. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 57:437–40.
  • Pan, X., J. E. Redding, P. A. Wiley, L. Wen, J. S. McConnell, and B. Zhang. 2010. Mutagenicity evaluation of metal oxide nanoparticles by the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Chemosphere 79:113–16. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.056.
  • Pinnell, S., D. Fairhurst, R. Gillies, M. Mitchnick, and N. Kollias. 2000. Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide. Dermatologic Surgery 26:309–14. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2000.99237.x.
  • Pirot, F., J. Millet, Y. N. Kalia, and P. Humbert. 1996. In vitro study of percutaneous absorption, cutaneous bioavailability and bioequivalence of zinc and copper from five topical formulations. Skin Pharmacology 9:259–69. doi:10.1159/000211423.
  • Popov, A. P., M. Y. Kirillin, A. V. Priezzhev, J. Lademann, J. Hast, and R. Myllylä. 2005a. Optical sensing of titanium dioxide nanoparticles within horny layer of human skin and their protecting effect against solar UV radiation. SPIE Proceedings 5702:113–22.
  • Popov, A. P., A. V. Priezzhev, J. Lademann, and R. Myllylä. 2005b. TiO2 nanoparticles as an effective UV-B radiation skin-protective compound in sunscreens. Journal Physical D 38:2564–70. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/38/15/006.
  • Roberts, J. R., W. McKinney, H. Kan, K. Krajnak, D. G. Frazer, T. A. Thomas, S. Waugh, A. Kenyon, R. I. MacCuspie, V. A. Hackley, and V. Castranova. 2013. Pulmonary and cardiovascular responses of rats to inhalation of silver nanoparticles. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 76:651–68. doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.792024.
  • Rothe, H., R. Fautz, E. Gerber, L. Neumann, K. Rettinger, W. Schuh, and C. Gronewold. 2011. Special aspects of cosmetic spray safety evaluations: Principles on inhalation risk assessment. Toxicology Letters 205:97–104. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1038.
  • Sahu, D., G. M. Kannan, and R. Vijayaraghavan. 2014. Size-dependent effect of zinc oxide on toxicity and inflammatory potential of human monocytes. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 77:177–91. doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.853224.
  • Samanta, K., and B. Pal. 1986. Zinc feeding and fertility of male rats. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 56:105–08.
  • Saptarshi, S. R., A. Duschl, and A. L. Lopata. 2015. Biological reactivity of zinc oxide nanoparticles with mammalian test systems: An overview. Nanomedicine 10:2075–92. doi:10.2217/nnm.15.44.
  • Sayes, C. M., K. L. Reed, and D. B. Warheit. 2007. Assessing toxicity of fine and nanoparticles: Comparing in vitro measurements to in vivo pulmonary toxicity profiles. Toxicological Sciences 97:163–80. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm018.
  • SCCNFP (Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products). 2003. Opinion concerning zinc oxide. SCCNFP/0649/03 1-31. http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/documents/out222_en.pdf ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). 2012a. The SCCS’s notes of guidance for the testing of cosmetic substances and their safety evaluation 8th revision http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_s_006.pdf ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). 2012b. Opinion on zinc oxide (nano form) Colipa S76. http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_103.pdf ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • Scott, D., S. M. Galloway, R. R. Marshall, M. Ishidate, D. Brusick, J. Ashby, and B.C. Myhr. 1991. Genotoxicity under extreme culture conditions, report from ICPEMC task group9. Mutation Research 257:147–204.
  • Schiffer, R. B., F. W. Sunderman, R. B. J. Baggs, and J. A. Moynihan. 1991. The effects of exposure to dietary nickel and zinc upon humoral and cellular immunity in SJL mice. Journal of Neuroimmunology 34:229–39. doi:10.1016/0165-5728(91)90134-S.
  • Schlicker, S. A., and D. H. Cox. 1968. Maternal dietary zinc, and development and zinc, iron, and copper content of the rat fetus. The Journal of Nutrition 95:287–94.
  • Seok, S. H., W. S. Cho, J. S. Park, Y. Na, A. Jang, H. Kim, Y. Cho, T. Kim, J. R. You, S. Ko, B. C. Kang, J. K. Lee, J. Jeong, and J. H. Che. 2013. Rat pancreatitis produced by 13-week administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Biopersistence of nanoparticles and possible solutions. Journal of Applied Toxicology 33:1089–96. doi:10.1002/jat.2862.
  • Sharma, V., R. K. Shukla, N. Saxena, D. Parmar, M. Das, and A. Dhawan. 2009. DNA damaging potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles in human epidermal cells. Toxicology Letters 185:211–18. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.01.008.
  • Sharma, V., P. Singh, A. K. Pandey, and A. Dhawan. 2012. Induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse liver after sub-acute oral exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles. Mutation Research 745:84–91. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.009.
  • Sheline, C. T., M. M. Behrens, and D. W. Choi. 2000. Zinc-induced cortical neuronal death: Contribution of energy failure attributable to loss of NAD(+) and inhibition of glycolysis. The Journal of Neuroscience 20:3139–46.
  • Shi, L. E., Z. H. Li, W. Zheng, Y. F. Zhao, Y. F. Jin, and Z. X. Tang. 2014. Synthesis, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and food applications of ZnO nanoparticles: A review. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment 31:173–86. doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.865147.
  • Shim, K. H., K. H. Jeong, S. O. Bae, M. O. Kang, E. H. Maeng, C. S. Choi, Y. R. Kim, J. Hulme, E. K. Lee, M. K. Kim, and S. S. An. 2014. Assessment of ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticle permeability through and toxicity to the blood-brain barrier using Evans blue and TEM. International Journal of Nanomedicine 9 (2):225–33.
  • Shrivastava, R., S. Raza, A. Yadav, P. Kushwaha, and S. J. Floram. 2014. Effects of sub-acute exposure to TiO2, ZnO and Al2O3 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histological changes in mouse liver and brain. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 37:336–47. doi:10.3109/01480545.2013.866134.
  • Siddiquey, I. A., T. Furusawa, M. Sato, N. M. Bahadur, M. M. Alam, and N. Suzuki. 2012. Sonochemical synthesis, photocatalytic activity and optical properties of silica coated ZnO nanoparticles. Ultrasonic Sonochem 19:750–55. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.12.011.
  • Silva, R. M., C. Teesy, L. Franzi, A. Weir, P. Westerhoff, J. E. Evans, and K. E. Pinkerton. 2013. Biological response to nano-scale titanium dioxide (TiO2): Role of particle dose, shape, and retention. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 76:953–72. doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.826567.
  • Singh, G., P. K. Babele, A. Kumar, A. Srivastava, R. P. Sinha, and M. B. Tyagi. 2014. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the cell extract of the cyanobacterium, Anabaena strain L31 and its conjugation with UV-B absorbing compound shinorine. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B 138:55–62. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.030.
  • Singh, S., and H. S. Nalwa. 2007. Nanotechnology and health safety-toxicity and risk assessments of nanostructured materials on human health. Journal Nanoscience Nanotechnology 7:3048–70. doi:10.1166/jnn.2007.922.
  • Smijs, T. G., and S. Pavel. 2011. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: Focus on their safety and effectiveness. Nanotechnology, Science and Applications 13:95–112. doi:10.2147/NSA.S19419.
  • Smith, B. L., and P. P. Embling. 1993. Sequential changes in the development of the pancreatic lesion of zinc toxicosis in sheep. Veterinary Pathology 30:242–47. doi:10.1177/030098589303000304.
  • Song, W., J. Zhang, J. Guo, J. Zhang, F. Ding, L. Li, and Z. Sun. 2010. Role of the dissolved zinc ion and reactive oxygen species in cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Toxicology Letters 199:389–97. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.10.003.
  • Sruthi, S., and P. V. Mohanan. 2016. Engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles; biological interactions at the organ level. Current Medicinal Chemistry 23:4057–68. doi:10.2174/0929867323666160607224628.
  • Stern, S. T., and S. E. McNeil. 2008. Nanotechnology safety concerns revisited. Toxicological Sciences 101:4–21. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm169.
  • Straube, E. F., N. H. Schuster, and A. J. Sinclair. 1980. Zinc toxicity in the ferret. Journal of Comparative Pathology 90:355–61. doi:10.1016/0021-9975(80)90003-1.
  • Sturniolo, G. C., M. C. Montino, L. Rossetto, A. Martin, R. D’Inca, A. D’Odorico, and R. Naccarato. 1991. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion reduces zinc absorption in man. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 10:372–75. doi:10.1080/07315724.1991.10718165.
  • U.S. EPA (U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency). 2005a. Toxicological review of zinc and compounds; EPA/635/R-05/002:1-71. http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0426tr.pdf ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • U.S. EPA (U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency). 2005b. Zinc and Compounds (CASRN 7440-66-6) [online]. Cited December 22 2012. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0426.htm ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • Vandebriel, R. J., and W. H. De Jong. 2012. A review of mammalian toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, Science and Applications 5:61–71. doi:10.2147/NSA.S23932.
  • Wahab, R., N. K. Kaushik, A. K. Verma, A. Mishra, I. H. Hwang, Y. B. Yang, H. S. Shin, and Y. S. Kim. 2011. Fabrication and growth mechanism of ZnO nanostructures and their cytotoxic effect on human brain tumor U87, cervical cancer HeLa, and normal HEK cells. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 16:431–42. doi:10.1007/s00775-010-0740-0.
  • Wahie, S., J. J. Lloyd, and P. M. Farr. 2007. Sunscreen ingredients and labelling: A survey of products available in the UK. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 32:359–64. doi:10.1111/ced.2007.32.issue-4.
  • Walters, M., and F. J. C. Roe. 1965. A study of the effects of zinc and tin administered orally to mice over a prolonged period. Food Cosmetic Toxicogical FJ 3:271–76. doi:10.1016/S0015-6264(65)80084-0.
  • Wang, B., W. Feng, M. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Gu, M. Zhu, H. Ouyang, J. Shi, F. Zhang, and Y. Zhao. 2008. Acute toxicological impact of nano-and submicro-scaled zinc oxide powder on healthy adult mice. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 10:263–76. doi:10.1007/s11051-007-9245-3.
  • Wang, B., W. Y. Feng, T. C. Wang, G. Jia, M. Wang, J. W. Shi, F. Zhang, Y. L. Zhao, and Z. F. Chai. 2006. Acute toxicity of nano- and micro-scale zinc powder in healthy adult mice. Toxicology Letters 161:115–23. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.08.007.
  • Wang, B., Y. Y. Zhang, Z. W. Mao, D. H. Yu, and C. Y. Gao. 2014b. Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to macrophages due to cell uptake and intracellular release of zinc ions. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 14:5688–96. doi:10.1166/jnn.2014.8876.
  • Wang, J., X. Deng, F. Zhang, D. Chen, and W. Ding. 2014a. ZnO nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress triggers apoptosis by activating JNK signaling pathway in cultured primary astrocytes. Nanoscale Research Letters 9:117. doi:10.1186/1556-276X-9-117.
  • Wang, J., Z. Wang, B. Huang, Y. Ma, Y. Liu, X. Qin, X. Zhang, and Y. Dai. 2012. Oxygen vacancy induced band-gap narrowing and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of ZnO. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4:4024–30. doi:10.1021/am300835p.
  • Wang, L., L. Wang, W. Ding, and F. Zhang. 2010. Acute toxicity of ferric oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 10:8617–24. doi:10.1166/jnn.2010.2483.
  • Wang, M. M., Y. C. Wang, X. N. Wang, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, Q. Huang, S. P. Chen, T. K. Hei, L. J. Wu, and A. Xu. 2015. Mutagenicity of ZnO nanoparticles in mammalian cells: Role of physicochemical transformations under the aging process. Nanotoxicology 13:1–11.
  • Warheit, D. B., C. M. Sayes, and K. L. Reed. 2009. Nanoscale and fine zinc oxide particles: Can in vitro assays accurately forecast lung hazards following inhalation exposures? Environmental Science & Technology 43:7939–45. doi:10.1021/es901453p.
  • WHO (World Health Organization). 2001. Environmental health criteria 221; zinc. Geneva, Switzerland: International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ehc/who_ehc_221.pdf ( accessed Febraury 20, 2016).
  • Win-Shwe, T. T., and H. Fujimaki. 2011. Nanoparticles and neurotoxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12:6267–80. doi:10.3390/ijms12096267.
  • Xia, T., M. Kovochich, M. Liong, L. Madler, B. Gilbert, H. Shi, J. I. Yeh, J. I. Zink, and A. E. Nel. 2008. Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties. ACS Nano 2:2121–34. doi:10.1021/nn800511k.
  • Yadav, A., V. Prasad, A. Kathe, S. Raj, D. Yadav, C. Sundaramoorthy, and N. Vigneshwaran. 2006. Functional finishing in cotton fabrics using zinc oxide nanoparticles. Bulletin Materials Sciences 29:641–45. doi:10.1007/s12034-006-0017-y.
  • Yazdi, A. S., G. Guarda, N. Riteau, S. K. Drexler, A. Tardivel, I. Couillin, and J. Tschopp. 2010. Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonary inflammation through release of IL-1α and IL-1β. Proceedings National Academic Sciences 107:19449–54. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008155107.
  • Yin, H., P. S. Casey, M. J. McCall, and M. Fenech. 2010. Effects of surface chemistry on cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by ZnO nanoparticles. Langmuir 26:15399–408. doi:10.1021/la101033n.
  • Yoshida, R., D. Kitamura, and S. Maenosono. 2009. Mutagenicity of water-soluble ZnO nanoparticles in Ames test. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 34:119–22. doi:10.2131/jts.34.119.
  • Zeng, X., J. Yang, L. Shi, L. Li, and M. Gao. 2014. Synthesis of multi-shelled ZnO hollow microspheres and their improved photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale Research Letters 9:468.
  • Zheng, Y., C. Chen, Y. Zhan, X. Lin, Q. Zheng, K. Wei, J. Zhu, and Y. Zhu. 2007. Luminescence and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanocrystals: Correlation between structure and property. Inorganic Chemistry 46:6675–82. doi:10.1021/ic062394m.
  • Zvyagin, A. V., X. Zhao, A. Gierden, W. Sanchez, J. A. Ross, and M. S. Roberts. 2008. Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biomedical Optics 13:064031. doi:10.1117/1.3041492.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.