Spatiotemporal distribution of urban walking tourists by season using GPS-based smartphone application

References

• Allaire, G. (1998). Medieval Italian pilgrims to Santiago de compostela: New literary evidence. Journal of Medieval History, 24(2), 177–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Widyan, F., Al-Ani, A., Kirchner, N., & Zeibots, M. (2017). An effort-based evaluation of pedestrian route choice. Scientific Research and Essays, 12(4), 42–50.
   Google Scholar
• Antonini, G., Bierlaire, M., & Weber, M. (2006). Discrete choice models of pedestrian walking behavior. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 40(8), 667–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asakura, Y., & Iryo, T. (2007). Analysis of tourist behaviour based on the tracking data collected using a mobile communication instrument. Transportation Research Part A, 41(7), 684–690.
   Google Scholar
• Blue, V. J., & Adler, J. L. (2001). Cellular automata microsimulation for modeling bi-directional pedestrian walkways. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 35(3), 293–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgers, A. W. J., Smeets, I. M. E., Kemperman, A. D. A. M., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2006). Simulation of micro pedestrian behaviour in shopping streets. In J. P. H. Van Leeuwen & J. P. Timmermans (Eds.), Progress in design & decision support systems (pp. 101–116). Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Borgers, A. W. J., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (1986). A model of pedestrian route choice and demand for retail facilities within inner-city shopping areas. Geographical Analysis, 18(2), 115–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgers, A. W. J., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2005). Modelling pedestrian behaviour in downtown shopping areas. Proceedings the 10th international conference on computers in urban planning and urban management, London.
   Google Scholar
• Bovy, P. H. L., & Stern, E. (1990). Route choice: Wayfinding in transport networks. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Breejen, L. D. (2007). The experiences of long distance walking: A case study of the west highland way in scotland. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1417–1427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruwer, J. (2003). South African wine routes: Some perspectives on the wine tourism industry’s structural dimensions and wine tourism product. Tourism Management, 24(4), 423–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and climate change: A review. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(5), 354–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhetri, P., Arrowsmith, C., & Jackson, M. (2004). Determining hiking experiences in nature-based tourist destinations. Tourism Management, 25(1), 31–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhetri, P., & Arrowsmith, C. (2014). Developing a spatial model of probable hiking experiences through natural landscapes. Cartography, 31(2), 87–102.
   Google Scholar
• Coble, T. G., Selin, S. W., & Erickson, B. B. (2003). Hiking alone: Understanding fear, negotiation strategies and leisure experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, S. Q., Carmichael, B., & Doherty, S. (2014). The inca trail experience: Does the journey matter?. Annals of Tourism Research, 45(1), 152–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delso, J., Martín, B., Ortega, E., & Otero, I. (2017). A model for assessing pedestrian corridors. Application to Vitoria-Gasteiz city (Spain). Sustainability, 9(3), 434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, J. E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N., & Norgate, S. (2014). Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(1), 84–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, J., Jessurun, A. J., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2002). Simulating pedestrian activity scheduling behavior and movement patterns using a multi-agent cellular automata model: The Amanda model system. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Ettema, D., Borgers, A., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (1993). Simulation model of activity scheduling behavior. Transportation Research Record, 1413, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, J. (2012). Walking the neighbourhood, seeing the small details of community life: Reflections from a photography walking tour. Critical Social Policy, 32(1), 31–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatrell, A. C. (2013). Therapeutic mobilities: Walking and ‘steps’ to wellbeing and health. Health & Place, 22, 98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Ramiro, A., Gonçalves, G., Sánchez-Ríos, A., & Jeong, J. S. (2016). Using a VGI and GIS-based multicriteria approach for assessing the potential of rural tourism in Extremadura (Spain). Sustainability, 8(11), 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyimóthy, S., & Mykletun, R. (2004). Play in adventure tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 855–878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haklay, M., O’Sullivan, D., Thurstain-Goodwin, M., & Schelhorn, T. (2001). “So Go downtown”: simulating pedestrian movement in town centres. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28, 343–359.
   Google Scholar
• Harder, H., Bro, P., Tradisauskas, N., & Nielsen, T. S. (2008). Tracking visitors in public parks experiences with GPS in Denmark. Urbanism on Track: Application of Tracking Technologies in Urbanism, 1, 63–74.
   Google Scholar
• Helbing, D., Molnár, P., Farkas, I. J., & Bolay, K. (2001). Self-organizing pedestrian movement. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28, 361–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, M. R. (1982). Spatial structure and decision-making of pedestrian route selection through An urban environment (Ph.D. dissertation). Department of Geography, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
   Google Scholar
• Hoogendoorn, S. P., & Bovy, P. H. (2004). Pedestrian route-choice and activity scheduling theory and models. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 38(2), 169–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogendoorn, S. P., & Bovy, P. H. (2005). Pedestrian travel behavior modeling. Networks and Spatial Economics, 5(2), 193–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, R. L. (2002). A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 36(6), 507–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, R. L. (2003). The flow of human crowds. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 35, 169–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynes, S., Buckley, C., & Van Rensburg, T. (2007). Recreational pursuits on marginal farm land: A discrete-choice model of Irish farm commonage recreation. Economic and Social Review, 38(1), 63.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, H., van Rensburg, T. M., & Jeserich, N. (2016). Determinants of demand for recreational walking trails in Ireland. Tourism Management, 52, 173–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemperman, A. D., Borgers, A. W., Oppewal, H., & Timmermans, H. J. (2000). Consumer choice of theme parks: A conjoint choice model of seasonality effects and variety seeking behavior. Leisure Sciences, 22(1), 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Lee, S., Uysal, M., Kim, J., & Ahn, K. (2015). Nature-based tourism: Motivation and subjective well-being. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(sub. 1), S76–S96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Yang, S. (2017). Neighborhood walking and social capital: The correlation between walking experience and individual perception of social capital. Sustainability, 9(5), 680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koc, E., & Altinay, G. (2007). An analysis of seasonality in monthly per person tourist spending in Turkish inbound tourism from a market segmentation perspective. Tourism Management, 28(1), 227–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krizek, K. J., Handy, S. L., & Forsyth, A. (2009). Explaining changes in walking and bicycling behavior: Challenges for transportation research. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 36(4), 725–740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C., & Moudon, A. V. (2004). Physical activity and environment research in the health field: Implications for urban and transportation planning practice and research. Journal of Planning Literature, 19(2), 147–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litman, T. (2003). Economic value of walkability. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1828, 3–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C., Susilo, Y. O., & Karlström, A. (2017). Weather variability and travel behaviour–what we know and what we do not know. Transport Reviews, 37(6), 715–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luberichs, J., & Wachowiak, H. (2010). GIS supported segmentation study of visitors to Majorca Island. Advanced In Hospitality And Leisure, 6, 135–166.
   Google Scholar
• Mangham, C., & Viscount, P. W. (1997). Along the boardwalk: Effects of a boardwalk on walking behaviour within a Nova Scotia community. Canadian Journal of Public Hearth, 88(5), 324–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKercher, B., Shoval, N., Ng, E., & Birenboim, A. (2012). First and repeat visitor behaviour: GPS tracking and GIS analysis in Hong Kong. Tourism Geographies, 14(1), 147–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midmore, P. (2000). The economic value of walking in Wales: An independent report produced for the ramblers’ association in Wales. Wrexham: Ramblers’ Association.
   Google Scholar
• Mill, R. C., & Morrison, A. M. (1985). The tourism system. An introductory text. London: Prentice-Hall International.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, M., & Graham, B. (1997). Exploring the dialectics of route-based tourism: The camino de santiago. Tourism Management, 18(8), 513–524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmori, N., Nakazato, M., & Harata, N. (2005). GPS mobile phone-based activity diary survey. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 5, 1104–1115.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson, R., & Zillinger, M. (2011). Time and space in event behaviour: Tracking visitors by GPS. Tourism Geographies, 13(1), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raun, J., Ahas, R., & Tiru, M. (2016). Measuring tourism destinations using mobile tracking data. Tourism Management, 57, 202–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raybould, M., Mules, T., Fredline, E., & Tomljenovic, R. (2000). Counting the herd: Using aerial photography to estimate attendance at open events. Event Management, 6(1), 25–32.
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, B., & Jay, G. (1999). Commentary-local agenda 21 and community participation in tourism policy and planning: Future or fallacy by Jackson and Morpeth. Current Issues in Tourism, 2(1), 39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Roberson Jr, D. N., & Babic, V. (2009). Remedy for modernity: Experiences of walkers and hikers on medvednica mountain. Leisure Studies, 28(1), 105–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root, G. S., & Recker, W. W. (1981). Toward a dynamic model of individual activity pattern formulation. Irvine: Institute of Transportation Studies and School of Engineering, University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Seneviratne, P. N., & Morrall, J. F. (1985). Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians. Transportation Planning and Technology, 10(2), 147–159.
   Google Scholar
• Shoval, N. (2008). Tracking technologies and urban analysis. Cities, 25, 21–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoval, N., & Isaacson, M. (2007). Tracking tourists in the digital age. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 141–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoval, N., McKercher, B., Ng, E., & Birenboim, A. (2011). Hotel location and tourist activity in cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1594–1612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, B. W. (1986). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, W. W., Li, X. R., Pan, B., Witte, M., & Doherty, S. T. (2015). Tracking destination image across the trip experience with smartphone technology. Tourism Management, 48, 113–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, A. A., de Vries, B., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2006). Using a stereo panoramic interactive navigation system to measure pedestrian activity scheduling behaviour: A test of validity. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33(4), 541–557.
   Google Scholar
• Teklenburg, J. A. F., Timmermans, H. J. P., & Van Wagenberg, A. F. (1993). Space syntax: Standardised integration measures and some simulations. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 20(3), 347–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, P., Williams, A., & Shaw, G. (1997). Revisiting time—space diaries: An exploratory case study of tourist behaviour in cornwall, england. Environment and Planning A, 29, 1847–1867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tournier, I., Dommes, A., & Cavallo, V. (2016). Review of safety and mobility issues among older pedestrians. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 91, 24–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Knaap, W. G. M. (1999). Research report: GIS-oriented analysis of tourist time-space patterns to support sustainable tourism development. Tourism Geographies, 1(1), 56–69.
   Google Scholar
• Vargas-Sánchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N., & de los Ángeles Plaza-Mejía, M. (2014). Residents’ attitude to tourism and seasonality. Journal of Travel Research, 53(5), 581–596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Lo, S., Wang, Q., Sun, J., & Mu, H. (2013). Risk of large-scale evacuation based on the effectiveness of rescue strategies under different crowd densities. Risk Analysis, 33(8), 1553–1563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, R., & Mota, J. C. (2012). Low carbon tourism travel: Cycling, walking and trails. Tourism Planning & Development, 9(1), 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, L., Frank, L. D., & Giles-Corti, B. (2010). Sense of community and its relationship with walking and neighborhood design. Social Science & Medicine, 70(9), 1381–1390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, J., Zeephongsekul, P., & Arrowsmith, C. (2009). Modelling spatio-temporal movement of tourists using finite Markov chains. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 79, 1544–1553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun, H. J., & Park, M. H. (2015). Time-space movement of festival visitors in rural areas using a smart phone application. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(11), 1246–1265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, W., Huang, X., & Li, Y. (2017). Understanding the tourist mobility using GPS: Where is the next place? Tourism Management, 59, 267–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, M., Mai, T., & Frejinger, E. (2017). Bike route choice modeling using GPS data without choice sets of paths. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 75, 183–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar