References
- Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
- Ap, J., & Wong, K. K. F. (2001). Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Management, 22(5), 551–563. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00013-9
- Blau, G. (2003). Testing for a four-dimensional structure of occupational commitment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(4), 469–488. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/096317903322591596
- Bonn, M. A., & Forbringer, L. R. (1992). Reducing turnover in the hospitality industry: An overview of recruitment, selection and retention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 11(1), 47–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(92)90035-T
- Cetin, G., & Yarcan, S. (2017). The professional relationship between tour guides and tour operators. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(4), 345–357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1330844
- Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(1), 5–29.
- Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 236–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390
- Dahles, H. (2002). The politics of tour guiding: Image Management in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 783–800. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00083-4
- Decrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism Management, 20(1), 157–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00102-2
- DSEC. (2019). Statistical information system of Macao. Retrieved December 1, 2020. https://www.dsec.gov.mo, accessed on
- Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2005). The interview: From neutral stance to political involvement. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 695–727). Sage Publications Ltd.
- Hjalager, A. M., & Andersen, S. (2001). Tourism employment: Contingent work or professional career? Employee Relations, 23(2), 115–129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450110384165
- Huang, S., Hsu, C., & Chan, A. (2010). Tour guide performance and tourist satisfaction: A study of the package tours in shanghai. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 34(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009349815
- Ineson, E. M., Benke, E., & Laszlo, J. (2013). Employee loyalty in Hungarian hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 31–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.001
- Jiang, B., & Tribe, J. (2009). ‘Tourism jobs-short lived professions': Student attitudes towards tourism careers in China. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education (Pre-2012), 8(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3794/johlste.81.168
- Kong, H., Jiang, X., Chan, W., & Zhou, X. (2018). Job satisfaction research in the field of hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(5), 2178–2194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2016-0525
- Lacey, A., & Luff, D. (2001). Qualitative data analysis (pp. 320–357). Trent focus.
- Macaodaily. (2021). Retrieved March 3, 2021. www.macaodaily.com/html/2021-02/18/content_1496440.htm
- Mak, A. H. N., Wong, K. K. F., & Chang, R. C. Y. (2010). Factors affecting the service quality of the tour guiding profession in Macau. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(3), 205–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.746
- Mead, G. H. (1967). Mind, self, & society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist (Vol. One). The University of Chicago Press.
- Meyer, J. P., Stanley, L. J., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2012). Employee commitment in context: The nature and implication of commitment profiles. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.07.002
- MGTO. (2021). Macao Tourism Industry Network News. Retrieved March 1, 2021. https://industry.macaotourism.gov.mo/cn/index.php
- Milman, A. (2003). Hourly employee retention in small and medium attractions: The central florida example. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(02)00033-6
- Moscardo, G. (1996). Mindful visitors: Heritage and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 376–397. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00068-2
- Nuryanti, W. (1996). Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 249–260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00062-3
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed). Sage.
- Pond, K. (1993). The professional guide: Dynamics of tour guiding. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- Pretes, M. (2003). Tourism and nationalism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00035-X
- Weiler, B., & Ham, S. (2002). Tour guide training: A model for Sustainable capacity building in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667152
- Weiler, B., & Kim, A. K. (2011). Tour guides as agents of sustainability: Rhetoric, reality and implications for research. Tourism Recreation Research, 36(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2011.11081313
- Wong, C. U. I. (2013). The sanitization of colonial history: Authenticity, heritage interpretation and the case of Macau's tour guides. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 915–931. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.790390
- Wong, C. U. I., & McKercher, B. (2012). Day tour itineraries: Searching for the balance between commercial needs and experiential desires. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1360–1372. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.12.019
- Yang, J. T., Wan, C. S., & Fu, Y. J. (2012). Qualitative examination of employee turnover and retention strategies in international tourist hotels in Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 837–848. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.10.001
- Yao, T., Qiu, Q., & Wei, Y. (2019). Retaining hotel employees as internal customers: Effect of organizational commitment on attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.018
- Yetgin, D., & Benligiray, S. (2019). The effect of economic anxiety and occupational burnout levels of tour guides on their occupational commitment. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(4), 333–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1564681
- Zhang, H. Q., & Chow, I. (2004). Application of importance – performance model in tour guides' performance: Evidence from mainland Chinese outbound visitors in Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 25, 81–91.
- Zhang, H. Q., Heung, V. C. S., & Yan, Y. Q. (2009). Play or not to play – an analysis of the mechanism of the zero-commission Chinese outbound tours through a game theory approach. Tourism Management, 25(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00064-5