Metaverse and regenerative tourism: the role of avatars in promoting sustainable practices

References

• Ajoon, E., & Rao, Y. (2020). A study on consciousness of young travelers towards regenerative tourism: With reference to Puducherry. Journal of Tourism Economics and Applied Research, 4(1), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2023a). Hallstatt: Austrian town protests against mass tourism. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66634889
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2023b). ‘You’re kind of raised to hate tourists’: Maui fires fan tensions on Hawaiian island. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66507019
   Google Scholar
• Becken, S., & Kaur, J. (2022). Anchoring “tourism value” within a regenerative tourism paradigm–a government perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(1), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1990305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellato, L., & Pollock, A. (2023). Regenerative tourism: A state-of-the-art review. Tourism Geographies, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2023.2294366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogardus, E. (1992). Social distance and its origins. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9(2), 216–226.
   Google Scholar
• Brouwer, R., Brander, L., & Van Beukering, P. (2008). “A convenient truth”: Air travel passengers’ willingness to pay to offset their CO2 emissions. Climatic Change, 90(3), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9414-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhalis, D., Leung, D., & Lin, M. (2023). Metaverse as a disruptive technology revolutionising tourism management and marketing. Tourism Management, 97, 104724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, S. (2020). Customers’ intention to use robot-serviced restaurants in Korea: Relationship of coolness and MCI factors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(9), 2947–2968. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2020-0046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, C., Lee, J., Wang, C., & Chen, G. (2010). Improving the authentic learning experience by integrating robots into the mixed-reality environment. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1572–1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.06.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, D., & Stone, S. (2010). Measurement of outcomes in virtual environments. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 12(6), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422310394792
   Google Scholar
• Chin, W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295–336.
   Google Scholar
• Constantin, C., Ispas, A., & Candrea, A. (2013). Identifying tourists interested in eco-certified accommodation units from Brasov, Romania. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 1(3), 521–542.
   Google Scholar
• de Brito Silva, M. J., de Oliveira Ramos Delfino, L., Alves Cerqueira, K., & de Oliveira Campos, P. (2022). Avatar marketing: A study on the engagement and authenticity of virtual influencers on Instagram. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 12(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00966-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E., & Ryan, R.. (2012). Self-determination theory. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, 1(20), 416–437. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n21
   Google Scholar
• Dolnicar, S. (2006). Nature-conserving tourists: The need for a broader perspective. Anatolia, 17(2), 235–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2006.9687188
   Google Scholar
• Du, H., Ma, B., Niyato, D., Kang, J., Xiong, Z., & Yang, Z. (2023). Rethinking quality of experience for metaverse services: A consumer-based economics perspective. IEEE Network, 37(6), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.131.2200503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duxbury, N., Bakas, F., Vinagre de Castro, T., & Silva, S. (2021). Creative tourism development models towards sustainable and regenerative tourism. Sustainability, 13(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, B., & Twining-Ward, L. (2004). Reconceptualizing tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 274–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauzi, M., Han, H., Hanafiah, M., & Bakar, N. (2023). Pro-environmental behavior in tourism and hospitality: Science mapping of present and future trends. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(8), 712–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2293009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Font, X. (2002). Environmental certification in tourism and hospitality: Progress, process and prospects. Tourism Management, 23(3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00084-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornerino, M., Helme-Guizon, A., & Gotteland, D. (2008). Movie consumption experience and immersion: Impact on satisfaction. Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition), 23(3), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/205157070802300306
   Google Scholar
• Gilal, F., Chandani, K., Gilal, R., Gilal, N., Gilal, W., & Channa, N. (2020). Towards a new model for green consumer behaviour: A self-determination theory perspective. Sustainable Development, 28(4), 711–722. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, D., Fiske, S., & Lindzey, G. (1998). The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., & Gavcar, E. (2003). International leisure tourists’ involvement profile. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 906–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00059-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C., & Gudergan, S. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Halpern, D., & Katz, J. (2013). Close but not stuck: Understanding social distance in human-robot interaction through a computer mediation approach. Social Robots and Emotion: Transcending the Boundary between Humans and ICTs, 1(1), 17–34.
   Google Scholar
• Han, H., Hsu, L., & Lee, J. (2009). Empirical investigation of the roles of attitudes toward green behaviors, overall image, gender, and age in hotel customers’ eco-friendly decision-making process. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(4), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. New Challenges to International Marketing, 20, 277–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
   Google Scholar
• Hooi, R., & Cho, H. (2012, November). Being immersed: Avatar similarity and self-awareness. In Proceedings of the 24th Australian computer-human interaction conference (pp. 232–240). Farrell, Vivienne.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, H., Wang, C., & Levesque-Bristol, C. (2019). Reexamining the impact of self-determination theory on learning outcomes in the online learning environment. Education and Information Technologies, 24(3), 2159–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09863-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, A., & Haley, M. (2022). Regenerative tourism model: Challenges of adapting concepts from natural science to tourism industry. Journal of Sustainability and Resilience, 2(1), Article 4.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, M., Zhang, J., & Hasan, N. (2019). Assessing the adoption of sustainability practices in tourism industry. The Bottom Line, 33(1), 94–115. https://doi.org/10.1108/BL-09-2019-0113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, S., & Sung, Y. (2010). The roles of spokes-avatars’ personalities in brand communication in 3D virtual environments. Journal of Brand Management, 17(5), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2009.18
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C., Hancock, T., Kazandjian, B., & Voorhees, C. (2022). Engaging the avatar: The effects of authenticity signals during chat-based service recoveries. Journal of Business Research, 144, 703–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2014). Can tourists easily choose a low carbon footprint vacation? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(2), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.826230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., Lee, H., & Chung, K. (2023). Avatar-mediated experience in the metaverse: The impact of avatar realism on user-avatar relationship. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 73, 103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E., Shoenberger, H., Kwon, E., & Ratneshwar, S. (2022). A narrative approach for overcoming the message credibility problem in green advertising. Journal of Business Research, 147, 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., & Kang, Y. (2020). Why do residents in an overtourism destination develop anti-tourist attitudes? An exploration of residents’ experience through the lens of the community-based tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(8), 858–876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, F., & Dewitte, S. (2019). Measuring pro-environmental behavior: Review and recommendations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 63, 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T., Jan, F., & Yang, C. (2013). Conceptualizing and measuring environmentally responsible behaviors from the perspective of community-based tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 454–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liew, T., Tan, S., & Ismail, H. (2017). Generating descriptive model for student dropout: A review of clustering approach. Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, 7(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-016-0083-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, S., Cha, S., Park, C., Lee, I., & Kim, J. (2012). Getting closer and experiencing together: Antecedents and consequences of psychological distance in social media-enhanced real-time streaming video. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1365–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, M., Chen, H., & Liu, K. (2017). A study of the effects of digital learning on learning motivation and learning outcome. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(7), 3553–3564. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00744a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, J., & Wang, C. (2018). Investigating the impacts of air travellers’ environmental knowledge on attitudes toward carbon offsetting and willingness to mitigate the environmental impacts of aviation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 59, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazlan, M., & Burd, L. (2011). Does an avatar motivate?. In 2011 frontiers in education conference (FIE) (pp. 14-T4J-6). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• McKercher, B., Prideaux, B., Cheung, C., & Law, R. (2010). Achieving voluntary reductions in the carbon footprint of tourism and climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903395022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moswete, N., & Thapa, B. (2009). Stakeholder perspectives on the potential for community-based ecotourism development and support for the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Botswana [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Florida].
   Google Scholar
• Mura, P., Tavakoli, R., & Pahlevan Sharif, S. (2017). ‘Authentic but not too much’: Exploring perceptions of authenticity of virtual tourism. Information Technology & Tourism, 17(2), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-016-0059-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, K., Partelow, S., & Schlüter, A. (2019). Nudging tourists to donate for conservation: Experimental evidence on soliciting voluntary contributions for coastal management. Journal of Environmental Management, 237, 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nortvig, A., Petersen, A., & Balle, S. (2018). A literature review of the factors influencing e-learning and blended learning in relation to learning outcome, student satisfaction and engagement. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 16(1), 46–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, K., Hamilton, M., & Hammond, C. (2009). The effect of image features on judgments of homophily, credibility, and intention to use as avatars in future interactions. Media Psychology, 12(1), 50–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, K., & McGloin, R. (2014). The influence of peer reviews on source credibility and purchase intention. Societies, 4(4), 689–705. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4040689
   Google Scholar
• Palan, S., & Schitter, C. (2018). Prolific.ac—A subject pool for online experiments. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 17, 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2017.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock, A. (2012). Can tourism change its operating model? The necessity and inevitability. https://www.slideshare.net/AnnaP/can-tourism-change-its-operating-model-13583914?from_action=save
   Google Scholar
• Rahmafitria, F., Suryadi, K., Oktadiana, H., Putro, H., & Rosyidie, A. (2021). Applying knowledge, social concern and perceived risk in planned behavior theory for tourism in the Covid-19 pandemic. Tourism Review, 76(4), 809–828. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2020-0542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M., Moghavvemi, S., Thirumoorthi, T., & Rahman, M. (2020). The impact of tourists’ perceptions on halal tourism destination: A structural model analysis. Tourism Review, 75(3), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2019-0182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiners, T., Teräs, H., Chang, V., Wood, L., Gregory, S., Gibson, D., Petter, N., & Teräs, M. (2014). Authentic, immersive, and emotional experience in virtual learning environments: The fear of dying as an important learning experience in a simulation. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Teaching Learning Forum. The University of Western Australia. http://ctl.curtin.edu.au/professional_development/conferences/tlf/tlf2014/refereed/reiners.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, D., Bloch, C., Schmitt, J., Frischlich, L., Latoschik, M., & Bente, G. (2019). Perceived authenticity, empathy, and pro-social intentions evoked through avatar-mediated self-disclosures. In Proceedings of mensch and computer 2019 (pp. 21–30). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
   Google Scholar
• Sie, L., Pegg, S., & Phelan, K. (2021). Senior tourists’ self-determined motivations, tour preferences, memorable experiences and subjective well-being: An integrative hierarchical model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sie, L., Phelan, K., & Pegg, S. (2018). The interrelationships between self-determined motivations, memorable experiences and overall satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 9(3), 354–379. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-09-2017-0098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tawa, J., Negrón, R., Suyemoto, K., & Carter, A. (2015). The effect of resource competition on blacks’ and Asians’ social distance using a virtual world methodology. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(6), 761–777. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214561694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran, L. (2024). Metaverse-driven sustainable tourism: A horizon 2050 paper. Tourism Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-12-2023-0857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsaur, S., Yen, C., & Chen, C. (2010). Independent tourist knowledge and skills. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), 1035–1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltemate, T., Gall, D., Roth, D., Botsch, M., & Latoschik, M. (2018). The impact of avatar personalization and immersion on virtual body ownership, presence, and emotional response. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(4), 1643–1652. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2794629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witmer, B., & Singer, M. (1998). Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474698565686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization. (2023). Climate action in tourism – an overview of methodologies and tools to measure greenhouse gas emissions. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284423927
   Google Scholar
• WTTC. (2021). Back to top A net zero roadmap for travel & tourism proposing a new target framework for the travel & tourism sector. https://wttc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Reports/2021/WTTC_Net_Zero_Roadmap.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Xu, J., Liu, X., Pang, H., Du, S., Zhuo, X., Zheng, X., Zhou, F., Huang, Y., & Cao, K. (2023). How virtual tourism influences travel intention: A study combined with eye movement and scenario experiment. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 28(11), 1241–1260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2023.2293791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, F., & Wang, Y. (2023). Rethinking metaverse tourism: A taxonomy and an agenda for future research. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 109634802311635. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231163509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman, U., Aktan, M., Agrusa, J., & Khwaja, M. (2023). Linking regenerative travel and residents’ support for tourism development in Kaua’i island (Hawaii): Moderating-mediating effects of travel-shaming and foreign tourist attractiveness. Journal of Travel Research, 62(4), 782–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875221098934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., Cao, J., Liu, D., & Qi, J. (2022). Popularity of the metaverse: Embodied social presence theory perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 997751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.997751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar