Phytochemical analysis of Withania somnifera leaf extracts by GC-MS and evaluating antioxidants and antibacterial activities

References

• Kumar, K. P.; Reddy, V. R.; Prakash, M. G.; Kumar, K. P. In Vitro Estimation of Total Phenolics and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Withania Somnifera Extract. Pharma Innov. J. 2018, 7(3), 588–590.
   Google Scholar
• Mehmood, T.; Tanveer, A.; Nadeem, F.; Anwar, F.; Saeed, S.; Tabassam, Q. Evaluation of Effect of Different Solvent Systems on Functional and Pharmacological Properties of Fruits and Leaves Extracts from Natal Plum. J. Food Meas. Charact. 2021, 15(3), 2667–2678. DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00850-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M.; Roy, B.; Chowdhury, G. M.; Hasan, A.; Saimun, M.; Reza, S. Medicinal Plant Sources and Traditional Healthcare Practices of forest-dependent Communities in and around Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary in Southeastern Bangladesh. Environ Sustain. 2022, 5(2), 207–241.
   Google Scholar
• Fatima, A.; Yasir, S.; Ul-Islam, M.; Kamal, T.; Ahmad, M.; Abbas, Y.; Yang, G.; Ullah, M. W.; Yang, G. Ex Situ Development and Characterization of Green Antibacterial Bacterial cellulose-based Composites for Potential Biomedical Applications. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 2022, 5(1), 307–321. DOI: 10.1007/s42114-021-00369-z.
   Google Scholar
• Danish, M.; Shahid, M.; Zeyad, M. T.; Bukhari, N. A.; Al-Khattaf, F. S.; Hatamleh, A. A.; Ali, S. Bacillus Mojavensis, a Metal-Tolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium, Improves Growth, Photosynthetic Attributes, Gas Exchange Parameters, and Alkalo-Polyphenol Contents in Silver Nanoparticle (Ag-NP)-Treated Withania Somnifera L. (Ashwagandha). ACS Omega. 2022, 7(16), 13878–13893. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munir, N.; Mahmood, Z.; Shahid, M.; Afzal, M. N.; Jahangir, M.; Ali Shah, S. M.; Yousaf, F.; Riaz, M.; Hussain, S.; Akram, M. Withania Somnifera Chemical Constituents’ in Vitro Antioxidant Potential and Their Response on Spermatozoa Parameters. Dose-Response. 2022, 20(1), 15593258221074936. DOI: 10.1177/15593258221074936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesfaye, S.; Asres, K.; Lulekal, E.; Alebachew, Y.; Tewelde, E.; Kumarihamy, M.; Muhammad, I. Ethiopian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for the Treatment of Cancer, Part 2: A Review on Cytotoxic, Antiproliferative, and Antitumor Phytochemicals, and Future Perspective. Molecules. 2020, 25(17), 4032. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afewerky, H. K.; Ayodeji, A. E.; Tiamiyu, B. B.; Orege, J. I.; Okeke, E. S.; Oyejobi, A. O.; Adeyemi, S. B.; Adeyemi, S. B. Critical Review of the Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal: Ethnobotany, Pharmacological Efficacy, and Commercialization Significance in Africa. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2021, 451, 1–16. DOI:10.1186/s42269-021-00635-6.
   Google Scholar
• Aryal, S.; Shrestha, S.; Devkota, A.; Bhandari, N. L.; Jha, R. N. FTIR, GC-MS Analysis and Bioactivity Studies of Withania Somnifera L. of Nepalese Origin. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2020, 411, 36–45. DOI:10.3126/jncs.v41i1.30374.
   Google Scholar
• George, T. K.; Tomy, A.; Jisha, M. S. Molecular Docking Study of Bioactive Compounds of Withania Somnifera Extract against Topoisomerase IV Type B. Proc Natl Acad Sci, India Sect B: Biol Sci. 2020, 90 2, 381–390. DOI:10.1007/s40011-019-01110-z.
   Google Scholar
• Settharaksa, S.; Jongjareonrak, A.; Hmadhlu, P.; Chansuwan, W.; Siripongvutikorn, S. Flavonoid, Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Thai Hot Curry Paste Extract and Its Ingredients as Affected of pH, Solvent Types and High Temperature. Int. Food Res. J. 2012, 19, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Azwanida, N. N. A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength, and Limitation. Med. Aromat. Plants. 2015, 4, 196.
   Google Scholar
• Altemimi, A.; Lakhssassi, N.; Baharlouei, A.; Watson, D. G.; Lightfoot, D. A. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants. 2017, 6(4), 42. DOI: 10.3390/plants6040042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando, I. D.; Abeysinghe, D. C.; Dharmadasa, R. M. Determination of Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Capacity of Different Parts of Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal. from Three Different Growth Stages. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 50(537–539), 537–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.042.
   Google Scholar
• Simur, T. T. Phytochemical Investigation and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf Extract of Withania Somnifera from Konso, South Ethiopia. Orient. J. Chem. 2018, 34(4), 1824. DOI: 10.13005/ojc/3404016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahendran, S.; Maheswari, P.; Sasikala, V.; Rubika, J.; Pandiarajan, J. In Vitro Antioxidant Study of Polyphenol from Red Seaweeds Dichotomously Branched Gracilaria Gracilaria Edulis and Robust Sea Moss Hypnea Valentiae. Toxicol. Rep. 2021, 8(1404–1411), 1404–1411. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otmani, A.; Amessis-Ouchemoukh, N.; Birinci, C.; Yahiaoui, S.; Kolayli, S.; Rodríguez-Flores, M. S.; Souza-Silva, É. A.; Gionfriddo, E.; Pawliszyn, J. A Critical Review of the State of the Art of solid-phase Microextraction of Complex Matrices II. Food Analysis. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2015, 71, 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondal, M.; Hossen, M. S.; Rahman, M. A.; Saha, S.; Sarkar, C.; Bhoumik, N. C.; Kundu, S. K. Antioxidant Mediated Protective Effect of Bridelia Tomentosa Leaf Extract against Carbofuran Induced Oxidative Hepatic Toxicity. Toxicol. Rep. 2021, 8, 1369–1380. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratan, K. P.; Homayun, K.; Saifur, R.; Debu, K. B.; Uttam, K. C. Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Withania Somnifera Root. Int J Adv Res Chem Sci. 2016, 33, 45–56. DOI:10.20431/2349-0403.0303006.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, A. U.; Khan, A. U.; Li, B.; Mahnashi, M. H.; Alyami, B. A.; Alqahtani, Y. S.; Alqarni, A. O.; Khan, Z. U.; Ullah, S.; Wasim, M.; et al. Biosynthesis of Silver Capped Magnesium Oxide Nanocomposite Using Olea Cuspidata Leaf Extract and Their Photocatalytic, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2021, 33, 102153. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, R. K. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Withania Somnifera Root. Int J Adv Res Computat Sci 2016, 3(3), 45–56.
   Google Scholar
• Dirar, A. I.; Alsaadi, D. H. M.; Wada, M.; Mohamed, M. A.; Watanabe, T.; Devkota, H. P. Effects of Extraction Solvents on Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Biological Activities of Extracts from Sudanese Medicinal Plants. S. A. J. Botany. 2019, 120, 261–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keneni, Y. G.; Bahiru, L. A.; Marchetti, J. M. Effects of Different Extraction Solvents on Oil Extracted from Jatropha Seeds and the Potential of Seed Residues as a Heat Provider. Bioenergy Res. 2021, 14(4), 1207–1222. DOI: 10.1007/s12155-020-10217-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza-Silva, É. A.; Gionfriddo, E.; Pawliszyn, J. A Critical Review of the State of the Art of solid-phase Microextraction of Complex Matrices II. Food Analysis. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 2015, 71, 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Złotek, U.; Mikulska, S.; Nagajek, M.; Świeca, M. The Effect of Different Solvents and Number of Extraction Steps on the Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Basil Leaves (Ocimum Basilicum L.) Extracts. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2016, 23(5), 628–633. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezez, D.; Tefera, M. Effects of Solvents on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Ginger Extracts. J. Chem. 2021, (2021. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6635199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babbar, N.; Oberoi, H. S.; Sandhu, S. K.; Bhargav, V. K. Influence of Different Solvents in Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Vegetable Residues and Their Evaluation as Natural Sources of Antioxidants. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 51(10), 2568–2575. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0754-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguly, B.; Kumar, N.; Ahmad, A. H.; Rastogi, S. K. Influence of Phytochemical Composition on in Vitro Antioxidant and Reducing Activities of Indian Ginseng [Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal] Root Extracts. J. Ginseng Res. 2018, 42(4), 463–469. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahia, Y.; Benabderrahim, M. A.; Tlili, N.; Hannachi, H.; Ayadi, L.; Elfalleh, W. Comparison of Three Extraction Protocols for the Characterization of Caper (Capparis Spinosa L.) Leaf Extracts: Evaluation of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids by Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS) and the Antioxidant Activity. Anal. Lett. 2020, 53(9), 1366–1377. DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1706546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alagesan, V.; Venugopal, S. Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticle Using Leaves Extract of Withania Somnifera and Its Biological Applications and Photocatalytic Activities. Bionanoscience. 2019, 9(1), 105–116. DOI: 10.1007/s12668-018-0566-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadia, A.; Monzur, H.; Ibrahim, K.; Mohammed, M.; Siti Amrah, S.; Siew Hua, G. High Catechin Concentrations Detected in Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis. BMC Complemen Altern Med. 2011, 11, 65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, A. S.; Bashir, S. H.; Abdelshafeek, K. A. Isolation, Identification of Some Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Extracts from Withania Somnifera Growing at Albaha Region, KSA. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2020, 132, 635–645. DOI:10.13005/bpj/1927.
   Google Scholar
• Kundra, R.; Samant, S. S.; Nandi, S. K.; Sharma, R. K. Investigation of Antioxidant Properties of Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal and Influence of physico-chemical Properties of Soil along the Topographic Gradients in sub-tropical Region of the Indian Himalaya. Int. J. Phytomed. 2017, 9(3), 407–415. DOI: 10.5138/09750185.1986.
   Google Scholar
• Chithiraikumar, S.; Gandhimathi, S.; Neelakantan, M. Structural Characterization, Surface Characteristics and Noncovalent Interactions of a Heterocyclic Schi Base: Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential by UV–visible Spectroscopy and DFT. J. Mol. Struct. 2017, 1137, 569–580. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.02.088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, H.; Yin, X.; He, J.; Xin, S.; Zhang, H.; Ye, X.; Yang, Y.; Tian, J. Cooking Methods Affected the Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities of Potato from Different Varieties. Food Chem. 2022, X, 100339. DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100339.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera-Pool, E.; Ramos-Díaz, A. L.; Lizardi-Jiménez, M. A.; Pech-Cohuo, S.; Ayora-Talavera, T.; Cuevas-Bernardino, J. C.; Pacheco, N.; Pacheco, N. Effect of Solvent Polarity on the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Habanero Pepper Leaves (Capsicum Chinense) and Its Identification by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2021, 76, 105658. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nile, S. H.; Nile, A.; Gansukh, E.; Baskar, V.; Kai, G. Subcritical Water Extraction of Withanosides and Withanolides from Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera L) and Their Biological Activities. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2019, 132(110659), 110659. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110659.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lux, C.; Joshi-Barr, S.; Nguyen, T.; Mahmoud, E.; Schopf, E.; Fomina, N.; Almutairi, A. Biocompatible Polymeric Nanoparticles Degrade and Release Cargo in Response to Biologically Relevant Levels of Hydrogen Peroxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134(38), 15758–15764. DOI: 10.1021/ja303372u.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurutas, E. B. The Importance of Antioxidants Which Play the Role in Cellular Response against oxidative/nitrosative Stress: Current State. Nutr. J. 2015, 15(1), 1–22. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0186-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otmani, A.; Amessis-Ouchemoukh, N.; Birinci, C.; Yahiaoui, S.; Kolayli, S.; Rodríguez-Flores, M. S.; Escuredo, O.; Seijo, M. C.; Ouchemoukh, S. Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Algerian Honeys. Food Biosci. 2021, 42, 101070. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahesh, B.; Satish, S. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Important Medicinal Plant against Plant and Human Pathogens. World J. Agric. Sci. 2008, 4(5), 839–843.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, M. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Biotechnol Bioengineering Res 2013, 4(7), 653–658.
   Google Scholar