References
- Allen , R.W. , Amram , O. , Wheeler , A.J. and Brauer , M. 2011 . The transferability of NO and NO2 land use regression models between cities and pollutants . Atmos. Environ. , 45 : 369 – 378 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.002
- Atari , D.O. , Luginaah , I. , Xu , X. and Fung , K. 2008 . Spatial variability of ambient nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in Sarnia, “Chemical Valley,” Ontario, Canada . J. Toxicol. Environ. HealthA , 71 : 1572 – 1581 . doi: 10.1080/15287390 802414158
- Brauer , M. , Hoek , G. , van Vliet , P. , Meliefste , K. , Fischer , P. , Gehring , U. , Heinrich , J. , Cyrys , J. , Bellander , T. , Lewne , M. and Brunekreef , B. 2003 . Estimating long-term average particulate air pollution concentrations: Application of traffic indicators and geographic information systems . Epidemiology , 14 : 228 – 239 . doi: 10.1097/01.EDE.0000041910.49046.9B
- Briggs , D.J. , Collins , S. , Elliott , P. , Fischer , P. , Kingham , S. , Lebret , E. , Pryl , K. , VanReeuwijk , H. , Smallbone , K. and VanderVeen , A. 1997 . Mapping urban air pollution using GIS: A regression-based approach . Int. J. Geogr. Inform. Sci. , 11 : 699 – 718 . doi: 10.1080/136588197242158
- Burnett , R.T. , Cakmak , S. and Brook , J.R. 1998 . The effect of the urban ambient air pollution mix on daily mortality rates in 11 Canadian cities . Can. J. Public Health , 89 : 152 – 156 . doi: 10.1080/10473289.1998.10463718
- Burnett , R.T. , Stieb , D. , Brook , J.R. , Cakmak , S. , Dales , R. , Raizenne , M. , Vincent , R. and Dann , T. 2004 . Associations between short-term changes in nitrogen dioxide and mortality in Canadian cities . Arch. Environ. Health , 59 : 228 – 236 . doi: 10.3200/AEOH.59.5.228-236
- Buzzelli , M. 2008 . Allocating passive air pollution samplers in London CMA (Ontario side): Final project report. Unpublished research report , London : Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario .
- Dockery , D.W. and Stone , P.H. 2007 . Cardiovascular risks from fine particulate air pollution . N. Engl. J. Med. , 356 : 511 – 513 . doi: 10.1056/NEJMe068274
- Eeftens , M. , Beelen , R. , Fischer , P. , Brunekreef , B. , Meliefste , K. and Hoek , G. 2011 . Stability of measured and modelled spatial contrasts in NO2 over time . Occup. Environ. Med. , 68 : 765 – 770 . doi: 10.1136/oem.2010.061135
- Environment Canada.2010. National Climate Data and Information Archive http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/advanceSearch/searchHistoricData_ e.html (http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/advanceSearch/searchHistoricData_ e.html)
- Fischer , P.H. , Hoek , G. , van Reeuwijk , H. , Briggs , D.J. , Lebret , E. , van Wijnen , J.H. , Kingham , S. and Elliott , P.E. 2000 . Traffic-related differences in outdoor and indoor concentrations of particles and volatile organic compounds in Amsterdam . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 3713 – 3722 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00067-4
- Forkenbrock , D.J. 2001 . Comparison of external costs of rail and truck freight transportation . Transp. Res.A PolicyPract. , 35 : 321 – 337 . doi: 10.1016/S0965-8564(99)00061-0
- Fung , K.Y. , Luginaah , I.N. and Gorey , K.M. 2007 . Impact of air pollution on hospital admissions in Southwestern Ontario, Canada: Generating hypotheses in sentinel high-exposure places . Environ. Health–Global , 6 18.
- Gilbert , N.L. , Gauvin , D. , Guay , M. , éroux , M.H , Dupuis , G. , Legris , M. , Chan , C.C. , Dietz , R.N. and Lévesque , B. 2006 . Housing characteristics and indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde in Quebec City, Canada . Environ. Res. , 102 : 1 – 8 . doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.02.007
- Griffith , D.A. 1987 . Spatial Autocorrelation: A Primer.Resource publication in geography.Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers. ,
- Hamilton , L. 1992 . Regression with Graphics: A Second Course in Applied Statistics , Blemont , CA : Duxbury Press .
- Harley , R.A. , Marr , L.C. , Lehner , J.K. and Giddings , S.N. 2005 . Changes in motor vehicle emissions on diurnal to decadal time scales and effects on atmospheric composition . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 5356 – 5362 . doi: 10.1021/es048172+
- Hoek , G. , Beelen , R. , de Hoogh , K. , Vienneau , D. , Gulliver , J. , Fischer , P. and Briggs , D. 2008 . A review of land-use regression models to assess spatial variation of outdoor air pollution . Atmos. Environ. , 42 : 7561 – 7578 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.057 ER
- International Society of Exposure Science. 2011. Open letter responding to Assessing Chemical Risks—Societies Offer Expertise http://www.isesweb.org/Docs/openletter_assessing_chemical_risks_jun162011.pdf (http://www.isesweb.org/Docs/openletter_assessing_chemical_risks_jun162011.pdf) (Accessed: 27 September 2011 ).
- Jerrett , M. , Arain , A. , Kanaroglou , P. , Beckerman , B. , Crouse , D. , Gilbert , N.L. , Brook , J.R. , Finkelstein , N. and Finkelstein , M.M. 2007 . Modelling the intra-urban variability of ambient traffic pollution in Toronto, Canada . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 200 – 212 . doi: 10.1080/15287390600883018
- Jerrett , M. , Arain , A. , Kanaroglou , P. , Beckerman , B. , Potoglou , D. , Sahsuvaroglu , T. , Morrison , J. and Giovis , C. 2005 . A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 15 : 185 – 204 . doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500388 ER
- Kanaroglou , P.S. , Jerrett , M. , Morrison , J. , Beckerman , B. , Arain , A. , Gilbert , N.L. and Brook , J.R. 2005 . Establishing an air pollution monitoring network for intra-urban population exposure assessment: A location-allocation approach . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 2399 – 2409 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.049 ER
- Kean , A.J. , Sawyer , R. and Harley , R.A. 2000 . A fuel-based assessment of off-road diesel engine emissions . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 50 : 1929 – 1939 . doi: 10.1080/10473289.2000.10464233
- Levy , J.I. , Houseman , E.A. , Ryan , L. , Richardson , D. and Spengler , J.D. 2000 . Particle concentrations in urban microenvironments . Environ. Health Perspect. , 108 : 1051 – 1057 . doi: 10.2307/3434958
- Linaker , C.H. , Chauhan , A.J. , Inskip , H.M. , Holgate , S.T. and Coggon , D. 2000 . Personal exposures of children to nitrogen dioxide relative to concentrations in outdoor air . Occup. Environ. Med. , 57 : 472 – 476 . doi: 10.1136/oem.57.7.472
- Luginaah , I. , Xu , X. , Fung , K.Y. , Grgicak-Mannion , A. , Wintermute , J. , Wheeler , A. and Brook , J.R. 2006 . Establishing the spatial variability of ambient nitrogen dioxide in Windsor, Ontario . Int. J. Environ. Stud. , 63 : 487 – 500 . doi: 10.1080/00207230600802122
- Luginaah , I.N. , Fung , K.Y. , Gorey , K.M. , Webster , G. and Wills , C. 2005 . Association of ambient air pollution with respiratory hospitalization in a government-designated “area of concern”: The case of Windsor, Ontario . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 290 – 296 . doi: 10.1080/00207230500367879
- Lyon , J.D. and Tsai , C. 1996 . A comparison of tests for heteroscedasticity . J. R. Stat. Soc. D Stat. , 45 : 337 – 349 . doi: 10.2307/2988471
- Madsen , C. , Carlsen , K.C.L. , Hoek , G. , Oftedal , B. , Nafstad , P. , Meliefste , K. , Jacobsen , R. , Nystad , W. , Carlsen , K. and Brunekreef , B. 2007 . Modeling the intra-urban variability of outdoor traffic pollution in Oslo, Norway—A GA2LEN project . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 7500 – 7511 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.039
- Madsen , C. , Gehring , U. , åberg , S.E. H , Nafstad , P. , Meliefste , K. , Nystad , W. , ødrupCarlsen , K. L and Brunekreef , B. 2011 . Comparison of land-use regression models for predicting spatial NOx contrasts over a three year period in Oslo, Norway . Atmos. Environ. , 45 : 3576 – 3583 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.069
- Mavko , M.E. , Tang , B. and George , L.A. 2008 . A sub-neighborhood scale land use regression model for predicting NO2 . Sci. Total Environ. , 398 : 68 – 75 . doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.017
- Moore , D.K. , Jerrett , M. , Mack , W.J. and Kunzli , N. 2007 . A land use regression model for predicting ambient fine particulate matter across Los Angeles, CA . J. Environ. Monit. , 9 : 246 – 252 . doi: 10.1039/b615795e
- Odland , J. 1998 . Spatial Autocorrelation , New Delhi , , India : Sage .
- Oiamo , T.H. , Luginaah , I.N. , Atari , D.O. and Gorey , K.M. 2011 . Air pollution and general practitioner access and utilization: A population based study in Sarnia, ‘Chemical Valley,’ Ontario . Environ. Health–Global , 10 : 71 doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-10-71
- Ogawa & Co . 2006 . NO, NO2, NOx and SO2 Sampling Protocol Using the Ogawa Sampler, v6.06.Pompano , Beach , FL : Ogawa & Company USA, Inc .
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 2011. Hourly Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 Concentrations http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/pollutant.php?stationid=15025&pol_code=36 (http://www.airqualityontario.com/history/pollutant.php?stationid=15025&pol_code=36) (Accessed: May 12, 2011 ).
- Pope , C.A. , Burnett , R.T. , Thun , M.J. , Calle , E.E. , Krewski , D. , Ito , K. and Thurston , G.D. 2002 . Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 287 : 1132 – 1141 .
- Poplawski , K. , Gould , T. , Setton , E. , Allen , R. , Su , J. , Larson , T. , Henderson , S. , Brauer , M. , Hystad , P. , Lightowlers , C. , Keller , P. , Cohen , M. , Silva , C. and Buzzelli , M. 2009 . Intercity transferability of land use regression models for estimating ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide . J. Expos. Sci. Env. Epid. , 19 : 107 – 117 .
- Ryan , P.H. , LeMasters , G.K. , Biswas , P. , Levin , L. , Hu , S.H. , Lindsey , M. , Bernstein , D.L. , Lockey , J. , Villareal , M. , Hershey , G.K.K. and Grinshpun , S.A. 2007 . A comparison of proximity and land use regression traffic exposure models and wheezing in infants . Environ. Health Perspect. , 115 : 278 – 284 . doi:10.1289/ehp.9480 ER
- Ryan , P.H. and LeMasters , G.K. 2007 . A review of land-use regression for characterizing intraurban air models pollution exposure . Inhal.Toxicol. , 19 : 127 – 133 . doi: 10.1080/08958370701495998 ER
- Sahsuvaroglu , T. , Arain , A. , Kanaroglou , P. , Finkelstein , N. , Newbold , B. , Jerrett , M. , Beckerman , B. , Brook , J. , Finkelstein , M. and Gilbert , N.L. 2006 . A land use regression model for predicting ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 56 : 1059 – 1069 . doi: 10.1080/10473289.2006.10464542
- Statistics Canada. 2012. London, Ontario (Code 3539036) and Middlesex, Ontario (Code 3539) (table). Census Profile. 2011 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-XWE. Ottawa. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang= E (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang= E) (Accessed: 18 September 2012 ).
- Statistics Canada. 2011a. CANSIM table 405-0002: Sales of fuel used for road motor vehicles, by province and territory http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/trade37b-eng.htm (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/trade37b-eng.htm) (Accessed: 10 October 2011 ).
- Statistics Canada. 2011b. CANSIM table 404-0013: Railway transport survey, diesel fuel consumption, by area, annual (litres) http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26;jsessionid=9898A9F1A912C8B80FF5DDF1C8DD0415?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=4040013&pattern=404-0011%2C404-0020%2C404-0012%2C404-0004%2C404-0021%2C404-0013%2C404-0005%2C404-0022%2C404-0014%2C404-0006%2C404-0015%2C404-0007%2C404-0016%2C404-0008%2C404-0017%2C404-0009%2C404-0018%2C404-0019%2C404-0010&tabMode=dataTable&srchLan=-1&p1=-1&p2=-1 (http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26;jsessionid=9898A9F1A912C8B80FF5DDF1C8DD0415?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=4040013&pattern=404-0011%2C404-0020%2C404-0012%2C404-0004%2C404-0021%2C404-0013%2C404-0005%2C404-0022%2C404-0014%2C404-0006%2C404-0015%2C404-0007%2C404-0016%2C404-0008%2C404-0017%2C404-0009%2C404-0018%2C404-0019%2C404-0010&tabMode=dataTable&srchLan=-1&p1=-1&p2=-1) (Accessed: 10 October 2011 ).
- Wallace , J. and Kanaroglou , P. 2008 . Weekday and seasonal variations in no2 in southern Ontario, Canada using data from the ozone monitoring instrument (omi) . International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) , 3, III965–III968
- Wheeler , A.J. , Smith-Doiron , M. , Xu , X. , Gilbert , N.L. and Brook , J.R. 2008 . Intra-urban variability of air pollution in Windsor, Ontario - Measurement and modeling for human exposure assessment . Environ. Res. , 106 : 7 – 16 . doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.004 ER
- Wheeler , A.J. , Xu , X. , Kulka , R. , You , H. , Wallace , L. , Mallach , G. , van Keith , R. , Macneill , M. , Kearney , J. , Rasmussen , P.E. , Dabek-Zlotorzynska , E. , Wang , D. , Poon , R. , Williams , R. , Stocco , C. , Anastassopoulos , A. , Miller , J.D. , Dales , R. and Brook , J.R. 2011 . Windsor, Ontario Exposure assessment study: Design and methods validation of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution monitoring . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 61 : 324 – 338 . doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.61.3.324