Public health and components of particulate matter: The changing assessment of black carbon

References

• Adar S.D., D.R. Gold, B.A. Coull, et al. Focused exposures to airborne traffic particles and heart rate variability in the elderly. Epidemiology 18: 95–103. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000249409.81050.46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, C.M., L. Rosenthal, H. Calkins, et al. 2007. Driving and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks for ventricular arrhythmias. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50:2233–40. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J., C.A. Trenga, A. Peretz, et al. 2009. Effect of diesel exhaust inhalation on antioxidant and oxidative stress responses in adults with metabolic syndrome. Inhal. Toxicol. 21(13): 1061–67. doi:10.3109/08958370902721424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae, M.O., and A. Gelencser. 2006. Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6:3131–48. doi:10.5194/acp-6-3131-2006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, N., K. Takashi, H. Suzuki, et al. 2011. Changes in atherosclerotic plaques induced by inhalation of diesel exhaust. Atherosclerosis 216:299–306. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barath S., N.L. Mills, M. Lundback, et al. 2010. Impaired vascular function after exposure to diesel exhaust generated at urban transient running conditions. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 7:19. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-7-19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bari, M.D., G. Baumbach, B. Kuch, et al. 2009. Wood smoke as a source of particle-phase organic compounds in residential areas. Atmos. Environ. 43:4722–32. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barregard, L., G. Sallsten, P. Gustafson, et al. 2006. Experimental exposure to wood-smoke particles in healthy humans: Effects on markers of inflammation, coagulation, and lipid peroxidation. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:845–53. doi:10.1080/08958370600685798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barregard, L., G. Sallsten, L. Andersson, et al. 2008. Experimental exposure to wood smoke: Effects on airway inflammation and oxidative stress. Occup. Environ. Med. 65:319–24. doi:10.1136/oem.2006.032458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, E.G., R.D. Henson, S.K. Seilkop, et al. 2006. Effects of hardwood smoke exposure on allergic airway inflammation in mice. Inhal. Toxicol. 18: 33–43. doi:10.1080/08958370500282340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartell, S. M., J. Longhurst, T. Tjoa, et al. 2013. Particulate air pollution, ambulatory heart rate variability, and cardiac arrhythmia in retirement community residents with coronary artery disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 121: 1135–41. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassani, D.G., P. Jha, N. Dhingra, et al. 2010. Child mortality from solid-fuel use in India: A nationally representative case-control study. BMC Public Health. 10:491 (open access).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baulig, A., M. Garlatti., V. Bonvallot, et al. 2003. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the metabolic pathways triggered by diesel exhaust particle in human airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 285: L671–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, J., J.J. Schauer, M. Ezzati, et al. 2011. Indoor air pollution and blood pressure in adult women living in rural China. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1390–95. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone-Adesi, F., R.S. Chapman, D.T. Silverman, et al. 2012. Risk of lung cancer associated with domestic use of coal in Xuanwei, China: Retrospective cohort study. Br. Med J. (online access). doi:10.1136/bmj.e5414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S., J.M. Soukup, M.I. Gilmour, et al. 1996. Stimulation of human and rat alveolar macrophages by urban air particulates: Effects on oxidant radical generation and cytokine production. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 141:637–48. doi:10.1006/taap.1996.0330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckerman, B., M. Jerrett, M. Finkelstein, et al. 2012. The association between chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ischemic heart disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 75:402–11. doi:10.1080/15287394.2012.670899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beelen, R., G. Hoek, D. Houthuijs, et al. 2009. The joint association of air pollution and noise from road traffic with cardiovascular mortality in a cohort study. Occup. Environ. Med. 66:243–50. doi:10.1136/oem.2008.042358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M.L., K. Ebisu, R.D. Peng, et al. 2009a. Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 179:1115–20. doi:10.1164/rccm.200808-1240OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M.L., K. Ebisu, R.D. Peng, et al. 2009b. Adverse health effects of particulate air pollution modification by air conditioning. Epidemiology 20(5): 682–86. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181aba749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beverland I. J., C. Yap, C. Robertson, et al. 2007. Department of Health research project (Ref: 0020015). Health Effects of Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution in Scotland. http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_092831.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Beverland, I.J., G.R. Cohen, M.R. Heal, et al. 2012. A comparison of short-term and long-term air pollution exposure associations with mortality in two cohorts in Scotland. Environ. Health Perspect. 120:1280–85. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billionnet, C. D. Sherrill, I. Annesi-Maesano, et al. 2012. Estimating the health effects of exposure to multi-pollutant mixture. Ann. Epidemiol. 22(2): 126–41. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, M.L., X. Wu, Z. Pei, et al. 2004. Nanometer size diesel exhaust particles are selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons: the role of microglia, phagocytosis, and NADPH oxidase. FASEB J. 18:1618–20. doi:10.1096/fj.04-1945fje
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, M.L., and J.S. Hong. 2007. Chronic microglial activation and progressive dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35:1127–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, M.L., L. Zecca, and J.S. Hong. 2007. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: Uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci 8:57–69. doi:10.1038/nrn2038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolling, A.K., J. Pagels, K.E. Yttri, et al. 2009. Health effects of residential wood smoke particles: the importance of combustion conditions and physicochemical particle properties. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 6:29. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolling A.K., A. I. Totlandsdal, G. Sallsten, et al. 2012. Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 9:45–59. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-9-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, T.C., D.G. Streets, K.F. Yarber, et al. 2004. A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. J. Geophys. Res. 109:D14203. doi:10.1029/2003JD003697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonvallot, V., A. Baeza-Squiban, A. Baulig, et al. 2001. Organic compounds from diesel exhaust particles elicit a proinflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells and induce cytochrome p450 1A1 expression. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 25:515–21. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.25.4.4515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boy, E., N. Bruce, and H. Delgado. 2002. Birth weight and exposure to kitchen wood smoke during pregnancy in rural Guatemala. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:109–14. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenneman, K.A., B.A. Wong, M.A. Buccellato, et al. 2000. Direct olfactory transport of inhaled manganese (54MnCl2) to the rat brain: Toxicokinetic investigations in a unilateral nasal occlusion model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 169:238–48. doi:10.1006/taap.2000.9073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunekreef, B., R. Beelen, G. Hoek, et al. 2009. Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands: The NLCS-AIR Study. Charleston, MA: Health Effects Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, A.P., A. Farb, G.T. Malcom, et al. 1997. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:1276–82. doi:10.1056/NEJM199705013361802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cakmak, S, R.E. Dales, and C. B. Vida. 2009a. Components of particulate air pollution and mortality in Chile. Int J Occup. Environ. Health 15:152–58. doi: 10.1179/107735209799195844; 10.1179/oeh.2009.15.2.152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cakmak, S, R.E. Dales, T. Gultekin, et al. 2009b. Components of particulate air pollution and emergency department visits in Chile. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 64:148–55. doi:10.1080/19338240903240228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderon-Garciduenas, L., B. Azzarelli, H. Acuna, et al. 2002. Air pollution and brain damage. Toxicol. Pathol. 30:373–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderon-Garciduenas, L, R.R. Maronpot, R. Torres-Jardon, et al. 2003. DNA damage in nasal and brain tissues of canines exposed to air pollutants is associated with evidence of chronic brain inflammation and neurodegeneration. Toxicol. Pathol. 31:524–38. doi:10.1080/01926230390226645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, A., M. Oldham, A. Becaria, et al. 2005. Particulate matter in polluted air increases inflammatory indices in the mouse brain. Neurotoxicology 26:133–40. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2004.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, A., J.A. Araujo, H. Li, et al. 2009. Particulate matter induced enhancement of inflammatory markers in the brains of Apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9:5099–104. doi:10.1166/jnn.2009.GR07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campen, M.J., A.K. Lund, T.L. Knuckles, et al. 2010. Inhaled diesel emissions alter atherosclerotic plaque composition in ApoE‐/‐ mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 424:310–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvey, P.M., A.Punati, and M.B. Newman. 2006. Progressive dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson;s disease: the multiple hit hypothesis. Cell Transplant. 15:239–50. doi:10.3727/000000006783981990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASAC (Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee). 1996. “Closure” letter from CASAC Chairman Dr. George T. Wolff to U.S. EPA Administrator Carol M. Browner, June 13.
   Google Scholar
• Cassee, F.R., M.-E. Heroux, M.E. Gerlofs-Nijland, et al. 2013. Particulate matter beyond mass: Recent health evidence on the role of fractions, chemical constituents, and sources of emission. Inhal. Toxicol. 25(14):802–12. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.850127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chahine, T., A. Baccerelli, A. Litonjua, et al. 2007. Particulate air pollution, oxidative stress genes, and heart rate variability in an elderly cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:1617–22. doi:10.1289/ehp.10318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chait, A, C.Y. Han, J.F. Oram et al. 2005. Thematic review series: the immune system and atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease? J. Lipid Res. 46: 389–403. doi:10.1194/jlr.R400017-JLR200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, R.C-F., W. Wang, N. Li, et al. 2006. Pro-oxidative diesel exhaust particle chemicals inhibit LPS-induced dendritic cell responses involved in T-helper differentiation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 118:455–65. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., A. Ebenstein, M. Greenstone, et al. 2013a. Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River Policy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110(32): 12936–41. doi:10.1073/pnas.1300018110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H., M.S. Goldberg, R.T. Burnett, et al. 2013b. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality. Epidemiology 24:35–43. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318276c005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y, G. Sheng, X. Bi, et al. 2005. Emission factors for carbonaceous particles and polycyclic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustion in China. Environ. Sci Technol. 39:1861–67. doi:10.1021/es0493650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, J.-H.M., D.C. Bellinger, B.A. Coull, et al. 2013. Associations between traffic-related black carbon exposure and attention in a prospective birth cohort of urban children. Environ. Health Perspect. 121:859–64. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H., V. Rauh, R. Garfinkel, et al. 2008. Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of intrauterine growth restriction. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:658–65. doi:10.1289/ehp.10958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, D. Crow, et al. 2001. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 34(1): 23–34. doi:10.1080/02786820119073; 10.1080/027868201300081923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, L.-W.A. Chen, et al. 2007. The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: Maintaining consistency with a long-term database. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 57(9): 1014–23. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.57.9.1014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, D.H. Lowenthal, et al. 2011. PM2.5 source profiles for black and organic carbon emissions inventories. Atmos. Environ. 45:5407–14. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, L, J. Edmonds, H. Jacoby, et al. 2007. Scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric concentrations. Synthesis and assessment product 2.1. Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC: Department of Energy, Office of Biological & Environmental Research.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A.J., and C.A. Pope III. 1995. Lung cancer and air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(S8): 219–25. doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s8219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, R.M., A.M. Wilson, J.T. Tuomisto, et al. 2007. A probabilistic characterization of the relationship between fine particulate matter and mortality: Elicitation of European experts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41:6598–605. doi:10.1021/es0714078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsini, E., S. Budello, L. Marabini, et al. 2013. Comparison of wood smoke PM2.5 from the combustion of fir and beech pellets on inflammation and DNA damage in A549 and THP-1 human cell lines. Arch. Toxicol., 87(12): 2187–2199. doi:10.1007/s00204-013-1071-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosselman, K.E., R.M. Krishnan, A.P. Oron, et al. 2012. Blood Pressure Response to Controlled Diesel Exhaust Exposure in Human Subjects. Hypertension 59:943–48. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.186593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruts, B., L. vat Etten, H. Tornquist, et al. 2008. Exposure to diesel exhaust induces changes in EEG in human volunteers. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 5:4 (open access). doi:10.1186/1743-8977-5-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, J., and Walker, R. 2009. Traffic congestion and infant health: Evidence from E-Z Pass. Working paper 15413. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Danielsen, P.H., P.Moller, K.A. Jensen, et al. 2011. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 24: 168–84. doi:10.1021/tx100407m
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dazert, P., Y. Suofu, M. Grube, et al. 2006. Differential regulation of transport proteins in the periinfarct regions following reversible middle cerebral artery occulusion in rats. Neuroscience 142:1071–79. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfino, R.J., N. Staimer, T. Tjoa, et al. 2008. Circulating biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant activity, and platelet activation are associated with primary combustion aerosols in subjects with coronary artery disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:898–906. doi:10.1289/ehp.11189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfino, R.J., N. Staimer, T. Tjoa, et al. 2009. Air pollution and circulating biomarkers of effect in a susceptible population: Clues to potential causal component mixtures and mechanisms. Environ. Health Perspect. 117: 1232–38. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfino, R.J., T. Tjoa, D.L. Gillen, et al. 2010. Traffic-related air pollution and blood pressure in elderly subjects with coronary artery disease. Epidemiology. 21:396–404. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d5e19b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demling, R.H., and C. LaLonde. 1990. Moderate smoke inhalation produces decreased oxygen delivery, increased oxygen demands, and systemic but not lung parenchymal lipid peroxidation. Surgery 108:544–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demling, R., C. LaLonde, L. Picard, et al. 1994. Changes in lung and systemic oxidant and antioxidant activity after smoke inhalation. Shock 1:101–7. doi:10.1097/00024382-199402000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, B.S., A.J. Monahan, P.M. Carvey, et al. 2007. Blood-brain barrier pathology in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: Implications for drug therapy. Cell Transplant. 16:285–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devouassoux, G., A. Saxon, D.D. Metcalfe et al. 2002. Chemical constituents of diesel exhaust particles inducee IL-4 production and histamine release by human basophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109: 847–53. doi:10.1067/mai.2002.122843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Sanchez, D., A.R. Dotson, H. Takenaka, et al. 1994. Diesel exhaust particles induce local IgE production in vivo and alter the pattern of IgE messenger RNA isoforms. J. Clin. Invest. 94:1417–25. doi:10.1172/JCI117478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Sanchez, D., A. Tsien, J. Fleming, et al. 1997. Combined diesel exhaust particulate and ragweed allergen challenge markedly enhances human in vivo nasal ragweed specific IgE and skews cytokine production to a T helper cell 2-type pattern. J. Immunol. 158:2406–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Sanchez, D., M. Jyrala, M. Ng, et al. 2000. In vivo nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles enhances expression of the CC chemokines Rantes, MIP-1α, and MCP-3 in humans. Clin. Immunol. 97:140–45. doi:10.1006/clim.2000.4921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.W., C.A. Pope III, X. Xu, et al. 1993. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:1753–59. doi:10.1056/NEJM199312093292401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici, F., R.D. Peng, C.D. Barr, et al. 2010. Protecting human health from air pollution: Shifting from a single-pollutant to a multi-pollutant approach. Epidemiology 21(2): 187–94. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, K., N. Mills, W. MacNee, et al. 2005. Role of inflammation in cardiopulmonary health effects of PM. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 207:S483–88. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2005.02.020
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dons, E., L.I Panis, M.Van Poppel, et al. 2011. Impact of time-activity patterns on personal exposure to black carbon. Atmos. Environ. 45:3594–602. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, A., B. Mukherjee, D. Das, et al. 2011. Hypertension with elevated levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and anticardiolipin antibody in the circulation of premenopausal Indian women chronically exposed to biomass smoke during cooking. Indoor Air 21:165–76. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00694.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvonch, J.T., S. Kannan, A.J. Schulz, et al. 2009. Acute effects of ambient particulate matter on blood pressure. Hypertension 53:853–59. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.123877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, S.C., W. Jedrychowski, J. Butscher, et al. 2010. Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and children’s intelligence at 5 years of age in a prospective cohort study in Poland. Environ. Health Perspect. 118:1326–31. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fick, R.B., Jr., E.S. Paul, W.W. Merrill, et al. 1984. Alterations in the antibacterial properties of rabbit pulmonary macrophages exposed to wood smoke. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 129:76–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, P.M., G.R. Cass, and B.R.T. Simoneit. 2001. Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from fireplace combustion of woods grown in the northeastern United States. Environ. Sci Technol. 35:2665–75. doi:10.1021/es001466k
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, M., M. Jerrett, and M.R. Sears. 2004a. Traffic air pollution and mortality rate advancement periods. Am. J. Epidemiol 160:173–77. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, M., D.K. Verma, D. Sahai, et al. 2004b. Ischemic heart disease mortality among heavy equipment operators. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:16–22. doi:10.1002/ajim.20036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, M., M. Jerrett, M.R. Sears. 2005. Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 59:481–87. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.026203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forchhammer, L., P. Moller, I.S. Riddervold, et al. 2012. Controlled human wood smoke exposure: Oxidative stress, inflammation and microvascular function. Particle Fibre Technol. 9:7. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-9-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank-Cannon, T.C., L.T. Alto, F.E. McAlpine, et al. 2009. Does neuroinflammation fan the flame in neurodegenerative disease? Mol. Neurodegen. 4:47. doi:10.1186/1750-1326-4-47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan, W.Q., L. Tamburic, H.W. Davies, et al. 2010. Changes in residential proximity to road traffic and the risk of death from coronary heart disease. Epidemiology 21:642–49. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181e89f19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan, W.Q., M. Koehoorn, H.W. Davies, et al. 2011. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:501–7. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, B., H. Guo, X.-M. Wang, et al. 2013. Tracer-based source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Guangzhou, southern China, using positive matrix factorixation (PMF). Environ. Sci Pollut Res. 20:2398–409. doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1129-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garshick, E., F. Laden, J.E. Hart, et al. 2008. Lung cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:1327–32. doi:10.1289/ehp.11293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garshick, E., F. Laden, J.E. Hart, et al. 2004. Lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:1539–43. doi:1289/ehp.7195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehring, U., J. Heinrich, U. Kramer, et al. 2006. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiopulmonary mortality in women. Epidemiology 17:545–51. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000224541.38258.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genc, S, Zadeoglulari, S.H. Fuss, et al. 2012. The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. J. Toxicol. (open access). doi:10.1155/2012/782462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geng, F., J. Hua, Z. Mu, et al. 2013. Differentiating the associations of black carbon and fire particle with daily mortality in a Chinese city. Environ. Res. 120:27–32. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlofs-Nijland, M.E., D. van Berlo, F.R. Cassee, et al. 2010. Effect of prolonged exposure to diesel engine exhaust on proinflammatory markers in different regions of the rat brain. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 7:12. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-7-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghio, A.J., J. Stonehuerner, L.A. Dailey, et al. 1999. Metals associated with both the water-soluble and insoluble fractions of an ambient air pollution particle catalyze an oxidative stress. Inhal. Toxicol. 11:37–49. doi:10.1080/089583799197258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, C.K., K. Saijo, B. Winner, et al. 2010. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 140:918–34. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, D., A.A. Litonjua, A. Zanobetti, et al. 2005. Air pollution and ST-segment depression in elderly subjects. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:883–87. doi:10.1289/ehp.7737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, M., and R. Burnett. 2003. Revised analysis of the Montreal time series study. In Revised Analyses of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health, Health Effects Institute Special Report, 113–131. Charleston, MA: Health Effects Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Grahame, T., and G. Hidy. 2004. Using Factor Analysis to Attribute Health Impacts to Particulate Pollution Sources. Inhal. Toxicol. 16(suppl. 1): 143–52. doi:10.1080/08958370490443231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahame, T., and G.M. Hidy. 2007a. Pinnacles and pitfalls for source apportionment of potential health effects from airborne particle exposure. Inhal. Toxicol. 19(9): 727–44. doi:10.1080/08958370701399687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahame, T., and G.M. Hidy. 2007b. Secondary sulfate effects? Environ. Health Perspect. 115:A532. doi:10.1289/ehp.10293
   Google Scholar
• Grahame, T.J. 2009. Does improved exposure information for PM 2.5 constituents explain differing results among epidemiological studies? Inhal. Toxicol. 21(5): 381–93. doi:10.1080/08958370802380495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahame, T.J., and R.B. Schlesinger. 2010. Cardiovascular health and particulate vehicular emissions: A critical evaluation of the evidence. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 3:3–27. doi:10.1007/s11869-009-0047-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahame, T.J., and R.B. Schlesinger. 2012. Oxidative stress-induced telomeric erosion as a mechanism underlying airborne particulate matter-related cardiovascular disease. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 9:21. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-9-21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartz, A.M.S., B. Bauer, M.L. Block, et al. 2008. Diesel exhaust particles induce oxidative stress, proinflammatory signaling, and P-glypoprotein up-regulation at the blood-brain barrier. FASEB J. 22:2723–32. doi:10.1096/fj.08-106997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Effects Institute. 2010. Special report 17: Traffic related air pollution: A critical review of the literature on emissions, exposure, and health effects. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Heitzer, T., T. Schlinzig, K. Krohn, et al. 2001. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104:2673–78. doi:10.1161/hc4601.099485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiura, T.S., M.P. Kaszubowski, N. Li, et al. 1999. Chemicals in diesel exhaust particles generate reactive oxygen radicals and induce apoptosis in macrophages. J. Immunol. 163: 5582–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortenkrans, D.S.T., B.G. Bergback, and A.V. Haggerud. 2007. Metal emissions from brake linings and tires: Case studies of Stockholm, Sweden 1995/1998 and 2005. Environ. Sci Technol. 41:5224–30. doi:10.1021/es070198o
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek, G., B. Brunekreef, S. Goldbohm, et al. 2002. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: A cohort study. Lancet 360:1203–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11280-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, B., S. Moebus, A. Stang, et al. 2006. Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease. Eur. Heart J. 27:2696–702. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, B., S. Moebus, S. Mohlenkamp, et al. 2007. Residential exposure to traffic is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 116:489–96. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, B., S. Moebus, K. Kroger, et al. 2009. Residential exposure to urban air pollution, Ankle–Brachial Index, and peripheral arterial disease. Epidemiology 20:280–88. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181961ac2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holstius, D.M., C.E. Reid, B. M. Jesdale, et al. 2012. Birth weight following pregnancy during the 2003 southern California wildfires. Environ. Health Perspect. 120:1340–45. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosgood, H.D. III, H. Wei, A. Sapkota, et al. 2011. Household coal use and lung cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies, with an emphasis on geographic variation. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40:719–28. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, S.-I., K. Ito, and M. Lippmann. 2011. Effects of thoracic and fine PM and their components on heart rate and pulmonary function in COPD patients. J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 21:464–72. doi:10.1038/jes.2011.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, T.H., and Y.R. Kou. 2001. Airway hyperresponsiveness to bronchoconstrictor challenge after wood smoke exposure in guinea pigs. Life Sci. 68:2945–56. doi:1016/S0024-3205(01)01088-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda, M., M. Shitashige, H. Yamasaki, et al. 1995. Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein by diesel exhaust particles. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18:866–71. doi:10.1248/bpb.18.866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2012. IARC: Diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic. June. http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, L. J. Emmerechts, M.F. Hoylaerts, et al. 2011. Traffic air pollution and oxidized LDL. PLoS One 6(1)(open online access). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016200
   Google Scholar
• Jalava, P.I., R.O. Salonen, K. Nuutinen, et al. 2010. Effect of combustion condition on cytotoxic and inflammatory activity of residential wood combustion particles. Atmos. Environ. 44:1691–98. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, N.A.H., J. Schwartz, A. Zanobetti, et al. 2002. Air conditioning and source-specific particles as modifiers of the effect of PM10 on hospital admissions for heart and lung disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 110: 43–49. doi:10.1289/ehp.0211043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, N.A.H., G. Hoek, M. Simic-Lawson, et al. 2011. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1691–99. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerrett, M., K.B. Newbold, R.T. Burnett, et al. 2007. Geographies of uncertainty in the health benefits of air quality improvements. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 21:511–22. doi:10.1007/s00477-007-0133-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerrett, M, M.M. Finkelstein, J.R. Brook, et al. 2009. A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution and mortality in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Environ. Health Perspect. 117:772–77. doi:10.1289/ehp.11533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, F.H., I.C. Hanigan, S.B. Henderson, et al. 2013. Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: Retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994–2007. Br. Med J. (open access). doi:10.1136/bmj.e8446
   Google Scholar
• Kan, H., G. Heiss, K.M. Rose, et al. 2008. Prospective analysis of traffic exposure as a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:1463–68. doi:10.1289/ehp.11290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsouyanni, K., G. Touloumi, C. Spix, et al. 1997. Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: Results from time series data from the APHEA project. Br. Med J. 314: 1658–1663. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7095.1658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-B., Kim, C., Choi, E., et al. 2012. Particulate air pollution induces arrhythmia via oxidative stress and calcium calmodulin kinase II activation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 259:66–73. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, R.B. 2002. Drugs as P-glycoprotein substrates, inhibitors, and inducers. Drug Metab. Rev. 34:47–54. doi:10.1081/DMR-120001389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman, M.T., J.A Araujo, A. Nel, et al. 2008. Inhaled ultrafine particulate matter affects CNS inflammatory processes and may act via MAP kinase signaling pathways. Toxicol. Lett. 178:127–30. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman, M. 2013. Cardiopulmonary health effects: Toxicity of semi-volatile and non-volatile components of PM. Draft final report to California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/rsc/3-8-13/item1dfr07-307.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kocbach, B.A., J. Pagels, K.E. Yttri, et al. 2009. Health effects of residential wood smoke particles: The importance of combustion conditions and physicochemical particle properties. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 6:29. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krall, J.R., G.B. Anderson, F. Domenici, et al. 2013. Short-term exposure to particulate matter constituents and mortality in a national study of U.S. urban communities. Environ. Health Perspect. 121:1148–1153., doi:10.1289/ehp.1206185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuenzli, N., M. Jerrett, R. Garcia-Esteban R, et al. 2010. Ambient air pollution and the progression of atherosclerosis in adults. PLoS One 5 (2)(open access online). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009096
   Google Scholar
• Kurokawa, J., T. Ohara, T. Morikawa, et al. 2013. Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 11019–58.See http://www.nies.go.jp/REAS
   Google Scholar
• Lack, D.A., H. Moosmueller, G.R. McMeeking, et al. 2014. Characterizing elemental, equivalent black, and refractory black carbon aerosol particles: A review of techniques, their limitations and uncertainties. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 406(1): 99–122. doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7402-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaGier, A.J., N.D. Manzo, and J.A. Dye. 2013. Diesel exhaust particles induce aberrant alveolar epithelial directed cell movement by disruption of polarity mechanisms. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 76:71–85. doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.738169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laden, F., L.M. Neas, D.W. Dockery, et al. 2000. Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:941–47. doi:10.1289/ehp.00108941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laden, F., J.E. Hart, T.J. Smith, et al. 2007. Cause-specific mortality in the unionized U.S. trucking industry. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:1192–96. doi:10.1289/ehp.10027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaLonde, C., L.Picard, C. Campbell, et al. 1994. Lung and systemic oxidant and antioxidant activity after graded smoke exposure in the rat. Circ. Shock 42:7–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langrish, J.P., N.L. Mills, J.K.K. Chan, et al. 2009. Beneficial cardiovascular effects of reducing exposure to particulate air pollution with a simple facemask. Particle Fibre Technol. 6:8. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langrish, J.P., X. Li, S. Wang, et al. 2012. Reducing personal exposure to particulate air pollution improves cardiovascular health in patients with coronary heart disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 120:367–72. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large, D.J., S. Kelly, B. Spiro, et al. 2009. Silica–volatile interaction and the geological cause of the Xuan Wei lung cancer epidemic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:9016–21. doi:1021/es902033j
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent, S., P. Boutouyrie, R. Asmar, et al. 2001. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 37:1236–41. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.37.5.1236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M.-W., M.-L. Chen, S.-C.C. Lung, et al. 2011. Increase of urinary concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in diesel exhaust emission inspector exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 85(3): 273–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, Y., Q. Zhang, K.B. He, et al. 2011. Primary anthropogenic aerosol emission trends for China, 1990–2005. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11:931–54. doi:10.5194/acp-11-931-2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, S.S., S. Wang, X. Shi, et al. 2000. Wood smoke particles generate free radicals and cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NFkappB activation and TNF-alpha release in macrophages. Toxicology 150:147–57. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00256-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque, S., M.J. Surace, J. McDonald, et al. 2011. Air pollution and the brain: subchronic diesel exhaust exposure causes neuroinflammation and elevates early markers of neurodegenerative disease. J. Neuroinflam. 8:105–14. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, J.I., D.H. Bennett, S.J. Melly, et al. 2003. Influence of traffic patterns on particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in Roxbury, Massachusetts. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidiemiol. 13:364–71. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, N., M. I. Venkatesan, A. Miguel, et al. 2000. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression in macrophages by diesel exhaust particle chemicals and quinones via the antioxidant-responsive element. J. Immunol. 165:3393–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N., M. Wang, T.D. Oberley, et al. 2002. Comparison of the prooxidative and proinflammatory effects of organic diesel exhaust particle chemicals in bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages. J. Immunol. 169:4531–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N., C. Sioutas, A. Cho, et al. 2003. Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environ. Health Perspect. 111(4):455–60. doi:10.1289/ehp.6000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N., R.F. Phalen, W.C. Hinds, et al. 2003. Particulate air pollutants and asthma. A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects. Clin Immunol. 109:250–65. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2003.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N, J. Alam, M. I. Venkatesan, et al. 2004. Nrf2 is a key transcription factor that regulates antioxidant defense in macrophages and epithelial cells: protecting against the proinflammatory and oxidizing effects of diesel exhaust chemicals. J. Immunol. 173:3467–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N., and A. Nel. 2006. The cellular impacts of diesel exhaust particles: Beyond inflammation and death. Eur. Respir. J. 27:667–68. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00025006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y-J., T. Kawada, and A. Azuma. 2013. Nrf2 is a protective factor against oxidative stresses induced by diesel exhaust particles in allergic asthma. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longevity (online). doi:10.1155/2013/323607
   Google Scholar
• Lim, W.-Y., and A. Seow. 2012. Biomass fuels and lung cancer. Respirology 17:20–31. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02088.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, S., J.P. Munsie, S.-A. Hwang, et al. 2002. Childhood asthma hospitalization and residential exposure to state route traffic. Environ. Res. Sec. A 88:73–81. doi:10.1006/enrs.2001.4303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y.S., C.Y. Ho, G.J. Tang, et al. 2001. Alleviation of wood smoke-induced lung injury by tachykinin receptor antagonist and hydroxyl radical scavenger in guinea pigs. Eur. J. Pharmacol 425:141–48. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01184-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F.W., R.E. Wyzga, J.D. Baty, et al. 2006a. Traffic density as a surrogate measure of environmental exposures in studies of air pollution health effects: Long-term mortality in a cohort of U.S. veterans. Atmos. Environ. 40:154–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F.W., J.D. Baty, R.E. Wyzga, et al. 2006b. PM2.5 constituents and related air quality variables as predictors of survival in a cohort of U.S. military veterans. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:645–57. doi:10.1080/08958370600742946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F.W., R.E. Wyzga, J.D. Baty, et al. 2009. Air pollution and survival within the Washington University—EPRI Veterans Cohort: Risks based on modeled estimates of ambient levels of hazardous and criteria air pollutants. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 59:473–89. doi:10.1080/10473289.2009.10465740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Y. Wang, A. Russell, et al. 2005. Atmospheric aerosol over two urban–rural pairs in the southeastern United States: Chemical composition and possible sources. Atmos. Environ. 39:4453–70. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Y. Wang, A. Russell, et al. 2006. Enhanced source identification of southeast aerosols using temperature resolved carbon fractions and gas phase components. Atmos. Environ. 40:S445–66. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.079
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W.X, H. Dou, Z. C. Wei, et al. 2009. Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of different residential coals in North China. Sci. Total Environ. 407:1436–46. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough, G.C., J.J. Schauer, J.-S. Park, et al. 2005. Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways. Environ. Sci Technol. 39:826–36. doi:10.1021/es048715f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucking, A.J., M. Lundback, N.L. Mills, et al. 2008. Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man. Eur. Heart J. 29: 3043–51. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucking, A.J., M. Lundback, S.L. Barath, et al. 2011. Particle traps prevent adverse vascular and prothrombotic effects of diesel engine exhaust inhalation in men. Circulation. 123:1721–28. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.987263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lue, S.-H., G.A. Wellenius, E.H. Wilker, et al. 2013. Residential proximity to major roadways and renal function. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health. 67:629–634., doi:10.1136/jech-2012-202307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundback, M., N.L. Mills, A. Lucking, et al. 2007. Experimental exposure to diesel exhaust increases arterial stiffness in man. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 6:7. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciejczyk, P.B., J.H. Offenberg, J. Clemente, et al. 2004. Ambient pollutant concentrations measured by a mobile laboratory in South Bronx, NY. Atmos. Environ. 38:5283–94. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maseri, A., C. Newman, and G. Davies. 1989. Coronary vasomotor tone: A heterogeneous entity. Eur. Heart J. 10(Suppl. F): 2–5. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/10.suppl_F.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew, E., G. Warden, and J. Dedman. 2001. A murine model of smoke inhalation. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol 280:L716–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson, M. 2001. Mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis and excitotoxicity. In Pathogenesis and Neurodegenerative Disorders, pp. 1–20. Baltimore, MD: Humana Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mauderly J., and J. Chow. 2008. Health effects of organic aerosols. Inhal. Toxicol. 20:257–88. doi:10.1080/08958370701866008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard D., B.A. Coull, A. Gryparis, et al. 2007. Mortality risk associated with short-term exposure to traffic particles and sulfates. Environ. Health Perspect. 115: 751–55. doi:10.1289/ehp.9537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken, J., K.R. Smith, A. Diaz, et al. 2007. Chimney stove intervention to reduce long-term wood smoke exposure lowers blood pressure among Guatemalan women. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:996–1001. doi:10.1289/ehp.9888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken, J., K.R. Smith, P. Stone, et al. 2011. Intervention to lower household wood smoke exposure in Guatemala reduces ST-segment depression on electrocardiograms. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1562–68. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, J.D., K.S. Harrod, J. Seagrave, et al. 2004. Effects of low sulfur fuel and a catalyzed particle trap on the composition and toxicity of diesel emissions. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:1307–12. doi:10.1289/ehp.7059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, J.D., M.J. Campen, K.S. Harrod, Et al. 2011. Engine-operating load influences diesel exhaust composition and cardiopulmonary and immune responses. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1136–41. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina-Ramon, M., T. Goldberg, S. Melly, et al. 2008. Residential exposure to traffic-related air pollution and survival after heart failure. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:481–85. doi:10.1289/ehp.10918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestl, H.E.S., K. Aunan, H.M. Seip, et al. 2007a. Urban and rural exposure to indoor air pollution from domestic biomass and coal burning across China. Science Total Environ. 377:12–26. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestl, H.E.S., K. Aunan, and H.M. Seip. 2007b. Health benefits from reducing indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use in China—Three abatement scenarios. Environ. Int. 33(6): 831–40. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliaccio, C.T., E. Kobos, Q.O. King, et al. 2013. Adverse effects of wood smoke PM2.5 exposure on macrophage function. Inhal. Toxicol. 25:67–76. doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.756086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, N.L., H. Tornquist, S.D. Robinson, et al. 2005. Diesel exhaust inhalation causes vascular dysfunction and impaired endogenous fibrinolysis. Circulation 112:3930–36. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.588962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, N.L., H. Tornquist, M. Gonzalez, et al. 2007. Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 357:1075–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, N.L., S.D. Robinson, P.H.B. Fokkens, et al. 2008. Exposure to concentrated ambient particles does not affect vascular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:709–15. doi:10.1289/ehp.11016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, N.L., M.R. Miller, A.J. Lucking, et al. 2011. Combustion-derived nanoparticulate induces the adverse vascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation. Eur. Heart J. 32:2660–71. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyabara, Y., H. Takano, T. Ichinose, et al. 1998. Diesel exhaust enhances allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157:1138–44. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9708066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogi, M., M. Harada, P. Riederer, et al. 1994. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients. Neurosci. Lett. 165:208–10. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90746-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MohanKumar, S.M., A.Campbell, M. Block, et al. 2008. Particulate matter, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity. NeuroToxicol. 29:479–88. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2007.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, T.E., D.A. Davis, N. Iwata, et al. 2011. Glutamatergic neurons in rodent models response to nanoscale particulate urban air pollutants in vivo and in vitro. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1003–9. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morello-Frosch, R., and B.M. Jesdale. 2006. Separate and unequal: Residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in U.S. metropolitan areas. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:386–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudway, I.S., N. Stenfors, S.T. Duggan, et al. 2004. An in vitro and in vivo investigation of the effects of diesel exhaust on human airway lining fluid antioxidants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 423:200–12. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2003.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, L., C.V.E. Chehrazi, M.W. Henderson, et al. 2013. Diesel exhaust particles modify natural killer cell function and cytokine release. Particle Fiber Toxicol. 10:16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeher, L.P., M. Brauer, M. Lipsett, et al. 2007. Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhal. Toxicol. 19:67–106. doi:10.1080/08958370600985875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council. 1998. Research priorities for airborne particulate matter: I: Immediate priorities and a long-range research portfolio. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
   Google Scholar
• Neupane, B., M. Jerrett M, R.T. Burnett, et al. 2010. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of pneumonia in older adults. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 181: 47–53. doi:10.1164/rccm.200901-0160OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby, D.E., R.A. Wright, C. Jabinjoh, et al. 1999. Endothelial dysfunction, inpaired endogenous fibrinolysis, and cigarette smoking: A mechanism for arterial thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Circulation 99:1411–15. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.99.11.1411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby, D.E., A. L. McLeod, N.G. Uren, et al. 2001. Impaired coronary tissue plasminogen activator release is associated with coronary atherosclerosis and cigarette smoking: Direct link between endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis. Circulation 103:1936–41. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.103.15.1936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni, M., W.Q. Chen, and Y. Zhang. 2009. Animal models and potential mechanisms of plaque destabilisation and disruption. Heart 95:1393–98. doi:10.1136/hrt.2008.143461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, J.J., and D.J. Webb. 2003. Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23:554–66. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000060460.52916.D6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostro, B., W.-Y. Feng, R. Broadwin, et al. 2007. The effects of components of fine particulate air pollution on mortality in California: Results from CALFINE. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:13–19. doi:10.1289/ehp.9281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostro, B., M. Lipsett, P. Reynolds, et al. 2010. Long-term exposure to constituents of fine particulate matter air pollution and mortality: Results from the California Teachers Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 118:363–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostro, B., P. Reynolds, D. Goldberg, et al. 2011. Erratum: Assessing long-term exposure in the California Teachers Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:A242–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkaynak, H. and G.D. Thurston. 1987. Associations between 1980 U.S. mortality rates and alternative measures of airborne particle concentration. Risk Anal. 7:449–61. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1987.tb00482.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachauri, T., A. Satsangi, V. Singla, et al. 2013. Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols in pm2.5 during wintertime in Agra, India. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13:997–91. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2012.10.0263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J.S., G.R. Hong, S.W. Baek, et al. 2002. Expression and regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by vascular endothelial growth factor in ECV 304 cells. J. Korean Med. Sci. 17:161–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S.K., M.S. O’Neill, B.J.B. Stunder, et al. 2007. Source location of air pollution and cardiac autonomic function: Trajectory cluster analysis for exposure assessment. J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 17:488–97. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, R.D., M.L. Bell, A.S. Geyh, et al. 2009. Emergency admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 117:957–63. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera, F.P., V. Rauh, S.-Y. Tsai, et al. 2003. Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:201–5. doi:10.1289/ehp.5742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera, F.P., D. Tang, R. Whyatt, et al. 2005. DNA damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured by benzo(a)pyrene–DNA adducts in mothers and newborns from northern Manhattan, the World Trade Center Area, Poland, and China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent. 14(3): 709–14. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera, F.P., V. Rauh, R.M. Whyatt, et al. 2006. Effect of prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons on neurodevelopment in the first 3 years of life among inner-city children. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1287–92. doi:10.1289/ehp.9084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera F.P., Z. Li, R. Whyatt, et al. 2009. Prenatal airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and child IQ at age 5 years. Pediatrics 124(2):e195–202. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera, F.P., S. Wang, J. Vishnevetsky, et al. 2011. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons–aromatic DNA adducts in cord blood and behavior scores in New York City children. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1176–81. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera, F.P., D. Tang, S. Wang, et al. 2012. Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and child behavior at age 6-7 years. Environ. Health Perspect. 120:921–26. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretz, A., E.C. Peck, T.K. Bammler, et al. 2007. Diesel exhaust inhalation and assessment of peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene transcription effects: An exploratory study of healthy human volunteers. Inhalation Toxicol. 19: 1107–19. doi:10.1080/08958370701665384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretz, A., J.D. Kaufman, C.A. Trenga, et al. 2008. Effects of diesel exhaust inhalation on heart rate variability in human volunteers. Environ. Res. 107:178–84. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters A., S. von Klot, M. Heier, et al. 2004. Exposure to traffic and onset of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 351:1721–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, A., B. Veronesi, L. Calderon-Garciduenas, et al. 2006. Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles: A critical update. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 3:13. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-3-13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, J.D., L.A. Herzenberg, K. Vasquez, et al. 1998. Glutathione levels in antigen-presenting cells modulate Th1 and Th2 response patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3071–76. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C A. III, and D. W. Dockery. 2006. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manage. Asoc. 56:709–42. doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C.A., M.J. Thun, M.M. Namboodiri, et al. 1995. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am. J. Crit. Care Med. 151:669–74. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.3.7881654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C.A., R.T. Burnett, M.J. Thun, et al. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287(9):1132–41. doi:10.1001/jama.287.9.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poss, J., D. Lorenz, C. Werner, et al. 2013. Diesel exhaust particles impair endothelial progenitor cells, compromise endothelial integrity, reduce neoangiogenesis, and increase atherogenesis in mice. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 13: 290–300. doi:10.1007/s12012-013-9208-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provoost, S., T. Maes, M.A.M. Willart, et al. 2010. Diesel exhaust particles stimulate adaptive immunity by acting on pulmonary dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 184: 426–32. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puett, R.C., J.E. Hart, H. Suh, et al. 2011. Particulate matter exposures, mortality, and cardiovascular disease in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1130–35. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quincey, P. 2007. A relationship between Black Smoke Index and black carbon concentration. Atmos. Environ. 41:7964–68. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahn, K.A., and D.H. Lowenthal. 1985. Pollution aerosol in the Northeast: Northeastern-Midwestern contributions. Science 228:275–84. doi:10.1126/science.228.4697.275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, C., J. Pedraza-Chaverri, C. Becerril, et al. 2013. Oxidative stress and lung injury induced by short-term exposure to wood smoke in guinea pigs. Inhal. Toxicol. 23: 711–22. doi:10.3109/15376516.2013.843113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, C., S. Fang, R.O. Wright, et al. 2011. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage induced by ambient pollution in the Normative Aging Study. Occup. Environ. Med. 68:562–69. doi:10.1136/oem.2010.056358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reponen, T., S.A. Grinshpun, S. Trakumas, et al. 2003. Concentration gradient patterns of aerosol particles near interstate highways in the Greater Cincinnati airshed. J. Environ. Monit. 5:557–62. doi:10.1039/b303557c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restrepo, C., R. Zimmerman, G. Thurston, et al. 2004. A comparison of ground-level air quality data with New York State Department of Environmental Conservation monitoring stations data in South Bronx, New York. Atmos. Environ. 38:5295–304. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, P., E. Elkin, R. Scalf, et al. 2001. A case-control pilot study of traffic exposures and early childhood leukemia using a geographic information system. Bioelectromagnetics Suppl. 5:S58–68. doi:10.1002/1521-186X(2001)22:5+<::AID-BEM1024>3.0.CO;2-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riddervold, I.S., J.H. Bonlokke, A.-C. Olin, et al. 2012. Effects of wood smoke particles from wood-burning stoves on the respiratory health of atopic humans. Particle Fibre Technol. 9:12. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-9-12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riediker, M., R. Devlin, T. Griggs, et al. 2004. Cardiovascular effects in patrol officers are associated with fine particulate matter from brake wear and engine emissions. Particle Fibre Technol. 1:2. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-1-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker, P.M, C.H. Hennekens, J.E. Buring, et al. 2000. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 342:836–43. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003233421202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risom, L., P. Moller, and S. Loft. 2005. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by particulate air pollution. Mutat. Res. 592:119–37. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristovski, A., B. Miljevic, N.C. Surawski et al. 2011. Respiratory health effects of diesel particulate matter. Respirology 17: 201–12. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02109.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivest, S. 2001. How circulating cytokines trigger the neural circuits that control the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26: 761–88. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00064-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock, R.B., G. Gekker, S. Hu et al. 2004. Role of microglia in central nervous system infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 942–64. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.942-964.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roorda-Knape, M.C., N.A.H. Janssen, J.J. de Hartog, et al. 1998. Air pollution from traffic in city districts near major motorways. Atmos. Environ. 32(11): 1921–30. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00496-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, R. 1999. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340:115–26. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70266-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruckerl, R., S. Greven, P. Ljungman, et al. 2007. Air pollution and inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) in myocardial infarction survivors. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:1072–80. doi:10.1289/ehp.10021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvi, S., C. Nordenhall, A. Blomberg et al. 2000. Acute exposure to diesel exhaust increases IL-8 and GRO-alpha production in healthy human airways. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161: 550–57. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9905052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapkota, A., V. Gajalakshmi, D.H. Jetli, et al. 2008. Indoor air pollution from solid fuels and risk of hypopharyngeal/laryngeal and lung cancers: A multicentric case-control study from India. Int. J. Epidemiol. 37:321–28. doi:10.1093/ije/dym261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraswat, A., J.S. Apte, M. Kandilakar, et al. 2013. Spatiotemportal land use regression models of fine, ultrafine, and black carbon particulate matter in New Delhi, India. Environ. Sci Technol. 47:12903–11. doi:10.1021/es401489h
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauvain, J.-J., A. Setyan, P. Wild, et al. 2011. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 6:1–13. doi:10.1186/1745-6673-6-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, K, S. Mundandhara, A.J. Ghio, et al. 2010. The effects of ambient particulate matter on human alveolar macrophage oxidative and inflammatory responses. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 73:41–57. doi:10.1080/15287390903248901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz J., A. Litonjua, H. Suh, et al. 2005a. Traffic related pollution and heart rate variability in a panel of elderly subjects. Thorax 60:455–61. doi:10.1136/thx.2004.024836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J., S.K. Park, M.S. O’Neill, et al. 2005b. Glutathione-S-transferase M1, obesity, statins, and autonomic effects of particles. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172:1529–33. doi:10.1164/rccm.200412-1698OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla, A., C. Timblin, K. Berube, et al. 2000. Inhaled particulate matter causes expression of nuclear factor (NF)-B related genes and oxidant-dependent NF-B activation in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 23:182–87. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.23.2.4035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• See, S.W., Y.H. Wang, and R. Balasubramian. 2007. Contrasting reactive oxygen species and transition metal concentrations in combustion aerosols. Environ. Res. 103:317–24. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehlstedt, M., R. Dove, C. Boman, et al. 2010. Antioxidant airway responses following experimental exposure to wood smoke in man. Particle Fibre Technol. 7:21. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-7-21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, Q., W. Wang, Y. Yang, et al. 2010. Emission factors and particulate matter size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustions in rural northern China. Atmos. Environ. 44(39): 5237–5243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S.J., and T.M.L. Wigley. 2006. Multi-gas forcing stabilization with the MiniCAM. Energy J. special issue 3: 373–91. doi:10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-VolSI2006-NoSI3-19
   Google Scholar
• Somers, C.M., B. McCarry, F. Malek, and J.S. Quinn. 2004. Reduction of particulate air pollution lowers the risk of heritable mutations in mice. Science 304:1008–10. doi:10.1126/science.1095815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson, S.F., B.C. Esrig, H.C. Polk, Jr., et al. 1975. The pathophysiology of smoke inhalation injury. Ann. Surg. 182:652–60. doi:10.1097/00000658-197511000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, F.B., W.E. Halperin, R.W. Nornung, et al. 1988. Heart disease mortality among bridge and tunnel officers exposed to carbon monoxide. Am. J. Epidemiol. 128(6): 1276–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockfelt, L., G. Sallsten, A.-C. Olin, et al. 2012. Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans. Inhal. Toxicol. 24(1): 47–59. doi:10.3109/08958378.2011.633281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suglia, S.F., A. Gryparis, R.O. Wright, et al. 2008. Association of black carbon with cognition among children in a prospective birth cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 167:280–86. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh, H.H., and A. Zanobetti. 2010. Exposure error masks the relationship between traffic-related air pollution and heart rate variability. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 52:685–92. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181e8071f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svedas, E. K.B. Islam, H. Nisell, et al. 2003. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced functional and morphologic signs of endothelial dysfunction in isolated arteries from normal pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 188:168–76. doi:10.1067/mob.2003.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano, H., T. Yoshikawa, T. Ichinose, et al. 1997. Diesel exhaust particles enhance antigen-induced airway inflammation and local cytokine expression in mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156:36–42. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9610054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E.M. 2002. The impact of efflux transporters in the brain on the development of drugs for CNS disorders. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 41:81–92. doi:10.2165/00003088-200241020-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesfaigzi, Y., S.P. Sinsgh, J.E. Foster, et al. 2002. Health effects of subchronic exposure to low levels of wood smoke in rats. Toxicol. Sci 65:115–25. doi:10.1093/toxsci/65.1.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, P.T., and J.T. Zelikoff. 1999. Air pollutants: Modulators of pulmonary host resistance against infection. In Air Pollution and Health, ed. S.T. Holgate, J.M. Samet, H.S. Koren, H.S. Maynard, 357–79, San Diego,CA: Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, L.M., N. Bruce, B. Eskenazi, et al. 2011. Impact of reduced maternal exposures to wood smoke from an introduced chimney stove on newborn birth weight in rural Guatemala. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1489–94. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, H., A.G. Rappold, M. Caughey, et al. 2014. Cardiovascular effects caused by increasing concentrations of diesel exhaust in middle-aged healthy GSTM1 null human volunteers. Inhal Toxicol. 26(6):319–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonne, C., S. Melly, M. Mittleman, et al. 2007. A case-control analysis of exposure to traffic and acute myocardial infarction. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:53–57. doi:10.1289/ehp.9587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonne, C., J. Yanosky, A. Gryparis, et al. 2009. Traffic particles and occurrence of acute myocardial infarction: A case-control analysis. Occup. Environ. Med. 66:797–804. doi:10.1136/oem.2008.045047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totlandsdal, A.I., J. I Herseth, A.K. Bolling, et al. 2012. Differential effects of the particle core and organic extracat of diesel exhaust particles. Toxicol. Lett. 208:262–68. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unosson, J., A. Blomberg, T. Sandstrom, et al. 2013. Exposure to wood smoke increases arterial stiffness and decreases heart rate variability in humans. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 10:20. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-10-20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Integrated science assessment for particulate matter. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. Report to Congress on Black Carbon (Chapter 4). http://www.epa.gov/blackcarbon/
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Scientific Advisory Board. 1975. Scientific and technical issues relating to sulfates, by an ad hoc panel of the Science Advisory Board. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
   Google Scholar
• van Berlo, D., C. Albrecht, A. M. Knaapen, et al. 2012. Comparative evaluation of the effects of short-term inhalation exposure to diesel engine exhaust on rat lung and brain. Arch. Toxicol. 84:553–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Gon, H.A.C.D., M.E. Gerlofs-Nijland, R. Gehrig, et al. 2013. The policy relevance of wear emissions from road transport, now and in the future—An international workshop report and consensus statement. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 63(2):136–49. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2012.741055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hee, V.C., S.D. Adar, A.A. Szpiro, et al. 2009. Exposure to traffic and left ventricular mass and function. Am. J. Respir Crit Care Med. 179:827–34. doi:10.1164/rccm.200808-1344OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rijt, L.S., N. Vos., M. Willart et al. 2004. Essential role of dendritic cell CD80/CD86 costimulation in the induction, but not reactivation, of TH2 effector responses in a mouse model of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 114: 166–73. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.03.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, V., P. Pakbin, and K.L. Cheung, et al. 2011. Physiochemical and oxidative characteristics of semi-volatile components of quasi-ultrafine particles in an urban atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 45:1025–33. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronesi, B., O. Makwana, M. Pooler, et al. 2005. Effects of subchronic exposure to concentrated air pollution in ApoE-/- mice: VII. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Inhal. Toxicol. 17:235–41. doi:10.1080/08958370590912888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivier, E., D.H. Raulet, A. Moretta, et al. 2011. Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells. Science 331:44–49. doi:10.1126/science.1198687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M., G.G. Xiao, N. Li, et al. 2005. Use of a fluorescent phosphoprotein dye to characterize oxidative stress-induced signaling pathway components in macrophage and epithelial cultures exposed to diesel exhaust particle chemicals. Electrophoresis 26: 2092–108. doi:10.1002/elps.200410428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., S. Simonich, B. Giri, et al. 2011. Atmospheric concentrations and air-soil gas exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in remote, rural village, and urban areas of Beijing–Tianjin region, North China. Science Total Environ. 409:2942–50.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G., J.C. Chow, and L.-W. Antony Chen. 2005. Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 5(1): 65–102.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G., and J.C. Chow. 2005. Receptor models. In Air Quality Modeling—Theories, Methodologies, Computational Techniques, and Available Databases and Software, Vol. II—Advanced Topics, ed. P. Zannetti, 455–501. Pittsburgh, PA: Air & Waste Management Association and EnviroComp Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Wauters A., C. Dreyfuss, S. Pochet, et al. 2013. Acute exposure to diesel exhaust impairs nitric oxide-mediated endothelial vasomotor function by increasing endothelial oxidative stress. Hypertension 62:352–58. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimer, S., M.R. Alfarra, D. Schreiber, et al. Organic aerosol mass spectral signatures from wood-burning emissions: Influence of burning conditions and wood type. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D10304. doi:10.1029/2007JD009309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldy, C.S., I.P. Luttrell, C.C. White, et al. 2013. Glutathione (GSH) and the GSH synthesis gene Gclm modulate plasma redox and vascular responses to acute diesel exhaust inhalation in mice. Inhal. Toxicol. 25:444–54. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.801004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldy, C.S., C.C. White, H.-W. Wilkerson, et al. 2011a. Heterozygosity in the glutathione synthesis gene Gelm increases sensitivity to diesel exhaust particulate induced lung inflammation in mice. Inhal. Toxicol. 23:724–35. doi:10.3109/08958378.2011.608095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldy, C.S., H-W Wilkerson, T.V. Larson et al. 2011b. Diesel particulate exposed macrophages alter endothelial cell expression of eNOS, iNOS, MCP1 and glutathione synthesis genes. Toxicol. In Vitro 25: 2064–73. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2011.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellenius, G.A., M.R. Burger, B.A. Coull, et al. 2012. Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Arch. Intern. Med. 172:(3): 229–34. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise, M.A., K.V. Calvin, A.M. Thomson, et al. 2009. Implications of limiting CO2 concentrations for land use and energy. Science 324:1183–1186. doi:10.1126/science.1168475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, K.L., M.F. Stock, D.E. Malek, et al. 1984. Evaluation of the pulmonary effects of wood smoke in guinea pigs by repeated CO2 challenges. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 75:69–80. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(84)90077-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, IPCS. 2009. Principles for Modelling Dose-Response for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (European Office). 2012. Health Effects of Black Carbon. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, S.-P., S. Tao, Z.-H. Zhang, et al. 2005. Distribution of particle-phase hydrocarbons, PAHs and OCPs in Tianjin, China. Atmos. Environ. 39:7420–32. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, G.G., M. Wang, N. Li., et al. 2003. Use of proteomics to demonstrate a hierarchical oxidative stress response to diesel exhaust particle chemicals in a macrophage cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 50781–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306423200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X., N. Kherada, X. Hong, et al. 2009. Diesel exhaust exposure induces angiogenesis. Toxicol. Lett. 191:57–68. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, G, Y. Wang, Y. Zeng, et al. 2013. Rapid health transition in China, 1990–2010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 381:1987–2015. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61097-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiher, A.M., H. Drexler, H. Wollschlager, et al. 1991. Modulation of coronary vasomotor tone in humans. Progressive endothelial dysfunction with different stages of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 83:391–401. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.83.2.391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelikoff, J.T. 2000. Woodsmoke, kerosene heater emission, and diesel exhaust. In Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, ed. M.D. Cohen, J.T. Zelikoff, and R.B. Schlesinger, 369–87. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4535-4_15
   Google Scholar
• Zelikoff, J.T., L.C. Chen, M.D. Cohen, et al. 2002. The toxicology of inhaled woodsmoke. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 85:269–82. doi:10.1080/10937400290070062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., S. Wang, J. Hao, et al. 2012. Chemical and size characteristics of particles emitted from the burning of coal and wood in rural households in Guizhou, China. Atmos. Environ. 51:94–99. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., W.G. Hinds, S. Kim, et al. 2002. Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 52:1032–42. doi:10.1080/10473289.2002.10470842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titcombe, M.E., and M. Simcik. 2011. Personal and indoor exposure to PM and polychclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the southern highlands of Tanzania: A pilot-scale study. Environ. Monit. Assess. 180:461–76. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1799-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar