References
- Aarnio, P., T. Yli-Tuomi, A. Kousa, T. Mäkelä, A. Hirsikko, K. Hämeri, M. Räisänen, R. Hillamo, T. Koskentalo, and M. Jantunen. 2005. The concentrations and composition of and exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in the Helsinki subway system. Atmos. Environ. 39:5059–66. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.012
- Adams, H.S., M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen, R.N. Colvile, M.A.S. McMullen, and P. Khandelwal. 2001. Fine particle (PM2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK. Sci. Total Environ. 279(1–3): 29–44. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00723-9
- Birenzvige, A., H. Eversole, M. Seaver, S. Francesconi, E. Valdes, and H. Kulaga. 2003. Aerosol characteristics in a subway environment. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 37:210–20. doi:10.1080/02786820390112614
- Braniš, M. 2006. The contribution of ambient sources to particulate pollution in spaces and trains of the Prague underground transport system. Atmos. Environ. 40:348–56. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.060
- Chan, L.Y., W.L. Lau, S.C. Zou, Z.X. Cao, and S.C. Lai. 2002. Exposure level of carbon monoxide and respirable suspended particulate in public transportation modes while commuting in urban area of Guangzhou, China. Atmos. Environ. 36:5831–40. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00687-8
- Cheng, Y.H., Y.L. Lin, and C.C. Liu. 2008. Levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in Taipei rapid transit system. Atmos. Environ. 42:7242–49. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.011
- Chillrud, S., J. Davidepstein, S. Ross, D. Sax, J. Spengler, and P. Kinney. 2004. Elevated airborne exposures of teenagers to manganese, chromium, and iron from steel dust and New York City’s subway system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:732–37. doi:10.1021/es034734y
- Dominici, F., R.D. Peng, M.L. Bell, L. Pham, A. McDermott, S.L. Zeger, and J.M. Samet. 2006. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 295: 1127–34. doi:10.1001/jama.295.10.1127
- Eom, H.J., H.J. Jung, S. Sobanska, S.G. Chung, Y.S. Son, J.C. Kim, Y. Sunwoo, and C.U. Ro. 2013. Iron speciation of airborne subway particles by the combined use of energy dispersive electron probe X‑ray microanalysis and raman microspectrometry. Anal. Chem. 85:10424–31. doi:10.1021/ac402406n
- Johansson, C., and P.-Å. Johansson. 2003. Particulate matter in the underground of Stockholm. Atmos. Environ. 37:3–9. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00833-6
- Gent, J.F., E.W. Triche, T.R. Holford, K. Belanger, M.B. Bracken, W.S. Beckett, and B.P. Leaderer. 2003. Association of low-level ozone and fine particles with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 290:1859–67. doi:10.1001/jama.290.14.1859
- Gustavsson, P., C. Bigert, and M. Pollán. 2008. Incidence of lung cancer among subway drivers in Stockholm. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:545–47. doi:10.1002/ajim.20584
- Jung, H.J., B.W. Kim, J.Y. Ryu, S. Maskey, J.C. Kim, J. Sohn, and C.-U. Ro. 2010. Source identification of particulate matter collected at underground subway stations in Seoul, Korea using quantitative single-particle analysis. Atmos. Environ. 44:2287–93. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.003
- Jung, H.J., B.W. Kim, M.A. Malek, Y.S. Koo, J.H. Jung, Y.S. Son, J.C. Kim, H.K. Kim, and C.-U. Ro. 2012. Chemical speciation of size-segregated floor dusts and airborne magnetic particles collected at underground subway stations in Seoul, Korea. J. Hazard. Mater. 213–14:331–40. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.006
- Karlsson, H.L., A.G. Ljungman, J. Lindbom, and L. Möller. 2006. Comparison of genotoxic and inflammatory effects of particles generated by wood combustion, a road simulator and collected from street and subway. Toxicol. Lett. 165:203–11. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.04.003
- Karlsson, H.L., L. Nilsson, and L. Möller. 2005. Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18:19–23. doi:10.1021/tx049723c
- Kang, S., H. Hwang, Y. Park, H. Kim, and C.-U. Ro. 2008. Chemical compositions of subway particles in Seoul, Korea determined by a quantitative single particle analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42: 9051–57. doi:10.1021/es802267b
- Kim, H.K., and C.-U. Ro. 2010. Characterization of individual atmospheric aerosols using quantitative energy dispersive-electron probe x-ray microanalysis: A review. Asian J. Atmos. Environ. 4:115–40. doi:10.5572/ajae.2010.4.3.115
- Kim, J.C., Y.S. Son, J.H. Kim, J.H. Jeong, and I.W. Kim. 2012. An intelligent monitoring system to improve indoor air quality in underground subway stations and tunnels. Paper presented at the annual meeting for International Congress on Environmental Health, Lisbon, Portugal, May 29–June 1, 2012.
- Kim, K.H., D.X. Ho, J.S. Jeon, and J.C. Kim. 2012. A noticeable shift in particulate matter levels after platform screen door installation in a Korean subway station. Atmos. Environ. 49:219–23. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.058
- Le, H.A., J.C. Kim, Y.S. Perng, and I.W. Kim. 2013. First workshop of the Asian network for environment and energy. J. Viet. Environ. 4:1–8. doi:10.13141/jve.vol4.nol.pp1-8
- Lee, J.H., S.C. Hong, Y.M. Kim, J.C. Kim, Y.S. Son, and I.W. Kim. 2011. The effect of induced jet fan for fine particle concentration (PM10) at subway tunnel with a natural ventilation system in Seoul. Paper presented at the annual meeting for International Congress on Environmental Health, Salvador, Brazil, February 6–9, 2011.
- Liu, H., S. Lee, M. Kim, H. Shi, J.T. Kim, K.L. Wasewar, and C. Yoo. 2013. Multi-objective optimization of indoor air quality control and energy consumption minimization in a subway ventilation system. Energy Build. 66:553–61. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.066
- Mugica-Álvarez, V., J. Figueroa-Laraa, M. Romero-Romo, J. Sepúlveda-Sánchez, and T. López-Moreno. 2012. Concentrations and properties of airborne particles in the Mexico City subway system. Atmos. Environ. 49:284–93. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.038
- Park, D.U., and K.C. Ha. 2008. Characteristics of PM10, PM2.5, CO2 and CO monitored in interiors and platforms of subway train in Seoul, Korea. Environ. Int. 34:629–34. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.007
- Pfeifer, G.D., R.M. Harrison, and D.R. Lynam. 1999. Personal exposures to airborne metals in London taxi drivers and office workers in 1995 and 1996. Sci. Total Environ. 235:253–60. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00201-6
- Raut, J.-C., P. Chazette, and A. Fortain. 2009. Link between aerosol optical, microphysical and chemical measurements in an underground railway station in Paris. Atmos. Environ. 43:860–68. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.038
- Salma, I., T. Weidinger, and W. Maenhaut. 2007. Time-resolved mass concentration, composition and sources of aerosol particles in a metropolitan underground railway station. Atmos. Environ. 41:8391–405. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.017
- Seaton, A.J. Cherrie, M. Dennekamp, K. Donaldson, J.F. Hutley, and C.L. Tran. 2005. The London underground: dust and hazards to health. Occup. Environ. Med. 62:355–62. doi:10.1136/oem.2004.014332
- Seoul Metropolitan Government, Republic of Korea. 2013a. Status of daily travel by transportation (Share rate). http://stat.seoul.go.kr (accessed September 14, 2013).
- Seoul Metropolitan Government, Republic of Korea. 2013b. Subway passenger transportation. http://stat.seoul.go.kr (accessed September 14, 2013).
- Sohn, J.R., J.C. Kim, M.Y. Kim, Y.S. Son, and Y. Sunwoo. 2008. Particulate behavior in subway airspace. Asian J. Atmos. Environ. 2(1): 54–59. doi:10.5572/ajae.2008.2.1.054
- Son, Y., J. Jeong, J. Kim, J. Lee, H. Park, I. Kim, and J. Kim. 2011. Reduction of particulate matter using jet fans in subway tunnel. Paper presented at the annual meeting for Air & Waste Management Association, Orlando, FL, June 21–24.
- Son, Y.S., T.V. Dinh, S.G. Chung, J Lee, and J.C. Kim. 2014. Removal of particulate matter emitted from a subway tunnel using magnetic filters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48:2870–76. doi:10.1021/es404502x
- Son, Y.S., A. Salama, H,-S. Jeong, J.-H. Jeong, J. Lee, Y. Sunwoo, and J.C. Kim. 2013. The effect of platform screen doors on PM10 levels in a subway station and a trial to reduce PM10 in tunnels after their run. Asian J. Atmos. Environ. 7(1): 38–47. doi:10.5572/ajae.2013.7.1.038
- Son, Y.S., Y.H. Kang, S.G. Chung, H.J. Park, and J.C. Kim. 2011. Efficiency evaluation of adsorbents for the removal of VOC and NO2 in an underground subway station. Asian J. Atmos. Environ. 5(2): 113–20. doi:10.5572/ajae.2011.5.2.113
- Song, J., H. Lee, S.-D. Kim, and D.-S. Kim. 2008. How about the IAQ in subway environment and its management?. Asian J. Atmos. Environ. 2(1): 60–67. doi:10.5572/ajae.2008.2.1.060