20,600
Views
137
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Paper

Changes in extreme events and the potential impacts on human health

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 265-287 | Received 02 Jun 2017, Accepted 19 Oct 2017, Published online: 19 Apr 2018

References

  • Abatzoglou, J.T., and A. Park Williams. 2016. Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (42):11770–75.
  • Albertine, J.M., W.J. Manning, M. DaCosta, K.A. Stinson, M.L. Muilenberg, and C.A. Rogers. 2014. Projected carbon dioxide to increase grass pollen and allergen exposure despite higher ozone levels. PLoS One 9 (11):e111712.
  • Alderman, K., L.R. Turner, and S. Tong. 2012. Floods and human health: A systematic review. Environment International 47:37–47.
  • Anderson, B.G., and M.L. Bell. 2009. Weather-related mortality: How heat, cold, and heat waves affect mortality in the United States. Epidemiology 20 (2):205–13. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318190ee08.
  • Anderson, G.B., and M.L. Bell. 2012. Lights out: Impact of the August 2003 power outage on mortality in New York, NY. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 23 (2):189.
  • Ashley, W.S., S. Strader, D.C. Dziubla, and A. Haberlie. 2015. Driving blind: Weather-related vision hazards and fatal motor vehicle crashes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96 (5):755–78.
  • Astrand, P.O., K. Rodahl, H.A. Dahl, and S.B. Stromme. 2003. Textbook of work physiology: Physiological bases of exercise, 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Balbus, J., A. Crimmins, J.L. Gamble, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, S. Saha, and M.C. Sarofim. 2016. Introduction: Climate change and human health. In The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment, 25–42. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
  • Barreau, T., D. Conway, K. Haught, R. Jackson, R. Kreutzer, A. Lockman, S. Minnick, R. Roisman, D. Rozell, and S. Smorodinsky. 2017. Physical, mental, and financial impacts from drought in two California counties, 2015. American Journal of Public Health 107 (5):783–90.
  • Barriopedro, D., E.M. Fischer, J. Luterbacher, R.M. Trigo, and G.-H. Ricardo. 2011. The hot summer of 2010: Redrawing the temperature record map of Europe. Science 332 (6026):220–24.
  • Basu, R. 2002. Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: A review of the Epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiologic Reviews 24 (2):190–202. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxf007.
  • Beard, C.B., R.J. Eisen, C.M. Barker, J.F. Garofalo, M. Hahn, M. Hayden, A.J. Monaghan, N.H. Ogden, and P.J. Schramm. 2016. Vectorborne diseases, 129–156. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
  • Beatty, M.E., S. Phelps, C. Rohner, and I. Weisfuse. 2006. Blackout of 2003: Public health effects and emergency response. Public Health Reports 121 (1):36–44.
  • Beggs, P.J. 2004. Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: Past and future. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 34 (10):1507–13.
  • Bei, B., C. Bryant, K.-M. Gilson, J. Koh, P. Gibson, A. Komiti, H. Jackson, and F. Judd. 2013. A prospective study of the impact of floods on the mental and physical health of older adults. Aging & Mental Health 17 (8):992–1002.
  • Bell, J.E., S.C. Herring, L. Jantarasami, C. Adrianopoli, K. Benedict, K. Conlon, V. Escobar, J. Hess, J. Luvall, C.P. Garcia-Pando, D. Quattrochi, J. Runkle, and C. Schreck. 2016. Impacts of extreme events on human health In The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment, 99–128 Washington, D.C.: U.S. Global Change Research Program. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.7930/JOBZ63ZV.
  • Bell, M.L., A. McDermott, S.L. Zeger, J.M. Samet, and F. Dominici. 2004. Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987–2000. Journal of the American Medical Association 292 (19):2372–78.
  • Berko, J., D.D. Ingram, S. Saha, and J.D. Parker. 2014. Deaths attributed to heat, cold, and other weather events in the United States 2006–2010. National Health Statistics Reports 76:1–15.
  • Bezirtzoglou, C., K. Dekas, and E. Charvalos. 2011. Climate changes, environment and infection: Facts, scenarios and growing awareness from the public health community within Europe. Anaerobe 17 (6):337–40.
  • Bielory, L., K. Lyons, and R. Goldberg. 2012. Climate change and allergic disease. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 12 (6):485–94.
  • Blando, J., L. Bielory, V. Nguyen, R. Diaz, and H.A. Jeng. 2012. Anthropogenic climate change and allergic diseases. Atmosphere 3 (1):200–12.
  • Bloomer, B.J., J.W. Stehr, C.A. Piety, R.J. Salawitch, and R.R. Dickerson. 2009. Observed relationships of ozone air pollution with temperature and emissions. Geophysical Research Letters 36:9.
  • Blunden, J., D.S. Arndt, C. Achberger, S.A. Ackerman, A. Albanil, P. Alexander, E.J. Alfaro, R. Allan, L.M. Alves, and J.A. Amador. 2013. State of the climate in 2012. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94 (8):1–238.
  • Bobb, J.F., Z. Obermeyer, Y. Wang, and F. Dominici. 2014. Cause-specific risk of hospital admission related to extreme heat in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 312 (24):2659–67.
  • Bousquet, F., P. Robbins, C. Peloquin, and O. Bonato. 2015. The PISA grammar decodes diverse human–environment approaches. Global Environmental Change 34:159–71.
  • Braga, A.L., A. Zanobetti, and J. Schwartz. 2001. The time course of weather-related deaths. Epidemiology 12 (6):662–67.
  • Brown, H.E. 1873. The Medical Department of the United States Army from 1775 to 1783. Washington, DC: Surgeon General’s Office.
  • Buehler, J.W., A. Sonricker, M. Paladini, P. Soper, and F. Mostashari. 2008. Syndromic surveillance practice in the United States: Findings from a survey of state, territorial, and selected local health departments. Advances in Disease Surveillance 6 (3):1–20.
  • Capon, A., G. Demeurisse, and L. Zheng. 1992. Seasonal variation of cerebral hemorrhage in 236 consecutive cases in Brussels. Stroke 23 (1):24–27.
  • CDC. 2005. Vibrio illnesses after Hurricane Katrina—Multiple states, August–September 2005. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54 (37):928.
  • CDC. 2013. Heat-related deaths after an extreme heat event—Four states, 2012, and United States, 1999–2009. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 62 (22):433.
  • Cecchi, L., G. d’Amato, J.G. Ayres, C. Galan, F. Forastiere, B. Forsberg, J. Gerritsen, C. Nunes, H. Behrendt, and C. Akdis. 2010. Projections of the effects of climate change on allergic asthma: The contribution of aerobiology. Allergy 65 (9):1073–81.
  • Changnon, S.A., K.E. Kunkel, and B.C. Reinke. 1996. Impacts and responses to the 1995 heat wave: A call to action. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77 (7):1497–506.
  • Choi, G., D. Collins, G. Ren, B. Trewin, M. Baldi, Y. Fukuda, M. Afzaal, T. Pianmana, P. Gomboluudev, and P. Thi Thanh Huong. 2009. Changes in means and extreme events of temperature and precipitation in the Asia Pacific Network region, 1955–2007. International Journal of Climatology 29 (13):1906–25.
  • Christensen, J.H., K.K. Kanikicharla, G. Marshall, and J. Turner. 2013. Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change In Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds. T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley, 1217–1308. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chung, W.M., C.M. Buseman, S.N. Joyner, S.M. Hughes, T.B. Fomby, J.P. Luby, and R.W. Haley. 2013. The 2012 West Nile encephalitis epidemic in Dallas, Texas. Journal of the American Medical Associatio 310 (3):297–307.
  • Church, J.A., and N.J. White. 2011. Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century. Surveys in Geophysics 32 (4–5):585–602.
  • Clark, N.M., H.M. Ammann, B. Brunekreef, P. Eggleston, W. Fisk, R. Fullilove, J. Guernsey, A. Nevalainen, and S.G. Von Essen. 2004. Damp indoor spaces and health. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215643/doi:10.17226/11011
  • Climate Central. 2017. “Extreme heat: Australia, February 2017. https://wwa.climatecentral.org/analyses/extreme-heat-australia.
  • Coles, J., J. Zhang, and J. Zhuang. 2016. Partnership behavior in disaster relief operations: A case study comparison of the responses to the tornado in Joplin, Missouri and Hurricane Sandy along the Jersey Coast. Natural Hazards 84 (1):625–47.
  • Conlon, K., A. Monaghan, M. Hayden, and O. Wilhelmi. 2016. Potential impacts of future warming and land use changes on intra-urban heat exposure in Houston, Texas. PloS ONE 11 (2):e0148890.
  • Cook, B.I., K.J. Anchukaitis, R. Touchan, D.M. Meko, and E.R. Cook. 2016. Spatiotemporal drought variability in the Mediterranean over the last 900 years. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121 (5): 2060–2074
  • Coopersmith, E.J., J.E. Bell, K. Benedict, J. Shriber, O. McCotter, and M.H. Cosh. 2017. Relating coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) incidence to soil moisture conditions. GeoHealth 1 (1):51–63.
  • Crimmins, A., J. Balbus, J.L. Gamble, C.B. Beard, J.E. Bell, D. Dodgen, R.J. Eisen, N. Fann, M.D. Hawkins, and S.C. Herring. 2016. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
  • Crooks, J.L., W.E. Cascio, M.S. Percy, J. Reyes, L.M. Neas, and E.D. Hilborn. 2016. The association between dust storms and daily non-accidental mortality in the United States, 1993–2005. Environmental Health Perspectives 124 (11):1735.
  • D’Amato, G., C.E. Baena-Cagnani, L. Cecchi, I. Annesi-Maesano, C. Nunes, I. Ansotegui, M. D’Amato, G. Liccardi, M. Sofia, and W.G. Canonica. 2013. Climate change, air pollution and extreme events leading to increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 8 (1):12.
  • D’Amato, G., G. Liccardi, and G. Frenguelli. 2007. Thunderstorm‐asthma and pollen allergy. Allergy 62 (1):11–16.
  • Delfino, R.J., S. Brummel, W. Jun, H. Stern, B. Ostro, M. Lipsett, D.H. Arthur Winer, L.Z. Street, and T. Tjoa. 2009. The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 66:189–197.
  • Dell, J., S. Tierney, G. Franco, R.G. Newell, R. Richels, J. Weyant, and T.J. Wilbanks. 2014. Energy supply and use. In Climate change impacts in the United States: The third national climate assessment, eds. J.M. Melillo, T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, 113–129. U.S. Global Change Research Program. doi:10.7930/J0BG2KWD.
  • Delpla, I., A.V. Jung, E. Baures, M. Clement, and O. Thomas. 2009. Impacts of climate change on surface water quality in relation to drinking water production. Environment International 35 (8):1225–33.
  • Deshmukh, A., E.H. Oh, and M. Hastak. 2011. Impact of flood damaged critical infrastructure on communities and industries. Built Environment Project and Asset Management 1 (2):156–75.
  • Dijk, A.I.J.M., H.E. Beck, R.S. Crosbie, R.A.M. Jeu, Y.Y. Liu, G.M. Podger, B. Timbal, and N.R. Viney. 2013. The Millennium Drought in southeast Australia (2001–2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society. Water Resources Research 49 (2):1040–57.
  • Dole, R., M. Hoerling, J. Perlwitz, J. Eischeid, P. Pegion, T. Zhang, X.-W. Quan, T. Xu, and D. Murray. 2011. Was there a basis for anticipating the 2010 Russian heat wave? Geophysical Research Letters 38:L06702. doi:10.1029/2010GL046582.
  • Donat, M.G., L.V. Alexander, H. Yang, I. Durre, R. Vose, R.J.H. Dunn, K.M. Willett, E. Aguilar, M. Brunet, and J. Caesar. 2013. Updated analyses of temperature and precipitation extreme indices since the beginning of the twentieth century: The HadEX2 dataset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118 (5):2098–118.
  • Du, W., G. Joseph FitzGerald, M. Clark, and X.-Y. Hou. 2010. Health impacts of floods. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25 (3):265–72.
  • Easterling, D.R., K.E. Kunkel, M.F. Wehner, and L. Sun. 2016. Detection and attribution of climate extremes in the observed record. Weather and Climate Extremes 11:17–27.
  • Ebi, K.L., N.H. Ogden, J.C. Semenza, and A. Woodward. 2017. Detecting and attributing health burdens to climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives 85004:1.
  • Elliott, C.T., S.B. Henderson, and V. Wan. 2013. Time series analysis of fine particulate matter and asthma reliever dispensations in populations affected by forest fires. Environmental Health 12 (1):11.
  • Felton, J.W., D.A. Cole, and N.C. Martin. 2013. Effects of rumination on child and adolescent depressive reactions to a natural disaster: The 2010 Nashville flood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 122 (1):64.
  • Fennell, A.-M., V.R. Hunt, M. Armes, C. Arvidson, K. Childers, C. Currie, C. Gilbert, E. Pinto, H. Sasso, and J. Soares. 2015. Army Corps of Engineers: Efforts to assess the impact of extreme weather events (No. GAO-15-660). DTIC Document. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office.
  • Field, C.B. 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: Special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fosu, B.O., S.-Y. Simon Wang, and J.-H. Yoon. 2016. The 2014/15 snowpack drought in Washington State and its climate forcing. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 (12):S19–S24.
  • Freese, J., N.J. Richmand, R.A. Silverman, J. Braun, B.J. Kaufman, and J. Clair. 2006. Impact of citywide blackout on an urban emergency medical services system. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21 (06):372–78.
  • Frumkin, H., J. Hess, G. Luber, J. Malilay, and M. Michael. 2008. Climate change: The public health response. American Journal of Public Health 98 (3):435–45.
  • Funk, C., L. Harrison, S. Shukla, D. Korecha, T. Magadzire, G. Husak, G. Galu, and A. Hoell. 2016. Assessing the contributions of local and east Pacific warming to the 2015 droughts in Ethiopia and Southern Africa. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 (12):S75–S80.
  • Galea, S., A. Nandi, and D. Vlahov. 2005. The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews 27 (1):78–91.
  • Galea, S., M. Tracy, F. Norris, and S.F. Coffey. 2008. Financial and social circumstances and the incidence and course of PTSD in Mississippi during the first two years after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Traumatic Stress 21 (4):357–68.
  • Gamble, J.L., J. Balbus, M. Berger, K. Bouye, V. Campbell, K. Chief, K. Conlon, A. Crimmins, B. Flanagan, C. Gonzalez-Maddux, and E. Hallisey. 2016. Populations of concern. 247–286. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
  • García-Herrera, R., J. Díaz, R.M. Trigo, J. Luterbacher, and E.M. Fischer. 2010. A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 40 (4):267–306.
  • Gasparrini, A., Y. Guo, M. Hashizume, E. Lavigne, A. Zanobetti, J. Schwartz, A. Tobias, S. Tong, J. Rocklöv, B. Forsberg, M. Leone, M. De Sario, M.L. Bell, Y.-L. Leon Guo, W. Chang-Fu, H. Kan, Y. Seung-Muk, M. De Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, P.H.N. Saldiva, Y. Honda, H. Kim, and B. Armstrong. 2015. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: A multicountry observational study. Lancet 386 (9991):369–75. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0.
  • Gleason, J.A., and J.A. Fagliano. 2017. Effect of drinking water source on associations between gastrointestinal illness and heavy rainfall in New Jersey. PloS ONE 12 (3):e0173794.
  • Gleason, K.L., J.H. Lawrimore, D.H. Levinson, T.R. Karl, and D.J. Karoly. 2008. A revised US climate extremes index. Journal of Climate 21 (10):2124–37.
  • Gleick, P.H. 2014. Water, drought, climate change, and conflict in Syria. Weather, Climate, and Society 6 (3):331–40.
  • Gonçalves, F.L., T. Samuel Braun, P.L. Silva Dias, and R. Sharovsky. 2007. Influences of the weather and air pollutants on cardiovascular disease in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo. Environmental Research 104 (2):275–81.
  • Griffin, D., and K.J. Anchukaitis. 2014. How unusual is the 2012–2014 California drought? Geophysical Research Letters 41 (24):9017–23.
  • Groisman, P.Y., R.W. Knight, D.R. Easterling, T.R. Karl, G.C. Hegerl, and V.N. Razuvaev. 2005. Trends in intense precipitation in the climate record. Journal of Climate 18 (9):1326–50.
  • Hagen, A.B., and C.W. Landsea. 2012. On the classification of extreme Atlantic hurricanes utilizing mid-twentieth-century monitoring capabilities. Journal of Climate 25 (13):4461–75.
  • Haines, A., R. Sari Kovats, D. Campbell-Lendrum, and C. Carlos. 2006. Climate change and human health: Impacts, vulnerability and public health. Public Health 120 (7):585–96.
  • Hajat, S., B. Armstrong, M. Baccini, A. Biggeri, L. Bisanti, A. Russo, A. Paldy, B. Menne, and T. Kosatsky. 2006. Impact of High Temperatures on Mortality. Epidemiology 17 (6):632–38. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000239688.70829.63.
  • Hallegatte, S., C. Green, R.J. Nicholls, and J. Corfee-Morlot. 2013. Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change 3 (9):802–6.
  • Haraguchi, M., M. Haraguchi, S. Kim, and S. Kim. 2016. Critical infrastructure interdependence in New York City during Hurricane Sandy. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 7 (2):133–43.
  • Hartmann, D.L., A.M.K. Tank, M. Rusticucci, L.V. Alexander, S. Brönnimann, Y.A.R. Charabi, F.J. Dentener, E.J. Dlugokencky, D.R. Easterling, A. Kaplan,and B.J. Soden. 2013. Observations: Atmosphere and surface. In Climate Change 2013 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henderson, S.B., M. Brauer, Y.C. MacNab, and S.M. Kennedy. 2011. Three measures of forest fire smoke exposure and their associations with respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes in a population-based cohort Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (9):1266.
  • Hennon, C.C., K.R. Knapp, C.J. Schreck III, S.E. Stevens, J.P. Kossin, P.W. Thorne, P.A. Hennon, M.C. Kruk, J. Rennie, and J.-M. Gadéa. 2015. Cyclone center: Can citizen scientists improve tropical cyclone intensity records? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96 (4):591–607.
  • Hippocrates. 1978. Airs, waters and places. An essay on the influence of climate, water supply and situation on health. In Hippocratic writings, ed. G.E.R. Lloyd, 148–160. London, UK: Penguin.
  • Holstius, D.M., C.E. Reid, B.M. Jesdale, and R. Morello-Frosch. 2012. Birth weight following pregnancy during the 2003 Southern California wildfires. Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (9):1340.
  • Houston, J.B., M.L. Spialek, J. Stevens, J. First, V.L. Mieseler, and B. Pfefferbaum. 2015. 2011 Joplin, Missouri tornado experience, mental health reactions, and service utilization: Cross-sectional assessments at approximately 6 months and 2.5 years post-event. PLoS Currents 7: ecurrents.dis.18ca227647291525ce3415bec1406aa5. http://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.18ca227647291525ce3415bec1406aa5
  • Howland, R.E., A.M. Madsen, L. Nicaj, R.S. Noe, M. Casey-Lockyer, and E. Begier. 2014. Assessing electronic death registration and American Red Cross systems for mortality surveillance during Hurricane Sandy, October 29–November 10, 2012, New York City. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 8 (06):489–91.
  • Hughes, J.M., M.E. Wilson, and J.J. Sejvar. 2007. The long-term outcomes of human West Nile virus infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 44 (12):1617–24.
  • Institute of Medicine. 2011. Climate change, the indoor environment, and health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • IPCC. 2014. Climate change 2014—Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Regional aspects. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jaeger, C.C., J. Krause, A. Haas, R. Klein, and K. Hasselmann. 2008. A method for computing the fraction of attributable risk related to climate damages. Risk Analysis 28 (4):815–23.
  • Jagai, J.S., L. Quanlin, S. Wang, K.P. Messier, T.J. Wade, and E.D. Hilborn. 2015. Extreme precipitation and emergency room visits for gastrointestinal illness in areas with and without combined sewer systems: An analysis of Massachusetts data, 2003–2007. Environmental Health Perspectives (Online) 123 (9):873.
  • Jerrett, M., R.T. Burnett, C. Arden Pope III, K. Ito, G. Thurston, D. Krewski, Y. Shi, E. Calle, and M. Thun. 2009. Long-term ozone exposure and mortality. New England Journal of Medicine 360 (11):1085–95.
  • Johanning, E., P. Auger, P.R. Morey, C.S. Yang, and E. Olmsted. 2014. Review of health hazards and prevention measures for response and recovery workers and volunteers after natural disasters, flooding, and water damage: Mold and dampness. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 19 (2):93–99.
  • Johnson, B.J., and M.V.K. Sukhdeo. 2013. Drought-induced amplification of local and regional West Nile virus infection rates in New Jersey. Journal of Medical Entomology 50 (1):195–204.
  • Juneja, V.K., M.V. Melendres, L. Huang, V. Gumudavelli, J. Subbiah, and H. Thippareddi. 2007. Modeling the effect of temperature on growth of Salmonella in chicken. Food Microbiology 24 (4):328–35.
  • Kaiser, R., A. Le Tertre, J. Schwartz, C.A. Gotway, W. Randolph Daley, and C.H. Rubin. 2007. The effect of the 1995 heat wave in Chicago on all-cause and cause-specific mortality. American Journal of Public Health 97 (Suppl._1):S158–S162.
  • Kam, J., T.R. Knutson, F. Zeng, and A.T. Wittenberg. 2015. Record annual mean warmth over Europe, the Northeast Pacific, and the Northwest Atlantic during 2014: Assessment of anthropogenic influence. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96 (12):S61–S65.
  • Kam, J., T.R. Knutson, F. Zeng, and A.T. Wittenberg. 2016. Multimodel assessment of anthropogenic influence on record global and regional warmth during 2015. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 (12):S4–S8.
  • Kanter, R.K., and D. Abramson. 2014. School interventions after the Joplin tornado. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29 (02):214–17.
  • Karl, T.R., J.M. Melillo, and T.C. Peterson. (2009). Global climate change impacts in the United States: A state of knowledge report from the US Global Change Research Program. Cambridge University Press.
  • Keim, M.E. 2015. The role of public health in disaster risk reduction as a means for climate change adaptation. In Global climate change and human health: From science to practice, eds. G. Luber and J. Levine, 35. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Keppel, K.G. 2007. Ten largest racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States based on Healthy People 2010 objectives. American Journal of Epidemiology 166 (1):97–103.
  • Kharin, V.V., F.W. Zwiers, X. Zhang, and M. Wehner. 2013. Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5 ensemble. Climatic Change 119 (2):345–57.
  • Kile, J.C., S. Skowronski, M.D. Miller, S.G. Reissman, V. Balaban, R.W. Klomp, D.B. Reissman, H.M. Mainzer, and A.L. Dannenberg. 2005. Impact of 2003 power outages on public health and emergency response. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20 (02):93–97.
  • Kilpatrick, A.M., M.A. Meola, R.M. Moudy, and L.D. Kramer. 2008. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Pathogens 4 (6):e1000092.
  • King, A.D., D.J. Karoly, and G. Jan Van Oldenborgh. 2016. Climate change and El Niño increase likelihood of Indonesian heat and drought. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 (12):S113–S117.
  • Klein, K.R., P. Herzog, S. Smolinske, and S.R. White. 2007. Demand for poison control center services “surged” during the 2003 blackout. Clinical Toxicology 45 (3):248–54.
  • Klein, S.L., and C.H. Calisher. 2007. Emergence and persistence of hantaviruses. In Wildlife and emerging zoonotic diseases: The biology, circumstances and consequences of cross-species transmission, Vol. 315, eds. J.E. Childs, J.S. Mackenzie and J.A. Richt, 217–52. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Klinenberg, E. 2003. Review of heat wave: Social autopsy of disaster in Chicago. New England Journal of Medicine 348 (7):666–67. doi:10.1056/NEJM200302133480721.
  • Klinger, C., O. Landeg, and V. Murray. 2014. Power outages, extreme events and health: A systematic review of the literature from 2011–2012. PLOS Currents Disasters 6: ecurrents.dis.04eb1dc5e73dd1377e05a10e9edde673. http://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.04eb1dc5e73dd1377e05a10e9edde673
  • Knapp, K.R., and M.C. Kruk. 2010. Quantifying interagency differences in tropical cyclone best-track wind speed estimates. Monthly Weather Review 138 (4):1459–73.
  • Knutson, T.R., J.L. McBride, J. Chan, K. Emanuel, G. Holland, C. Landsea, I. Held, J.P. Kossin, A.K. Srivastava, and M. Sugi. 2010. Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nature Geoscience 3 (3):157–63.
  • Kossin, J.P., T.L. Olander, and K.R. Knapp. 2013. Trend analysis with a new global record of tropical cyclone intensity. Journal of Climate 26 (24):9960–76.
  • Kunkel, K.E., T.R. Karl, H. Brooks, J. Kossin, J.H. Lawrimore, D. Arndt, L. Bosart, D. Changnon, S.L. Cutter, and N. Doesken. 2013a. Monitoring and understanding trends in extreme storms: State of knowledge. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94 (4):499–514.
  • Kunkel, K.E., T.R. Karl, D.R. Easterling, K. Redmond, J. Young, X. Yin, and P. Hennon. 2013b. Probable maximum precipitation and climate change. Geophysical Research Letters 40 (7):1402–8.
  • La Greca, A.M., W.K. Silverman, B. Lai, and J. Jaccard. 2010. Hurricane-related exposure experiences and stressors, other life events, and social support: Concurrent and prospective impact on children’s persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78 (6):794.
  • LaKind, J.S., J. Overpeck, P.N. Breysse, L. Backer, S.D. Richardson, J. Sobus, A. Sapkota, C.R. Upperman, C. Jiang, and C. Ben Beard. 2016. Exposure science in an age of rapidly changing climate: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 26 (6):529–38.
  • Landsea, C.W., G.A. Vecchi, L. Bengtsson, and T.R. Knutson. 2010. Impact of duration thresholds on Atlantic tropical cyclone counts. Journal of Climate 23 (10):2508–19.
  • Lane, K., K. Charles-Guzman, K. Wheeler, Z. Abid, N. Graber, and T. Matte. 2013. Health effects of coastal storms and flooding in urban areas: A review and vulnerability assessment. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Article ID 913064. doi:10.1155/2013/913064
  • Levi, T., F. Keesing, K. Oggenfuss, and R.S. Ostfeld. 2015. Accelerated phenology of blacklegged ticks under climate warming. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 370 (1665):20130556.
  • Lin, S., B.A. Fletcher, M. Luo, R. Chinery, and S.-A. Hwang. 2011. Health impact in New York City during the northeastern blackout of 2003. Public Health Reports 126 (3):384–93.
  • Liu, J.C., A. Wilson, L.J. Mickley, F. Dominici, K. Ebisu, Y. Wang, M.P. Sulprizio, R.D. Peng, X. Yue, and J.-Y. Son. 2017. Wildfire-specific fine particulate matter and risk of hospital admissions in urban and rural counties. Epidemiology 28 (1):77–85.
  • Lloyd, E.L. 1991. The role of cold in ischaemic heart disease: A review. Public Health 105 (3):205–15.
  • Loughry, M. 2010. Climate change, human movement and the promotion of mental health: What have we learnt from earlier global stressors? In Climate change and displacement: Multidisciplinary perspectives, ed. J. McAdam. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.
  • Luber, G., K. Knowlton, J. Balbus, H. Frumkin, M. Hayden, J. Hess, M. McGeehin, N. Sheats, L. Backer, C.B. Beard, K.L. Ebi, E. Maibach, R.S. Ostfeld, C. Wiedinmyer, E. Zielinski-Gutiérrez, and L. Ziska. 2014. Human health. In Climate change impacts in the United States: The third national climate assessment, ed. J.M. Melillo, T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
  • Madrigano, J., M.A. Mittleman, A. Baccarelli, R. Goldberg, S. Melly, S. Von Klot, and J. Schwartz. 2013. Temperature, myocardial infarction, and mortality: Effect modification by individual- and area-level characteristics. Epidemiology 24 (3):439–46. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182878397.
  • Man-Chi, W., K.-H. Yeung, and W.-L. Chang. 2006. Trends in western North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 87 (48):537–38.
  • Maupin, M.A., J.F. Kenny, S.S. Hutson, J.K. Lovelace, N.L. Barber, and K.S. Linsey. 2014. Estimated use of water in the United States in 2010. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
  • McMichael, A.J., and E. Lindgren. 2011. Climate change: Present and future risks to health, and necessary responses. Journal of Internal Medicine 270 (5):401–13.
  • Medina-Ramón, M., A. Zanobetti, D.P. Cavanagh, and J. Schwartz. 2006. Extreme temperatures and mortality: Assessing effect modification by personal characteristics and specific cause of death in a multi-city case-only analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 1331–1336.
  • Meehl, G.A., C. Tebaldi, G. Walton, D. Easterling, and L. McDaniel. 2009. Relative increase of record high maximum temperatures compared to record low minimum temperatures in the US. Geophysical Research Letters 36: L23701. doi:10.1029/2009GL040736.
  • Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, Eds.. 2014. Climate change impacts in the United States. The third national climate assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program. doi:10.7930/J0BG2KWD.
  • Mitchell, D., C. Heaviside, S. Vardoulakis, C. Huntingford, G. Masato, B.P. Guillod, P. Frumhoff, A. Bowery, D. Wallom, and M. Allen. 2016. Attributing human mortality during extreme heat waves to anthropogenic climate change. Environmental Research Letters 11 (7):074006.
  • Moorin, R.E., J.S. Heyworth, G.M. Forbes, and T.V. Riley. 2010. Long-term health risks for children and young adults after infective gastroenteritis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 (9):1440.
  • Moser, S.C., M.A. Davidson, P. Kirshen, P. Mulvaney, J.F. Murley, J.E. Neumann, L. Petes, D. Reed, J.M. Melillo, and T.T. Richmond. 2014. Coastal zone development and ecosystems. In Climate change impacts in the United States: The third national climate assessment, eds. J.M. Melillo, T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, 579–618. Global Change Research Program. doi:10.7930/J0MS3QNW.
  • Murphy, H.M., M.D. Prioleau, M.A. Borchardt, and P.D. Hynds. 2017. Epidemiological evidence of groundwater contribution to global enteric disease, 1948–2015. Hydrogeology Journal 25 (4):981–1001.
  • Naeher, L.P., M. Brauer, M. Lipsett, J.T. Zelikoff, C.D. Simpson, J.Q. Koenig, and K.R. Smith. 2007. Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhalation Toxicology 19 (1):67–106.
  • National Centers for Environmental Information. 2015. State of the climate: National climate report for May 2015. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual 2015, published online January 2016, retrieved on January 17, 2018 from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201513.
  • National Centers for Environmental Information. 2017. U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions
  • Neblett Fanfair, R., K. Benedict, J. Bos, S.D. Bennett, L. Yi-Chun, T. Adebanjo, K. Etienne, E. Deak, G. Derado, and W.-J. Shieh. 2012. Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. New England Journal of Medicine 367 (23):2214–25.
  • Nicault, A., S. Alleaume, S. Brewer, M. Carrer, P. Nola, and J. Guiot. 2008. Mediterranean drought fluctuation during the last 500 years based on tree-ring data. Climate Dynamics 31 (2–3):227–45.
  • Nixon, R. 2011. Slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • O’Neill, M.S., A. Zanobetti, and J. Schwartz. 2005. Disparities by race in heat-related mortality in four US cities: The role of air conditioning prevalence. Journal of Urban Health 82 (2):191–97. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti043.
  • Ogden, N.H., M. Radojevic, W. Xiaotian, V.R. Duvvuri, P.A. Leighton, and W. Jianhong. 2014. Estimated effects of projected climate change on the basic reproductive number of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis. Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (6):631.
  • Osofsky, H.J., J.D. Osofsky, M. Kronenberg, A. Brennan, and T.C. Hansel. 2009. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Katrina: Predicting the need for mental health services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 79 (2):212.
  • Otto, F.E.L., N. Massey, G.J. van Oldenborgh, R.G. Jones, and M.R. Allen. 2012. Reconciling two approaches to attribution of the 2010 Russian heat wave. Geophysical Research Letters 39: L04702. doi:10.1029/2011GL050422.
  • Penner, S.J., and C. Wachsmuth. 2008. Disaster management and populations with special needs. Public Administration and Public Policy-New York 138:427.
  • Peterson, T.C., T.R. Karl, J.P. Kossin, K.E. Kunkel, J.H. Lawrimore, J.R. McMahon, R.S. Vose, and X. Yin. 2014. Changes in weather and climate extremes: State of knowledge relevant to air and water quality in the United States. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 64 (2):184–97.
  • Peterson, T.C., P.A. Stott, and S. Herring. 2012. Explaining extreme events of 2011 from a climate perspective. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93 (7):1041–67.
  • Pietrzak, R.H., P.H. Van Ness, T.R. Fried, S. Galea, and F.H. Norris. 2013. Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in older persons affected by a large-magnitude disaster. Journal of Psychiatric Research 47 (4):520–26.
  • Prezant, D.J., J. Clair, S. Belyaev, D. Alleyne, G.I. Banauch, M. Davitt, K. Vandervoorts, K.J. Kelly, B. Currie, and G. Kalkut. 2005. Effects of the August 2003 blackout on the New York City healthcare delivery system: A lesson for disaster preparedness. Critical Care Medicine 33 (1):S96–S101.
  • Puett, R.C., J. Schwartz, J.E. Hart, J.D. Yanosky, F.E. Speizer, H. Suh, C.J. Paciorek, L.M. Neas, and F. Laden. 2008. Chronic particulate exposure, mortality, and coronary heart disease in the nurses’ health study. American Journal of Epidemiology 168 (10):1161–68.
  • Radeloff, V.C., R.B. Hammer, S.I. Stewart, J.S. Fried, S.S. Holcomb, and J.F. McKeefry. 2005. The wildland–urban interface in the United States. Ecological Applications 15 (3):799–805.
  • Rahmstorf, S., and D. Coumou. 2011. Increase of extreme events in a warming world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (44):17905–09.
  • Rappaport, E.N. 2014. Fatalities in the United States from Atlantic tropical cyclones: New data and interpretation. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95 (3):341–46.
  • Rappaport, E.N., and B. W. Blanchard. 2016. Fatalities in the United States indirectly associated with Atlantic tropical cyclones. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 (7):1139–48.
  • Reisen, W.K., D. Cayan, M. Tyree, C.M. Barker, B. Eldridge, and M. Dettinger. 2008. Impact of climate variation on mosquito abundance in California. Journal of Vector Ecology 33 (1):89–98.
  • Reusken, C., and P. Heyman. 2013. Factors driving hantavirus emergence in Europe. Current Opinion in Virology 3 (1):92–99.
  • Ruggiero, K.J., K. Gros, J.L. McCauley, H.S. Resnick, M. Morgan, D.G. Kilpatrick, W. Muzzy, and R. Acierno. 2012. Mental health outcomes among adults in Galveston and Chambers counties after Hurricane Ike. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6 (01):26–32.
  • Russo, S., A. Dosio, R.G. Graversen, J. Sillmann, H. Carrao, M.B. Dunbar, A. Singleton, P. Montagna, P. Barbola, and J.V. Vogt. 2014. Magnitude of extreme heat waves in present climate and their projection in a warming world. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119 (22): 12–500.
  • Russo, S., J. Sillmann, and E.M. Fischer. 2015. Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades. Environmental Research Letters 10 (12):124003.
  • Sapkota, A.J., M. Symons, J. Kleissl, L. Wang, M.B. Parlange, J. Ondov, P.N. Breysse, G.B. Diette, P.A. Eggleston, and T.J. Buckley. 2005. Impact of the 2002 Canadian forest fires on particulate matter air quality in Baltimore City. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (1):24–32.
  • Sarofim, M.C., S. Saha, M.D. Hawkins, D.M. Mills, J. Hess, R. Horton, P. Kinney, J. Schwartz, and A. St. Juliana. 2016. Temperature-related death and illness. In The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://health2016.globalchange.gov.
  • Satumtira, G. and L. Dueñas-Osorio. 2010. Synthesis of modeling and simulation methods on critical infrastructure interdependencies research. In Sustainable and resilient critical infrastructure systems, 1–51. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Schreck, I.I.I., J. Carl, K.R. Knapp, and J.P. Kossin. 2014. The impact of best track discrepancies on global tropical cyclone climatologies using IBTrACS. Monthly Weather Review 142 (10):3881–99.
  • Schwartz, J. 2005. Who is sensitive to extremes of temperature?: A case-only analysis. Epidemiology 16 (1):67–72.
  • Seneviratne, S.I., N. Nicholls, D. Easterling, C.M. Goodess, S. Kanae, J. Kossin, Y. Luo, J. Marengo, K. McInnes, and M. Rahimi. 2012. Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural physical environment. In Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation, A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),eds. C.B. Field, V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.A.K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, P.M. Midgley, 109–230. Cambridge, UK/New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sheffield, P.E., K. Knowlton, J.L. Carr, and P.L. Kinney. 2011. Modeling of regional climate change effects on ground-level ozone and childhood asthma. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41 (3):251–57.
  • Shen, L., L.J. Mickley, and E. Gilleland. 2016. Impact of increasing heat waves on US ozone episodes in the 2050s: Results from a multimodel analysis using extreme value theory. Geophysical Research Letters 43 (8):4017–25.
  • Shi, L., P. Liu, Y. Wang, A. Zanobetti, A. Kosheleva, P. Koutrakis, and J. Schwartz. 2016. Chronic effects of temperature on mortality in the Southeastern USA using satellite-based exposure metrics. Scientific Reports 6: 30161. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep30161.
  • Skinner, M.W., N.M. Yantzi, and M.W. Rosenberg. 2009. Neither rain nor hail nor sleet nor snow: Provider perspectives on the challenges of weather for home and community care. Social Science & Medicine 68 (4):682–88.
  • Smith, A.B., and R.W. Katz. 2013. US billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Data sources, trends, accuracy and biases. Natural Hazards 67 (2):387–410.
  • Smith, A.B., and J.L. Matthews. 2015. Quantifying uncertainty and variable sensitivity within the US billion-dollar weather and climate disaster cost estimates. Natural Hazards 77 (3):1829–51.
  • Špitalar, M., J.J. Gourley, C. Lutoff, P.-E. Kirstetter, M. Brilly, and N. Carr. 2014. Analysis of flash flood parameters and human impacts in the US from 2006 to 2012. Journal of Hydrology 519:863–70.
  • Srinivasan, S., L.R. O’Fallon, and A. Dearry. 2003. Creating healthy communities, healthy homes, healthy people: Initiating a research agenda on the built environment and public health. American Journal of Public Health 93 (9):1446–50.
  • Stafoggia, M., F. Forastiere, D. Agostini, A. Biggeri, L. Bisanti, E. Cadum, N. Caranci, F. de’Donato, S.D. Lisio, M.D. Maria, P. Michelozzi, R. Miglio, P. Pandolfi, S. Picciotto, M. Rognoni, A. Russo, C. Scarnato, and C.A. Perucci. 2006. Vulnerability to heat-related mortality: A multicity, population-based, case-crossover analysis. Epidemiology 17 (3):315–23. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000208477.36665.34.
  • Stanke, C., M. Kerac, C. Prudhomme, J. Medlock, and V. Murray. 2013. Health effects of drought: A systematic review of the evidence. PLoS Currents 5: ecurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004. http://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004
  • Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley. 2013. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stott, P.A., D.A. Stone, and M.R. Allen. 2004. Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003. Nature 432 (7017):610–14.
  • Svendsen, E.S., G. Baine, M.E. Northridge, L.K. Campbell, and S.S. Metcalf. 2014. Recognizing resilience. American Journal of Public Health. 104(4): 581–3
  • Sweet, W.V., M. Menendez, A. Genz, J. Obeysekera, J. Park, and J.J. Marra. 2016. In Tide’s Way: Southeast Florida’s September 2015 Sunny-day Flood. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 (12):S25–S30.
  • Szeto, K., X. Zhang, R.E. White, and J. Brimelow. 2016. The 2015 extreme drought in Western Canada. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 (12):S42–S46.
  • Tan, J., Y. Zheng, X. Tang, C. Guo, L. Liping, G. Song, X. Zhen, D. Yuan, A. Kalkstein, L. Furong, and H. Chen. 2010. The urban heat island and its impact on heat waves and human health in Shanghai. International Journal of Biometeorology 54 (1):75–84. doi:10.1007/s00484-009-0256-x.
  • Tong, D.Q., J.X.L. Wang, T.E. Gill, H. Lei, and B. Wang. 2017. Intensified dust storm activity and Valley fever infection in the southwestern United States. Geophysical Research Letters 44(9): 4304–4312.
  • Tracy, M., F.H. Norris, and S. Galea. 2011. Differences in the determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a mass traumatic event. Depression and Anxiety 28 (8):666–75.
  • Trenberth, K.E., A. Dai, G. Van Der Schrier, P.D. Jones, J. Barichivich, K.R. Briffa, and J. Sheffield. 2014. Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change 4 (1):17–22.
  • Trtanj, J., L. Jantarasami, J. Brunkard, T. Collier, J. Jacobs, E. Lipp, S. McLellan, S. Moore, H. Paerl, J. Ravenscroft, M. Sengco, and J. Thurston. 2016. Climate impacts on water-related illness. In The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment, 157–188. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
  • Uejio, C.K., S.H. Yale, K. Malecki, M.A. Borchardt, H.A. Anderson, and J.A. Patz. 2014. Drinking water systems, hydrology, and childhood gastrointestinal illness in Central and Northern Wisconsin. American Journal of Public Health 104 (4):639–46.
  • United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2017. Kenya Humanitarian Partnership Team. Kenya drought response, Situation report no. 1.
  • U.S. EPA. 2013.Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) of ozone and related photochemical oxidants (Final Report, Feb 2013). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-10/076F, 2013.
  • Vaughan, D.G., J.C. Comiso, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Kaser, R. Kwok, P. Mote, T. Murray, F. Paul, and J. Ren. 2013. Observations: Cryosphere. Climate Change 2103:317–82.
  • Vecchi, G.A., and T.R. Knutson. 2008. On estimates of historical North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. Journal of Climate 21 (14):3580–600.
  • Velden, C., B. Harper, F. Wells, J.L. Beven, R. Zehr, T. Olander, M. Mayfield, C. Guard, M. Lander, and R. Edson. 2006. The Dvorak tropical cyclone intensity estimation technique: A satellite-based method that has endured for over 30 years. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 87 (9):1195–210.
  • Vins, H., J. Bell, S. Saha, and J.J. Hess. 2015. The mental health outcomes of drought: A systematic review and causal process diagram. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (10):13251–75.
  • Walsh, J., D. Wuebbles, K. Hayhoe, J. Kossin, K. Kunkel, G. Stephens, P. Thorne, R. Vose, M. Wehner, J. Willis, D. Anderson, S. Doney, R. Feely, P. Hennon, V. Kharin, T. Knutson, F. Landerer, T. Lenton, J. Kennedy, and R. Somerville. 2014. Our changing climate. In Climate change impacts in the United States: The third national climate assessment, eds. J.M. Melillo, T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, U.S. Global Change Research Program, 19–67. doi:10.7930/J0KW5CXT.
  • Watson, D.C., M. Sargianou, A. Papa, P. Chra, I. Starakis, and G. Panos. 2014. Epidemiology of Hantavirus infections in humans: A comprehensive, global overview. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 40 (3):261–72.
  • Weaver, C.P., E. Cooter, R. Gilliam, A. Gilliland, A. Grambsch, D. Grano, B. Hemming, S.W. Hunt, C. Nolte, and D.A. Winner. 2009. A preliminary synthesis of modeled climate change impacts on US regional ozone concentrations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90 (12):1843–63.
  • Whitehead, P.G., R.L. Wilby, R.W. Battarbee, M. Kernan, and A.J. Wade. 2009. A review of the potential impacts of climate change on surface water quality. Hydrological Sciences Journal 54 (1):101–23.
  • Wilby, R.L. 2008. Constructing climate change scenarios of urban heat island intensity and air quality. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 35 (5):902–19.
  • Williams, A.P., R. Seager, J.T. Abatzoglou, B.I. Cook, J.E. Smerdon, and E.R. Cook. 2015. Contribution of anthropogenic warming to California drought during 2012–2014. Geophysical Research Letters 42 (16):6819–28.
  • Woodhead, M. 2016. Hospitals overwhelmed with patients after “thunderstorm asthma” hits Melbourne. British Medical Journal Publishing Group. 355:1–2.
  • Youssouf, H., C. Liousse, L. Roblou, E.-M. Assamoi, R.O. Salonen, C. Maesano, S. Banerjee, and I. Annesi-Maesano. 2014. Non-accidental health impacts of wildfire smoke. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (11):11772–804.
  • Zanobetti, A., M.S. O’Neill, C.J. Gronlund, and J.D. Schwartz. 2012. Summer temperature variability and long-term survival among elderly people with chronic disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (17):6608–13. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113070109.
  • Ziska, L., A. Crimmins, A. Auclair, S. DeGrasse, J.F. Garofalo, A.S. Khan, I. Loladze, A.P. de León, A. Showler, J. Thurston and I. Walls. 2016. Food safety, nutrition, and distribution. In The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment, 189–216.
  • Ziska, L., K. Knowlton, C. Rogers, D. Dalan, N. Tierney, M.A. Elder, W. Filley, J. Shropshire, L.B. Ford, and C. Hedberg. 2011. Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (10):4248–51.
  • Zoraster, R.M. 2010. Vulnerable populations: Hurricane Katrina as a case study. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25 (01):74–78.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.