Concentrations of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ particulates in Doha, Qatar

References

• Abdallah, M. A., and N. N. Atia. 2014. Atmospheric concentrations, gaseous-particulate distribution, and carcinogenic potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Assiut, Egypt. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 (13):8059–8069. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2746-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, T. M., B. Ahmed, B. K. Aziz, C. Bergvall, and R. Westerholm. 2015. Native and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter from the city of Sulaimaniyah in Iraq. Atmos. Environ. 116:44–50. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alghamdi, M. A., M. S. Alam, J. Yin, C. Stark, E. Jang, R. M. Harrison, M. Shamy, M. I. Khoder, and I. I. Shabbaj. 2015. Receptor modelling study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Sci. Total Environ. 506–507:401–408. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves, C., T. Nunes, A. Vicente, C. Goncalves, M. Evtyugina, T. Marques, C. Pio, and F. Bate-Epey. 2014. Speciation of organic compounds in aerosols from urban background sites in the winter season. Atmospheric Res. 150:57–68. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.07.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae, T. W., M. O. Andreae, C. Ichoku, W. Maenhaut, J. Cafmeyer, A. Karnieli, and L. Orlovsky. 2002. Light scattering by dust and anthropogenic aerosol at a remote site in the Negev desert, Israel. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (D2):4008. doi:10.1029/2001jd900252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi, X. H., G. Y. Sheng, P. Peng, Y. J. Chen, and J. M. Fu. 2005. Size distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban and rural atmospheres of Guangzhou, China. Atmos. Environ. 39 (3):477–487. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bian, Q. J., B. Alharbi, J. Collett, S. Kreidenweis, and M. J. Pasha. 2016. Measurements and source apportionment of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Atmos. Environ. 137:186–198. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. W., W. Bouhamra, D. P. Lamoureux, J. S. Evans, and P. Koutrakis. 2008. Characterization of particulate matter for three sites in Kuwait. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 58 (8):994–1003. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.58.8.994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassee, F. R., M. E. Heroux, M. E. Gerlofs-Nijland, and F. J. Kelly. 2013. Particulate matter beyond mass: Recent health evidence on the role of fractions, chemical constituents and sources of emission. Inhal. Toxicol. 25 (14):802–812. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.850127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, L. M., C. A. Pio, R. M. Harrison, and D. J. T. Smith. 1999. Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres: Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations. Atmos. Environ. 33 (17):2771–2781. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00331-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J. K., J. B. Heo, S. J. Ban, S. M. Yi, and K. D. Zoh. 2012. Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 aerosol in Incheon, Korea. Atmos. Environ. 60:583–592. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, N. R., S. P. Lee, J. Y. Lee, C. H. Jung, and Y. P. Kim. 2016. Speciation and source identification of organic compounds in PM10 over Seoul, South Korea. Chemosphere 144:1589–1596. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, J. C., J. G. Watson, L. W. Chen, M. C. Chang, N. F. Robinson, D. Trimble, and S. Kohl. 2007. The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: Maintaining consistency with a long-term database. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 57 (9):1014–1023. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.57.9.1014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cincinelli, A., M. D. Bubba, T. Martellini, A. Gambaro, and L. Lepri. 2007. Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy). Chemosphere 68 (3):472–478. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eeftens, M., M.-Y. Tsai, C. Ampe, B. Anwander, R. Beelen, T. Bellander, G. Cesaroni, M. Cirach, J. Cyrys, K. de Hoogh, et al. 2012. Spatial variation of PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 absorbance and PM coarse concentrations between and within 20 European study areas and the relationship with NO2 – Results of the ESCAPE project. Atmos. Environ. 62:303–317. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mubarak, A. H., A. I. Rushdi, K. F. Al-Mutlaq, A. Y. Bazeyad, S. L. Simonich, and B. R. Simoneit. 2014. Identification and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 (1):558–567. doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1946-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelbrecht, J. P., E. V. McDonald, J. A. Gillies, R. Jayanty, G. Casuccio, and A. W. Gertler. 2009. Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East—Part 1: Ambient sampling. Inhal. Toxicol. 21 (4):297–326. doi:10.1080/08958370802464273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grange, S. K., A. C. Lewis, and D. C. Carslaw. 2016. Source apportionment advances using polar plots of bivariate correlation and regression statistics. Atmos. Environ. 145:128–134. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, B., W. Javed, B. Figgis, and T. Mirza. 2015. Effect of dust and weather conditions on photovoltaic performance in Doha, Qatar. Paper read at Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (SGRE), 2015 First Workshop on.
   Google Scholar
• Halek, F., M. Kianpour-Rad, and A. Kavousi. 2008. Characterization and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air (Tehran, Iran). Environ. Chem. Lett. 8 (1):39–44. doi:10.1007/s10311-008-0188-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamad, S. H., J. J. Schauer, J. Heo, and A. K. H. Kadhim. 2015. Source apportionment of PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosol in Baghdad, Iraq. Atmospheric Res. 156:80–90. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.12.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, S. K., and M. I. Khoder. 2012. Gas-particle concentration, distribution, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a traffic area of Giza, Egypt. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184 (6):3593–3612. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2210-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo, J. B., M. Dulger, M. R. Olson, J. E. McGinnis, B. R. Shelton, A. Matsunaga, C. Sioutas, and J. J. Schauer. 2013. Source apportionments of PM2.5 organic carbon using molecular marker Positive Matrix Factorization and comparison of results from different receptor models. Atmos. Environ. 73:51–61. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseini, M., M. Yunesian, R. Nabizadeh, K. Yaghmaeian, R. Ahmadkhaniha, N. Rastkari, S. Parmy, S. Faridi, A. Rafiee, and K. Naddafi. 2016. Characterization and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban atmospheric Particulate of Tehran, Iran. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (2):1820–1832. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5355-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huma, B., S. Yadav, and A. K. Attri. 2016. Profile of particulate-bound organic compounds in ambient environment of Srinagar: A high-altitude urban location in the North-Western Himalayas. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (8):7660–7675. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5994-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janahi, I. A., A. Bener, and A. Bush. 2006. Prevalence of asthma among Qatari schoolchildren: International study of asthma and allergies in childhood, Qatar. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 41 (1):80–86. doi:10.1002/ppul.20331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javed, W., B. Guo, and B. Figgis. 2017. Modeling of photovoltaic soiling loss as a function of environmental variables. Solar Energy 157:397–407. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.08.046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jedynska, A., G. Hoek, M. Eeftens, J. Cyrys, M. Keuken, C. Ampe, R. Beelen, G. Cesaroni, F. Forastiere, M. Cirach, et al. 2014. Spatial variations of PAH, hopanes/steranes and EC/OC concentrations within and between European study areas. Atmos. Environ. 87:239–248. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. B., M. Masiol, G. Formenton, A. Di Gilio, G. de Gennaro, C. Agostinelli, and B. Pavoni. 2016. Carbonaceous PM2.5 and secondary organic aerosol across the Veneto region (NE Italy). Sci. Total Environ. 542:172–181. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khedidji, S., C. Balducci, R. Ladji, A. Cecinato, M. Perilli, and N. Yassaa. 2017. Chemical composition of particulate organic matter at industrial, university and forest areas located in Bouira province, Algeria. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 8 (3):474–482. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2016.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodeir, M., M. Shamy, M. Alghamdi, M. Zhong, H. Sun, M. Costa, L.-C. Chen, and P. Maciejczyk. 2012. Source apportionment and elemental composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 3 (3):331–340. doi:10.5094/APR.2012.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocak, M., N. Mihalopoulos, and N. Kubilay. 2007. Contributions of natural sources to high PM10 and PM2.5 events in the eastern Mediterranean. Atmos. Environ. 41 (18):3806–3818. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., G. Wang, S. G. Aggarwal, Y. Huang, Y. Ren, B. Zhou, K. Singh, P. K. Gupta, J. Cao, and R. Zhang. 2014. Comparison of abundances, compositions and sources of elements, inorganic ions and organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols from Xi’an and New Delhi, two megacities in China and India. Sci. Total Environ. 476–477:485–495. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., R. Man, S. Ma, J. Li, Q. Wu, and J. Peng. 2015. Atmospheric levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM2.5 in Guangzhou, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 100 (1):134–143. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancilla, Y., A. Mendoza, M. P. Fraser, and P. Herckes. 2016. Organic composition and source apportionment of fine aerosol at Monterrey, Mexico, based on organic markers. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (2):953–970. doi:10.5194/acp-16-953-2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandalakis, M., M. Tsapakis, A. Tsoga, and E. G. Stephanou. 2002. Gas-particle concentrations and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of Athens (Greece). Atmos. Environ. 36 (25):4023–4035. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00362-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoli, E., D. Voutsa, and C. Samara. 2002. Chemical characterization and source identification/apportionment of fine and coarse air particles in Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmos. Environ. 36 (6):949–961. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00486-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mar, T. F., G. A. Norris, J. Q. Koenig, and T. V. Larson. 2000. Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (4):347–353. doi:10.2307/3454354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melki, P. N., F. Ledoux, S. Aouad, S. Billet, B. El Khoury, Y. Landkocz, R. M. Abdel-Massih, and D. Courcot. 2017. Physicochemical characteristics, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of airborne particles under industrial and rural influences in Northern Lebanon. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24 (23):18782–18797. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9389-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikuška, P., K. Křůmal, and Z. Večeřa. 2015. Characterization of organic compounds in the PM2.5 aerosols in winter in an industrial urban area. Atmos. Environ. 105:97–108. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murillo, J. H., J. F. R. Marin, S. R. Roman, V. H. B. Guerrero, D. S. Arias, A. C. Ramos, B. C. Gonzalez, and D. G. Baumgardner. 2013. Temporal and spatial variations in organic and elemental carbon concentrations in PM10/PM2.5 in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, Central America. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 4 (1):53–63. doi:10.5094/Apr.2013.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, T. S., C. A. Pio, C. A. Alves, A. J. D. Silvestre, M. Evtyugina, J. V. Afonso, P. Fialho, M. Legrand, H. Puxbaum, and A. Gelencser. 2007. Seasonal variation of particulate lipophilic organic compounds at nonurban sites in Europe. J. Geophys. Res. 112:D23. doi:10.1029/2007jd008504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostro, B. D., R. Broadwin, and M. J. Lipsett. 2000. Coarse and fine particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: A follow-up study. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 10 (5):412–419. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panda, S., S. K. Sharma, P. S. Mahapatra, U. Panda, S. Rath, M. Mahapatra, T. K. Mandal, and T. Das. 2015. Organic and elemental carbon variation in PM2.5 over megacity Delhi and Bhubaneswar, a semi-urban coastal site in India. Nat. Hazards. 80 (3):1709–1728. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-2049-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pindado, O., R. M. Perez, S. Garcia, M. Sanchez, P. Galan, and M. Fernandez. 2009. Characterization and sources assignation of PM2.5 organic aerosol in a rural area of Spain. Atmos. Environ. 43 (17):2796–2803. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pipal, A. S., and P. G. Satsangi. 2015. Study of carbonaceous species, morphology and sources of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particles along with their climatic nature in India. Atmospheric Res. 154:103–115. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.11.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pongpiachan, S., D. Tipmanee, C. Khumsup, I. Kittikoon, and P. Hirunyatrakul. 2015. Assessing risks to adults and preschool children posed by PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during a biomass burning episode in Northern Thailand. Sci. Total Environ. 508:435–444. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindra, K., R. Sokhi, and R. Van Grieken. 2008. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmos. Environ. 42 (13):2895–2921. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge, W. F., L. M. Hildemann, M. A. Mazurek, G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit. 1993. Sources of fine organic aerosol .3. road dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust - roads as sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 (9):1892–1904. doi:10.1021/Es00046a019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushdi, A. I., A. H. El-Mubarak, L. Lijotra, M. T. Al-Otaibi, M. A. Qurban, K. F. Al-Mutlaq, and B. R. T. Simoneit. 2017. Characteristics of organic compounds in aerosol particulate matter from Dhahran city, Saudi Arabia. Arabian J. Chem. 10:S3532–S3547. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Soberon, F., B. L. van Drooge, J. Rovira, J. O. Grimalt, M. Nadal, J. L. Domingo, and M. Schuhmacher. 2016. Size-distribution of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic source markers in the surroundings of a cement plant powered with alternative fuels. Sci. Total Environ. 550:1057–1064. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraga, D., T. Maggos, E. Sadoun, E. Fthenou, H. Hassan, V. Tsiouri, S. Karavoltsos, A. Sakellari, C. Vasilakos, and K. Kakosimos. 2017. Chemical characterization of indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM2. 5, PM10) in Doha, Qatar. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 17:1156–1168. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2016.05.0198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarti, E., L. Pasti, I. Scaroni, P. Casali, A. Cavazzini, and M. Rossi. 2017. Determination of n-alkanes, PAHs and nitro-PAHs in PM2.5 and PM1 sampled in the surroundings of a municipal waste incinerator. Atmos. Environ. 149:12–23. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarver, T., A. Al-Qaraghuli, and L. L. Kazmerski. 2013. A comprehensive review of the impact of dust on the use of solar energy: History, investigations, results, literature, and mitigation approaches. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 22:698–733. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirmohammadi, F., S. Hasheminassab, A. Saffari, J. J. Schauer, R. J. Delfino, and C. Sioutas. 2016. Fine and ultrafine particulate organic carbon in the Los Angeles basin: Trends in sources and composition. Sci. Total Environ. 541:1083–1096. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneit, B. R. T., M. Kobayashi, M. Mochida, K. Kawamura, M. Lee, H. J. Lim, B. J. Turpin, and Y. Komazaki. 2004. Composition and major sources of organic compounds of aerosol particulate matter sampled during the ACE-Asia campaign. J. Geophys. Res. 109:D19. doi:10.1029/2004jd004598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorek-Hamer, M., D. M. Broday, R. Chatfield, R. Esswein, M. Stafoggia, J. Lepeule, A. Lyapustin, and I. Kloog. 2017. Monthly analysis of PM ratio characteristics and its relation to AOD. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 67 (1):27–38. doi:10.1080/10962247.2016.1208121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, E., J. Schauer, T. A. Quraishi, and A. Mahmood. 2010. Chemical characterization and source apportionment of fine and coarse particulate matter in Lahore, Pakistan. Atmos. Environ. 44 (8):1062–1070. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, M., D. J. Cziczo, and V. H. Grassian. 2016. Interactions of water with mineral dust aerosol: Water adsorption, hygroscopicity, cloud condensation, and ice nucleation. Chem. Rev. 116 (7):4205–4259. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsapakis, M., and E. G. Stephanou. 2005. Occurrence of gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: Study of sources and ambient temperature effect on the gas/particle concentration and distribution. Environ. Pollut. 133 (1):147–156. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpin, B. J., and H. J. Lim. 2001. Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 35 (1):602–610. doi:10.1080/02786820119445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., Z. Guo, T. Lin, and N. L. Rose. 2016a. Seasonal variation of carbonaceous pollutants in PM2.5 at an urban ‘supersite’ in Shanghai, China. Chemosphere 146:238–244. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., T. Lin, J. Feng, H. Fu, and Z. Guo. 2015a. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 using positive matrix factorization modeling in Shanghai, China. Environ. Sci. 17 (1):197–205. doi:10.1039/c4em00570h.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, F. W., T. Lin, Y. Y. Li, T. Y. Ji, C. L. Ma, and Z. G. Guo. 2014. Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 over the East China Sea, a downwind domain of East Asian continental outflow. Atmos. Environ. 92:484–492. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., S. S. H. Ho, J. Cao, R. Huang, J. Zhou, Y. Zhao, H. Xu, S. Liu, G. Wang, Z. Shen, and Y. Han. 2015b. Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 from Sanya, China. Sci. Total Environ. 530–531:110–119. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., S. S. H. Ho, S. Ma, J. Cao, W. Dai, S. Liu, Z. Shen, R. Huang, G. Wang, and Y. Han. 2016b. Characterization of PM2.5 in Guangzhou, China: Uses of organic markers for supporting source apportionment. Sci. Total Environ. 550:961–971. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., N. Jiang, S. Yin, X. Li, F. Yu, Y. Guo, and R. Zhang. 2017. Carbonaceous species in PM2.5 and PM10 in urban area of Zhengzhou in China: Seasonal variations and source apportionment. Atmospheric Res. 191:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2014. WHO’s ambient air pollution database: Update 2014. Ginebra, Suiza: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, S., A. Tandon, and A. K. Attri. 2013. Characterization of aerosol associated non-polar organic compounds using TD-GC-MS: A four year study from Delhi, India. J. Hazard. Mater. 252–253:29–44. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, B., M. Zheng, Y. Hu, X. Ding, A. P. Sullivan, R. J. Weber, J. Baek, E. S. Edgerton, and A. G. Russell. 2009. Roadside, urban, and rural comparison of primary and secondary organic molecular markers in ambient PM2.5. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (12):4287–4293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, S. C., R. L. Dennis, P. V. Bhave, and B. K. Eder. 2004. Primary and secondary organic aerosols over the United States: Estimates on the basis of observed organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and air quality modeled primary OC/EC ratios. Atmos. Environ. 38 (31):5257–5268. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunker, M. B., R. W. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, R. H. Mitchell, D. Goyette, and S. Sylvestre. 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org. Geochem. 33 (4):489–515. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M., J. F. Xie, Z. T. Wang, L. J. Zhao, H. Zhang, and M. Li. 2016. Determination and source identification of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Taiyuan, China. Atmospheric Res. 178:401–414. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, R. J., J. Tao, K. F. Ho, Z. X. Shen, G. H. Wang, J. J. Cao, S. X. Liu, L. M. Zhang, and S. C. Lee. 2012. Characterization of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon of PM2.5 in a typical semi-arid area of Northeastern China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12 (5):792–802. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2011.07.0110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J. B., Z. Y. Xing, J. J. Deng, and K. Du. 2016. Characterizing and sourcing ambient PM2.5 over key emission regions in China I: Water-soluble ions and carbonaceous fractions. Atmos. Environ. 135:20–30. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar