The effect of atmospheric particulates on the rainwater chemistry in the Yangtze River Delta, China

References

• Allan, M. A. 2004. Manual for the GAW precipitation chemistry programme: Guidelines, data quality objectives and standard operating procedures, 183. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard, W. R., G. J. Stensland, and D. F. Gatz. 1986. Alkaline materials flux from unpaved roads: Source strength, chemistry and potential for acid rain neutralization. Water Air Soil Poll. 30 (1–2):285–93. doi:10.1007/BF00305199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Becerra, L. C., A. I. Gáfaro-Rojas, and N. Y. Rojas-Roa. 2015. Influence of precipitation scavenging on the PM2.5/PM10 ratio at the Kennedy locality of Bogotá, Colombia. Revista Facultad De Ingeniería 76:58–65. doi:10.17533/udea.redin.n76a07.
   Google Scholar
• Duhanyan, N., and Y. Roustan. 2011. Below-cloud scavenging by rain of atmospheric gases and particulates. Atmos. Environ. 45 (39):7201–17. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, C. M., and B. H. Aristizábal. 2012. Acid rain and particulate matter dynamics in a mid-sized Andean city: The effect of rain intensity on ions scavenging. Atmos. Environ. 60:164–71. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham, E., F. B. Martin, and J. T. Litzau. 1984. Acid rain: Ionic correlations in the eastern United States. Science 225 (4660):407–09. doi:10.1126/science.225.4660.407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, G. L., and C. Q. Liu. 2006. Strontium isotope and major ion chemistry of the rainwater from Guiyang, Guizhou province, China. Sci. Total Environ. 364:165–74. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, R. M., and C. Pio. 1983. Size-differentiated composition of inorganic atmospheric aerosols of both marine and polluted continental origin. Atmos. Environ. 17 (9):1733–38. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(83)90180-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, S. C., S. C. Liu, S. J. Kao, W. L. Jeng, Y. T. Huang, C. M. Tseng, F. Tsai, J. Y. Tu, and Y. Yang. 2007. Water-soluble species in the marine aerosol from the northern South China Sea: High chloride depletion related to air pollution. J. Geophys. Res. 112 (D19304):1–11. doi:10.1029/2007jd008844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, K., G. S. Zhuang, C. Xu, Y. Wang, and A. H. Tang. 2008. The chemistry of the severe acidic precipitation in Shanghai, China. Atmos. Res. 89:149–60. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, M. Y., Z. L. Shen, S. R. Liu, Y. X. Wu, H. Xiao, H. C. Lei, and C. H. Bai. 1995. Study on acid rain formation process of typical acid rain areas in Southwest China. Atmos. Sci. 19:359–66. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Huo, M. Q., Q. Sun, Y. H. Bai, J. L. Li, P. Xie, Z. R. Liu, and X. S. Wang. 2012. Influence of airborne particles on the acidity of rainwater during wash-out process. Atmos. Environ. 59:192–201. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, X. F., J. H. Zhang, and H. H. Liu. 2002. Influences of sandy weather on city’s air quality in China: Scope and scale. Resour. Sci. 24 (4):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Kavouras, I. G., M. Lianou, M. C. Chalbot, I. C. Vei, A. Kotronarou, G. Hoek, K. Hameri, and R. M. Harrison. 2013. Quantitative determination of regional contributions to fine and coarse particle mass in urban receptor sites. Environ. Pollut. 176:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keene, W. C., A. A. P. Pszenny, J. N. Galloway, and M. E. Hawley. 1986. Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation. J. Geophy. Res. 91 (D6):6647–58. doi:10.1029/JD091iD06p06647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, P., S. Yadav, and A. Kumar. 2014. Sources and processes governing rainwater chemistry in New Delhi, India. Nat. Hazards 74:2147–62. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1295-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larssen, T., and G. R. Carmichael. 2000. Acid rain and acidification in China: The importance of base cation deposition. Environ. Pollut. 110 (1):89–102. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00279-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, H. C., P. A. Tanner, M. Y. Huang, Z. L. Shen, and Y. X. Wu. 1997. The acidification process under the cloud in southwest China: Observation results and simulation. Atmos. Environ. 31:851–61. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00247-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, H. C., Y. X. Wu, H. Xiao, and Z. L. Shen. 2001. Study on cloud-water and rainwater chemical characteristics under different weather system over China. Plateau Meteorol. 20:127–31. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Li, L., and Z. Y. Liang. 2011. The analysis of the characteristics of acid rain in Hangzhou. J. Qinghai Meteorol. 63:87–90. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Likens, G. E., and F. H. Bormann. 1974. Acid rain: A serious regional environmental problem. Science 184 (4142):1176–79. doi:10.1126/science.184.4142.1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B. S., J. M. Yang, J. Yuan, J. Wang, Q. L. Dai, T. K. Li, X. H. Bi, Y. C. Feng, Z. M. Xiao, Y. F. Zhang, et al. 2017. Source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants based on the online data by using PMF and ME2 models at a megacity, China. Atmos. Res. 185:22–31. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.10.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, M. X., X. Huang, Y. Song, J. Tang, J. J. Cao, X. Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, S. X. Wang, T. T. Xu, L. Kang, et al. 2019. Ammonia emission control in China would mitigate haze pollution and nitrogen deposition, but worsen acid rain. PNAS 116 (16):7760–65. doi:10.1073/pnas.1814880116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, Y., Y. L. Zhao, R. Li, J. L. Li, L. L. Cui, L. D. Kong, and H. B. Fu. 2019. Characterization of inorganic ions in rainwater in the megacity of Shanghai: Spatiotemporal variations and source apportionment. Atmos. Res. 222:12–24. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.01.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihajlidi-Zelić, A., I. Deršek-Timotić, D. Relić, A. Popović, and D. Đorđević. 2006. Contribution of marine and continental aerosols to the content of major ions in the precipitation of the central Mediterranean. Sci. Total Environ. 370 (2–3):441–51. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querol, X., A. Alastuey, S. Rodriguez, F. Plana, E. Mantilla, and C. R. Ruiz. 2001. Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 around primary particulate anthropogenic emission sources. Atmos. Environ. 35 (5):845–58. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00387-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L., W. Wang, Q. Y. Wang, X. Y. Yang, and D. G. Tang. 2011. Comparison and trend study on acidity and acidic buffering capacity of particulate matter in China. Atmos. Environ. 45 (39):7503–19. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, S., X. Querol, A. Alastuey, M. M. Viana, M. Alarcon, E. Mantilla, and C. R. Ruiz. 2004. Comparative PM10–PM2.5 source contribution study at rural, urban and industrial sites during PM episodes in Eastern Spain. Sci. Total Environ. 328 (1–3):95–113. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00411-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, A., A. Chatterjee, A. Ghosh, S. K. Das, S. K. Ghosh, and S. Raha. 2019. Below- cloud scavenging of size-segregated aerosols and its effect on rainwater acidity and nutrient deposition: A long-term (2009–2018) and real-time observation over eastern Himalaya. Sci. Total Environ. 674:223–33. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samara, C., and R. Tsitouridou. 2000. Fine and coarse ionic aerosol components in relation to wet and dry deposition. Water Air Soil Poll. 120 (1–2):71–88. doi:10.1023/a:1005267021828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, G. L., G. R. Liu, X. Peng, Y. N. Wang, Y. Z. Tian, W. Wang, and Y. C. Feng. 2014. A comparison of multiple combined models for source apportionment, including the PCA/MLR-CMB, Unmix-CMB and PMF-CMB models. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 14 (7):2040–50. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2014.01.0024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S., S. P. Elumalai, and A. K. Pal. 2016. Rain pH estimation based on the particulate matter pollutants and wet deposition study. Sci. Total Environ. 563–564:293–301. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, A. H., G. S. Zhuang, Y. Wang, H. Yuan, and Y. L. Sun. 2005. The chemistry of precipitation and its relation to aerosol in Beijing. Atmos. Environ. 39 (19):3397–406. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, Y. Z., G. L. Shi, Y. Q. Huang-Fu, D. L. Song, J. Y. Liu, L. D. Zhou, and Y. C. Feng. 2016. Seasonal and regional variations of source contributions for PM10 and PM2.5 in urban environment. Sci. Total Environ. 557–558:697–704. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, J., H. S. Wang, Z. F. Zhang, X. Jin, and W. Q. Li. 2005. Trends in chemical composition of precipitation in Nanjing, China, during 1992–2003. Atmos. Res. 73:283–98. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall, S. M., W. John, and J. L. Ondo. 1988. Measurement of aerosol size distribution for nitrate and major ionic species. Atmos. Environ. 22 (8):1649–56. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(88)90392-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., and G. L. Han. 2011. Chemical composition of rainwater and anthropogenic influences in Chengdu, southwest China. Atmos. Res. 99:190–96. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. Q., Z. X. Shen, D. Lu, Q. Zhang, T. Zhang, Y. L. Lei, and H. M. Xu. 2019. Water-soluble components in rainwater over Xi’an in northwest China: Source apportionment and pollution controls effectiveness evaluation. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 10:395–403. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2018.08.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., W. Zhang, Q. Shi, and S. Hong. 1993. Research of factors influencing acidity of rain in China. Environ. Sci. 13:401–06. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. S., X. Li, L. Yao, Y. N. Zhao, and Y. P. Pan. 2009. Variation of pH and chemical composition of precipitation by multi-step sampling in summer of Beijing 2007. Environ. Sci. 30:2715–21. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Xu, D. H., B. Z. Ge, Z. F. Wang, Y. L. Sun, Y. Chen, D. S. Ji, T. Yang, Z. Q. Ma, N. L. Cheng, J. Q. Hao, et al. 2017. Below-cloud wet scavenging of soluble inorganic ions by rain in Beijing during the summer of 2014. Environ. Pollut. 230:963–73. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H., X. H. Bi, Y. C. Feng, F. M. Lin, L. Jiao, S. M. Hong, W. G. Liu, and X. Y. Zhang. 2011. Chemical composition of precipitation and its sources in Hangzhou, China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 183 (1–4):581–92. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-1963-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z. F., Y. S. Li, Y. Tang, and G. L. Han. 2009. Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater at an urban site in Loess Plateau, Northwest China. Atmos. Res. 94:481–90. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, W. Z., Y. Liu, and P. L. Fan. 2013. Measuring urban sprawl and its drivers in large Chinese cities: The case of Hangzhou. Land Use Policy 31:358–70. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.07.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, B. E., L. M. Jiao, G. Xu, S. L. Zhao, X. Tang, Y. Zhou, and G. Chen. 2018. Influences of wind and precipitation on different-sized particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5–10). Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 130:383–92. doi:10.1007/s00703-017-0526-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, D. D., C. Y. Jim, M. R. Peart, and C. X. Shi. 2003. Rapid changes of precipitation pH in Qinghai province, the northeastern Tibetan plateau. Sci. Total Environ. 305:241–48. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00464-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M. Y., S. J. Wang, F. C. Wu, X. H. Yuan, and Y. Zhang. 2007. Chemical compositions of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influences at a developing urban site in southeastern China. Atmos. Res. 84 (4):311–22. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. Y., H. Jiang, J. X. Jin, X. H. Xu, and Q. X. Zhang. 2012a. Analysis of acid rain patterns in northeastern China using a decision tree method. Atmos. Environ. 46:590–96. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. Y., H. Jiang, Q. X. Zhang, and X. Zhang. 2012b. Chemical characteristics of rainwater in northeast China, a case study of Dalian. Atmos. Res. 116:151–60. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.03.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, W. X., Q. R. Sun, W. B. Zhang, and F. M. Zhou. 1998. Alkaline component of atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing. Clim. Environ. Res. 3:89–95.
   Google Scholar
• Zhuang, H., C. K. Chan, M. Fang, and A. S. Wexler. 1999. Size distributions of particulate sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium at a coastal site in Hong Kong. Atmos. Environ. 33:843–53. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00305-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar