661
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Papers

Does California’s EMFAC2017 vehicle emissions model underpredict California light-duty gasoline vehicle NOx emissions?

ORCID Icon
Pages 597-606 | Received 04 Sep 2020, Accepted 14 Dec 2020, Published online: 10 Feb 2021

References

  • Baidar, S., R. M. Hardesty, S. W. Kim, A. O. Langford, H. Oetjen, C. J. Senff, M. Trainer, and R. Volkamer. 2015. Weakening of the weekend ozone effect over California’s South Coast air basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42 (21):9457–64. doi:10.1002/2015GL066419.
  • Bishop, G. A. 2019. Three decades of on-road mobile source emissions reductions in South Los Angeles. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 967–76. doi:10.1080/10962247.2019.1611677.
  • Bishop, G. A., and M. J. Haugen. 2018. The story of ever diminishing vehicle tailpipe emissions as observed in the Chicago, Illinois area. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52 (13):7587–93. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00926.
  • Bishop, G. A., A. M. Peddle, D. H. Stedman, and T. Zhan. 2010. On-road emission measurements of reactive nitrogen compounds from three California cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (9):3616–20. doi:10.1021/es903722p.
  • Bishop, G. A., B. G. Schuchmann, D. H. Stedman, and D. R. Lawson. 2012. Multispecies remote sensing measurements of vehicle emissions on sherman way in Van Nuys, California. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 62 (10):1127–33. doi:10.1080/10962247.2012.699015.
  • Bishop, G. A., and D. H. Stedman. 1996. Measuring the emissions of passing cars. Acc. Chem. Res. 29 (10):489–95. doi:10.1021/ar950240x.
  • Bishop, G. A., and D. H. Stedman. 2008. A decade of on-road emissions measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (5):1651–56. doi:10.1021/es702413b.
  • Bishop, G. A., and D. H. Stedman. 2014. The recession of 2008 and its impact on light-duty vehicle emissions in three western U.S. cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (24):14822–27. doi:10.1021/es5043518.
  • Bishop, G. A., and D. H. Stedman. 2015. Reactive nitrogen species emission trends in three light-/medium-duty United States fleets. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49:11234–40. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02392.
  • Burgard, D. A., G. A. Bishop, R. S. Stadtmuller, T. R. Dalton, and D. H. Stedman. 2006a. Spectroscopy applied to on-road mobile source emissions. Appl. Spectrosc. 60:135A–148A. doi:10.1366/000370206777412185.
  • Burgard, D. A., T. R. Dalton, G. A. Bishop, J. R. Starkey, and D. H. Stedman. 2006b. Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia detector for remote sensing of vehicle emissions. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77:1–4. doi:10.1063/1.2162432.
  • California Air Resources Board. 2018. EMFAC2017 Volume I - user guide. Accessed 2020. https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/downloads/emfac2017-volume-i-users-guide.pdf.
  • California Air Resources Board. 2020a. CEPAM: 2016 SIP - Standard emission tool. Accessed April 2020. https://www.arb.ca.gov/app/emsinv/fcemssumcat/fcemssumcat2016.php.
  • California Air Resources Board. 2020b. MSEI - Modeling tools. Accessed April 2020. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobile-source-emissions-inventory/msei-modeling-tools.
  • Chinkin, L. R., D. L. Coe, T. H. Funk, H. R. Hafner, P. T. Roberts, P. A. Ryan, and D. R. Lawson. 2003. Weekday versus weekend activity patterns for ozone precursor emissions in California’s South Coast air basin. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 53:829–43. doi:10.1080/10473289.2003.10466223.
  • DieselNet. 2018, December. Emission standards, United States, cars and light-duty trucks - California. https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/ld_ca.php.
  • Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., and J. N. Pitts. 2000. Chemistry of the upper and lower atmosphere: Theory, experiments, and applications. San Diego, CA: Academic.
  • Fujita, E. M., D. E. Campbell, W. R. Stockwell, and D. R. Lawson. 2013. Past and future ozone trends in California’s South Coast air basin: Reconciliation of ambient measurements with past and projected emission inventories. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 63:54–69. doi:10.1080/10962247.2012.735211.
  • Fujita, E. M., D. E. Campbell, W. R. Stockwell, E. Saunders, R. Fitzgerald, and R. Perea. 2016. Projected ozone trends and changes in the ozone-precursor relationship in the South Coast air basin in response to varying reductions of precursor emissions. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 66:201–14. doi:10.1080/10962247.2015.1106991.
  • Fujita, E. M., D. E. Campbell, B. Zielinska, J. C. Chow, C. E. Lindhjem, A. DenBleyker, G. A. Bishop, B. G. Schuchmann, D. H. Stedman, and D. R. Lawson. 2012. Comparison of the MOVES2010a, MOBILE6.2 and EMFAC2007 mobile source emissions models with on-road traffic tunnel and remote sensing measurements. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 62:1134–49.
  • Haagen-Smit, A. J., C. E. Bradley, and M. M. Fox. 1953. Ozone formation in photochemical oxidation of organic substances. Ind. Eng. Chem. 45:2086–89. doi:10.1021/ie50525a044.
  • Haagen-Smit, A. J., and M. M. Fox. 1954. Photochemical ozone formation with hydrocarbons and automobile exhaust. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 4:105–09.
  • Hassler, B., B. C. McDonald, G. J. Frost, A. Borbon, D. C. Carslaw, K. Civerolo, C. Granier, P. S. Monks, S. Monks, D. D. Parrish, et al. 2016. Analysis of long-term observations of NOx and CO in megacities and application to constraining emissions inventories. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43:9920–30. doi:10.1002/2016GL069894.
  • Haugen, M. J., G. A. Bishop, A. Thiruvengadam, and D. K. Carder. 2018. Evaluation of heavy- and Medium-duty on-road vehicle emissions in California’s South Coast Air Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52:13298–305. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b03994.
  • Kim, S. W., B. C. McDonald, S. Baidar, S. S. Brown, B. Dube, R. A. Ferrare, G. J. Frost, R. A. Harley, J. S. Holloway, H. J. Lee, et al. 2016. Modeling the weekly cycle of NOx and CO emissions and their impacts on O3 in the Los Angeles-South Coast air basin during the CalNex 2010 field campaign. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121:1340–60. doi:10.1002/2015JD024292.
  • Kleeman, M. J., A. Kumar, and A. Dhiman. 2019. Investigative modeling of PM2.5 episodes in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin during recent years. California Air Resources Board, Sacramento.  Accessed April 2020. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//research/apr/past/15-301.pdf.
  • Laughner, J. L., and R. C. Cohen. 2019. Direct observation of changing NOx lifetime in North American cities. Science 366:723–27. doi:10.1126/science.aax6832.
  • Morris, R., L. Parker, and T. Stoeckenius, 2019. Analysis of recent observed ozone increases in the South Coast air basin in 2016–2018 while emissions are reduced, 29th Coordinating Research Councils Real World Emissions Workshop, Long Beach, CA.
  • Nowak, J. B., J. A. Neuman, R. Bahreini, A. M. Middlebrook, J. S. Holloway, S. McKeen, D. D. Parrish, T. B. Ryerson, and M. Trainer. 2012. Ammonia sources in the California South Coast air basin and their impact on ammonium nitrate formation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39:L07804.
  • Parrish, D. D., L. M. Young, M. H. Newman, K. C. Aikin, and T. B. Ryerson. 2017. Ozone design values in Southern California’s air basins: Temporal evolution and U.S. Background contribution. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 122:11,166–111,182. doi:10.1002/2016JD026329.
  • Pollack, I. B., T. B. Ryerson, M. Trainer, J. A. Neuman, J. M. Roberts, and D. D. Parrish. 2013. Trends in ozone, its precursors, and related secondary oxidation products in Los Angeles, California: A synthesis of measurements from 1960 to 2010. J. Geophys.Res. 118:1–19.
  • Pollack, I. B., T. B. Ryerson, M. Trainer, D. D. Parrish, A. E. Andrews, E. L. Atlas, D. R. Blake, S. S. Brown, R. Commane, B. C. Daube, et al. 2012. Airborne and ground-based observations of a weekend effect in ozone, precursors, and oxidation products in the California South Coast air basin. J. Geophys. Res. 117:1–14. doi:10.1029/2011JD016772.
  • Popp, P. J., G. A. Bishop, and D. H. Stedman. 1999. Development of a high-speed ultraviolet spectrometer for remote sensing of mobile source nitric oxide emissions. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 49:1463–68. doi:10.1080/10473289.1999.10463978.
  • Singer, B. C., R. A. Harley, D. Littlejohn, J. Ho, and T. Vo. 1998. Scaling of infrared remote sensor hydrocarbon measurements for motor vehicle emission inventory calculations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:3241–48. doi:10.1021/es980392y.
  • South Coast Air Quality Management District. 2017. Final 2016 air quality management plan. South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar. Accessed April 2020. http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/clean-air-plans/air-quality-management-plans/2016-air-quality-management-plan/final-2016-aqmp/final2016aqmp.pdf?sfvrsn=15
  • Stedman, D. H. 2004. Photochemical ozone formation, simplified. Eviron. Chem. 1:65–66. doi:10.1071/EN04032.
  • U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. National ambient air quality standards for ozone. Accessed April 2020. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-10-26/pdf/2015-26594.pdf.
  • U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Clean air act text. Accessed April 2020. https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-text
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2020a. 8-hour ozone (2015) nonattainment area State/Area/County report. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed April 2020. https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/jncs.html#CA.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2020b. PM - 2.5 (2012) nonattainment area State/Area/County report. Accessed April 2020. https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/kncs.html#CA.
  • Warneke, C., J. A. de Gouw, J. S. Holloway, J. Peischl, T. B. Ryerson, E. Atlas, D. Blake, M. Trainer, and D. D. Parrish. 2012. Multiyear trends in volatile organic compounds in Los Angeles, California: Five decades of decreasing emissions. J. Geophys.Res. 117:1–10.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.