Residential wood heating: An overview of U.S. impacts and regulations

References

• Ahmadi, M., J. Minot, G. Allen, and L. Rector. 2020. Investigation of real-life operating patterns of wood-burning appliances using stack temperature data. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 70 (4):393–409. doi:10.1080/10962247.2020.1726838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, G. A., P. Babich, and R. Poirot (2004). Evaluation of a New Approach for Real Time Assessment of Wood Smoke PM. Paper #16, presented at the Air & Waste Management Association Visibility Specialty Conference on Regional and Global Perspectives on Haze: Causes, Consequences and Controversies. Asheville, NC October 25-29, 2004 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.531.4681
   Google Scholar
• Allen, G. A., P. J. Miller, L. J. Rector, M. Brauer, and J. G. Su. 2011. Characterization of valley winter woodsmoke concentrations in northern NY using highly time-resolved measurements. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 11 (5):519–30. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2011.03.0031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, G., and L. Rector. 2020. Characterization of Residential Woodsmoke PM2. 5 in the Adirondacks of New York. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 20 (11):2419–32. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2020.01.0005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assibey-Mensah, V., J. C. Glantz, P. K. Hopke, T. A. Jusko, K. Thevenet-Morrison, D. Chalupa, and D. Q. Rich. 2019. Ambient wintertime particulate air pollution and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Monroe County. New York. Environmental Research 168:25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Bari, M. A., G. Baumbach, B. Kuch, and G. Scheffknecht. 2009. Wood smoke as a source of particle-phase organic compounds in residential areas. Atmospheric Environment 43 (31):4722–32. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, C., S. Shaw, S. Edgerton, and J. Schwab. 2021a. Emission influences on air pollutant concentrations in New York state: II. PM2.5 organic and elemental carbon constituents. Atmospheric Environment. 2019, 100039, 2590-1621. 3 doi: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, C., S. Shaw, S. Edgerton, and J. Schwab. 2021b. Ambient PM2.5 organic and elemental carbon in New York City: Changing source contributions during a decade of large emission reductions. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 71 (8):995–1012. doi:10.1080/10962247.2021.1914773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boman, C. 2006. Shedding new light on wood smoke: A risk factor for respiratory health. European Respiratory Journal 27 (3):446–47. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00000806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciaizzo, F., A. Ashok, I. A. Waitz, S. H. L. Yim, and S. R. H. Barrett. 2013. Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005. Atmospheric Environment 79:198–208. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Management (2011). Evaluation of Wood Smoke Contribution to Particle Matter in Connecticut. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.nescaum.org/documents/ctdep_woodsmokefinalreport-20110207.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• Croft, D. P., S. J. Cameron, C. N. Morrell, C. J. Lowenstein, F. Ling, W. Zareba, P. Hopke, M. Utell, S. Thurston, K. Thevenet-Morrison, et al. 2017. Associations between ambient wood smoke and other particulate pollutants and biomarkers of systemic inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis in cardiac patients. Environmental Research 154:352–61. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echalar, F., A. Gaudichet, H. Cachier, and P. Artaxo. 1995. Aerosol emissions by tropical forest and savanna biomass burning: Characteristic trace elements and fluxes. Geophysical Research Letters 22 (22):3039–42. doi:10.1029/95GL03170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environment & Human Health, Inc. (2018). The harmful effects of wood smoke and the growth of recreational wood burning. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.ehhi.org/woodsmoke-exposures.php
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register (1988). Standards of Performance for new residential wood heaters. 53 FR 5873, February. 26, 1988. http://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol7/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol7-part60-subpartAAA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register (2015). Standards of performance for new residential wood heaters, new residential hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces. 80 FR 13671, March 16, 2015. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/03/16/2015-03733/standards-of-performance-for-new-residential-wood-heaters-new-residential-hydronic-heaters-and
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register (2022). Withdrawal of broadly applicable alternative test methods. 87 FR 3532, January 23, 2022 https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/01/24/2022-01298/withdrawal-of-broadly-applicable-alternative-test-methods
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register (2020). Standards of performance for new residential wood heaters, new residential hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces. 85 FR 18448, April 20, 2020. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/04/02/2020-05961/standards-of-performance-for-new-residential-wood-heaters-new-residential-hydronic-heaters-and
   Google Scholar
• Glasius, M., M. Ketzel, P. Wåhlin, R. Bossi, J. Stubkjær, O. Hertel, and F. Palmgren. 2008. Characterization of particles from residential wood combustion and modelling of spatial variation in a low-strength emission area. Atmospheric Environment 42 (37):8686–97. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, J., and P. Johnson (2008). Assessment of Carbonaceous PM2.5 for New York and the Region. NYSERDA Report 08-01. Accessed May 3, 2022.http://www.nescaum.org/documents/assessment-of-carbonaceous-pm-2-5-for-new-york-and-the-region/
   Google Scholar
• Hopke, P., D. Croft, W. Zhang, S. Lin, M. Masiol, S. Squizzato, S. Thurston, E. Wijngaarden, M. Utell, and D. Rich. 2020. Changes in the hospitalization and ED visit rates for respiratory diseases associated with source-specific PM2.5 in New York State from 2005 to 2016. Environmental Research 0013-9351. 181 (108912):108912. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108912.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HPBA, NESCAUM, WESTAR (2014). Consensus Positions of WESTAR, NESCAUM, and HPBA. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.hpba.org/Portals/26/Documents/Government%20Affairs/NSPS%20Members/StateIndustryNSPSRecommendationsaspresentedtoEPA8414.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, L. S., B. Leckner, L. Gustavsson, D. Cooper, C. Tullin, and A. Potter. 2004. Emission characteristics of modern and old-type residential boilers fired with wood logs and wood pellets. Atmospheric Environment 38 (25):4183–95. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.04.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleeman, M. J., J. J. Schauer, and G. R. Cass. 1999. Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from wood burning, meat charbroiling, and cigarettes. Environmental Science & Technology 33 (20):3516–23. doi:10.1021/es981277q.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, J. D., B. Zielinska, E. M. Fujita, J. C. Sagebiel, J. C. Chow, and J. G. Watson. 2000. Fine particle and gaseous emission rates from residential wood combustion. Environmental Science & Technology 34 (11):2080–91. doi:10.1021/es9909632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeher, L. P., M. Brauer, M. Lipsett, J. T. Zelikoff, C. D. Simpson, J. Q. Koenig, and K. R. Smith. 2007. Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhalation Toxicology 19 (1):67–106. doi:10.1080/08958370600985875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NESCAUM (2012). The nature of the fine particle and regional haze air quality problems in the MANE-VU Region: A Conceptual Description. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.nescaum.org/documents/pm-haze-conceptual-descrip-update-20120731-final.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• NESCAUM (2021). Assessment of EPA’s residential wood heater certification program. https://www.nescaum.org/documents/nescaum-review-of-epa-rwh-nsps-certification-program-rev-3-30-21.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• New York State Department of Health (2013). Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in Outdoor Air Near Outdoor Wood-Fired Boilers. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/air/owb/owb_report.htm
   Google Scholar
• Oregon DEQ. 2018. Comments to docket id no. EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0195. Portland, OR. https://www.regulations.gov/docket/EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0195/document
   Google Scholar
• Penn, S. L., S. Arunachalam, M. Woody, W. Heiger-Bernays, Y. Tripodis, and J. I. Levy. 2017. Estimating state-specific contributions to PM2.5- and O3-related health burden from residential combustion and electricity generating unit emissions in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 125:324–32. doi:10.1289/EHP550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson, E., C. Boman, R. Westerholm, D. Bostrom, and A. Nordin. 2011. Stove performance and emission characteristics in residential wood log and pellet combustion, part 2: Wood stove. Energy & Fuels 25 (1):315–23. doi:10.1021/ef1007787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazzalunga, A., C. Belis, V. Bernardoni, O. Cazzuli, P. Fermo, G. Valli, and R. Vecchi. 2011. Estimates of wood burning contribution to PM by the macro-tracer method using tailored emission factors. Atmospheric Environment 45 (37):6642–49. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C. A., III, and D. W. Dockery. 2006. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 56 (6):709–42. doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector, L., A. Marin, M. Ahmadi, B. Morin, and K. Raymond (2021). Assessment of EPA’s residential wood heater certification program. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.nescaum.org/documents/nescaum-review-of-epa-rwh-nsps-certification-program-rev-3-30-21.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• Rogalsky, D. K., P. Mendola, T. A. Metts, and W. J. Martin. 2014. Estimating the number of low-income Americans exposed to household air pollution from burning solid fuels. Environ Health Perspect 122 (8):806–10. doi:10.1289/ehp.1306709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidl, C., M. Luisser, E. Padouvas, L. Lasselsberger, M. Rzaca, C. Ramirez-Santa Cruz, M. Handler, G. Peng, H. Bauer, and H. Puxbaum. 2011. Particulate and gaseous emissions from manually and automatically fired small scale combustion systems. Atmospheric Environment 45 (39):7443–54. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsiodra, I., G. Grivas, K. Tavernaraki, A. Bougiatioti, M. Apostolaki, D. G. Paraskevopoulu, A. Parinos, C. Oikonomou, K. Tsagkaraki, M. Zarmpas, et al. 2021. Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics 21 (23):17865–83. doi:10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unosson, J., A. Blomberg, T. Sandström, A. Muala, C. Boman, R. Nyström, R. Westerholm, N. Mills, D. Newby, J. Langrish, et al. 2013. Exposure to wood smoke increases arterial stiffness and decreases heart rate variability in humans. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 10:20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Court of AppealsCir, D. C. 2021. Case No. 15-1056. Hearth, Patio & Barbecue Association v. Environmental Protection Agency, No. 15-1056. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/9576630C488470C48525873E004EB36D/$file/15-1056-1911791.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Energy Information Administration (2018). Residential energy consumption survey (RECS): 2015 RECS survey data, Tables CE7.2 and HC6.7. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2015/index.php?view=consumption#undefined
   Google Scholar
• US Energy Information Administration (2020). Biomass Explained: Wood and wood waste. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/wood-and-wood-waste.php
   Google Scholar
• US EPA (2015). Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for residential wood heaters NSPS revision. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www3.epa.gov/ttnecas1/docs/ria/wood-heaters_ria_final-nsps-revision_2015-02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US EPA (2016). Process for developing improved cordwood test methods for wood heaters. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/burnwise/process-developing-improved-cordwood-test-methods-wood-heaters
   Google Scholar
• US EPA (2017). National Emission Inventory (April 2020). Available at: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/2017-national-emissions-inventory-nei-data
   Google Scholar
• US EPA (2018). 2014. Today in Energy: Increase in wood as main source of household heating most notable in the Northeast. March 17, 2014. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/documents/nata_2014_summary_of_results.pdf
   Google Scholar