REFERENCES
- Andersen , S. C. 2008 . “The Impact of Public Management Reforms on Student Performance in Danish Schools.” Public Administration 86 ( 2 ): 541 – 558 .
- Andrews , R. , G. A. Boyne , J. Law , and R. M. Walker . 2007 . “Centralization, Organizational Strategy, and Public Service Performance.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 19 : 57 – 80 .
- Araújo , J. F. F. E. and J. F. A. Branco . 2009 . “Implementing Performance-Based Management in the Traditional Bureaucracy of Portugal.” Public Administration 87 ( 3 ): 557 – 573 .
- Binderkrantz , A. S. and J. G. Christensen . 2009a . “Delegation Without Agency Loss? The Use of Performance Contracts in Danish Central Government.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 22 ( 2 ): 263 – 293 .
- Binderkrantz , A. S. and J. G. Christensen . 2009b . “Governing Danish Agencies by Contract: From Negotiated Freedom to the Shadow of Hierarchy.” The Journal of Public Policy 29 ( 1 ): 55 – 78 .
- Binderkrantz , A. S. and J. G. Christensen . 2012 . “Agency Performance and Executive Pay in Government: An Empirical Test.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22 ( 1 ): 31 – 54 .
- Bothe , J. and K. J. Meier . 2000 . “Goal Displacement: Assessing the Motivation for Organizational Cheating.” Public Administration Review 60 ( 2 ): 173 – 182 .
- Boyne , G. A. 2003 . “Sources of Public Service Improvement: A Critical Review and Research Agenda.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13 ( 3 ): 367 – 394 .
- Boyne , G. A. and A. A. Chen . 2006 . “Performance Targets and Public Service Improvement.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 : 455 – 477 .
- Boyne , G. A. , C. Farrell , J. Law , M. Powell , and R. M. Walker . 2003 . Evaluating Public Management Reforms . Philadelphia : Open University Press .
- Boyne , G. A. , O. James , P. John , and N. Petrovsky . 2010 . “Does Public Service Performance Affect Top Management Turnover?” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 20 : 261 – 279 .
- Brewer , G. A. and S. C. Selden . 2000 . “Why Elephants Gallop: Assessing and Predicting Organizational Performance in Federal Agencies” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10 ( 4 ): 685 – 711 .
- Christensen , T. and P. Lægreid . 2007 . “Regulatory Agencies—The Challenges of Balancing Agency Autonomy and Political Control.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 20 ( 3 ): 499 – 520 .
- Chun , Y. H. and H. G. Rainey . 2005 . “Goal Ambiguity and Organizational Performance in U.S. Federal Agencies.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15 : 529 – 557 .
- Finansministeriet. 1993 . Kontraktstyring. Præsentation af 6 Kontraktstyrelser 1993–96 [Contract Steering Presentation of 6 Contract Agencies 1993–96] . Copenhagen : Finansministeriet .
- Finansministeriet. 2003 . Effektiv Opgavevaretagelse i Staten [Effective Task Handling in the State] . Copenhagen : Finansministeriet .
- Finansministeriet. 2010 . Ansvar for Styring—Vejledning om Styring fra Koncern til Institution [Responsibility for Steering—Guidance on Steering from Concern to Institution] . Copenhagen : Finansministeriet .
- Gilmour , J. B. and D. E. Lewis . 2005. “Assessing Performance Budgeting at OMB: The Influence of Politics, Performance, and Program Size.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 16 : 169–186.
- Goldfinch , S. and J. Wallis . 2010 . “Two Myths of Convergence in Public Management Reform.” Public Administration 88 ( 4 ): 1099 – 1115 .
- Greene , W. H. 2003 . Econometric Analysis, , 5th ed. Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
- Greer , P. 1994 . Transforming Central Government: The Next Steps Initiative . Buckingham , UK : Open University Press .
- Greve , C. 2000 . “Exploring Contracts as Reinvented Institutions in the Danish Public Sector.” Public Administration 78 ( 1 ): 153 – 164 .
- Greve , C. 2006 . “Public Management Reform in Denmark.” Public Management Review 8 ( 1 ): 161 – 169 .
- Hatry , H. P. 2002 . “Performance Measurement: Fashions and Fallacies.” Public Performance and Management Review 25 ( 4 ): 352 – 358 .
- Helmuth , U. 2011 . “Better Performance with Performance Budgeting? Analyzing Cases of Success and Failure in Public Administration.” International Public Management Journal 13 ( 4 ): 408 – 428 .
- Holzer , M. and K. Yang . 2004 . “Performance Measurement and Improvement: An Assessment of the State of the Art.” International Review of the Administrative Sciences 70 ( 15 ): 15 – 31 .
- Jung , C. S. 2011 . “Organizational Goal Ambiguity and Performance: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Relationships.” International Public Management Journal 14 ( 2 ): 193 – 217 .
- Kiewiet , D. R. and M. D. McCubbins . 1991 . The Logic of Delegation . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Langbein , L. 2010 . “Economics, Public Service Motivation, and Pay for Performance: Complements or Substitutes?” International Public Management Journal 13 ( 1 ): 9 – 23 .
- Latham , G. P. and E. A. Locke . 1991 . “Self-Regulation Through Goal Setting.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 : 212 – 247 .
- Lee , J. W. , H. G. Rainey , and Y. H. Chun . 2009 . “Of Politics and Purpose: Political Salience and Goal Ambiguity of US Federal Agencies.” Public Administration 87 ( 3 ): 457 – 484 .
- Lodge , M. and D. Gill . 2011 . “Toward a New Era of Administrative Reform? The Myth of Post-NPM in New Zealand.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 24 ( 1 ): 141 – 166 .
- Martin , S. and P. C. Smith . 2005 . “Multiple Public Service Performance Indicators: Toward an Integrated Approach.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15 : 599 – 613 .
- Meier , K. J. , L. O'Toole Jr. , G. A. Boyne , and R. M. Walker . 2006 . “Strategic Management and the Performance of Public Organizations: Testing Venerable Ideas Against Recent Theories.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 : 357 – 377 .
- Moe , T. M. 1984 . “The New Economics of Organization.” American Journal of Political Science 28 ( 4 ): 739 – 777 .
- Mol , N. P. and J. A. M. de Kruijf . 2004 . “Performance Management in Dutch Central Government.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 70 ( 33 ): 33 – 50 .
- Moynihan , D. P. 2005 . “What Do We Talk About When We Talk About Performance? Dialogue Theory and Performance Budgeting.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 16 : 151 – 168 .
- Moynihan , D. P. 2006 . “Managing for Results in State Government: Evaluating a Decade of Reform.” Public Administration Review 66 : 77 – 89 .
- Noordegraaf , M. and T. Abma . 2003. “Management by Measurement? Public Management Practices Amidst Ambiguity.” Public Administration 81(4): 853–871.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . 2005 . Modernising Government: The Way Forward . Paris : OECD .
- Proeller , I. 2007 . “Outcome-orientation in Performance Contracts: Empirical Evidence from Swiss Local Governments.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 73 ( 1 ): 95 – 111 .
- Rainey , H. G. , R. W. Backoff , and C. H. Levine . 1976 . “Comparing Public and Private Organizations.” Public Administration Review 36 ( 2 ): 233 – 244 .
- Rigsrevisionen. 2009 . Beretning til Statsrevisorerne om Mål- Og Resultatstyring i Staten med Fokus på Effekt [Report to the State Accountants About Goal- and Result Steering in the State Focusing on Effect] . Copenhagen : Rigsrevisionen .
- Vakkuri , J. 2010 . “Struggling with Ambiguity: Public Managers as Users of NPM-Oriented Management Instruments.” Public Administration 88 ( 4 ): 999 – 1024 .
- Verhoest , K. 2005 . “Effects of Autonomy, Performance Contracting, and Competition on the Performance of a Public Agency: A Case Study.” Policy Studies Journal 33 ( 2 ): 235 – 258 .
- Verhoest , K. , B. G. Peters , G. Bouckaert , and B. Verschuere . 2004 . “The Study of Organisational Autonomy: A Conceptual Review.” Public Administration and Development 24 : 101 – 118 .
- Walker , R. M. and G. A. Boyne . 2009 . “Introduction: Determinants of Performance in Public Organizations.” Public Administration 87 ( 3 ): 433 – 439 .
- Wilson , J. Q. 1989 . Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It . New York : Basic Books .