Public Management on the Ground: Clustering Managers Based on Their Behavior

REFERENCES

• Allison, G. T. 1983. “Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?” Pp. 72–92 in Public Management: Public and Private Perspectives, edited by J. L. Perry and K. L. Kraemer. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, J. 2005. “‘Alle’ i 9. Klasse Vælger at Gå til Folkeskolens Afgangsprøver.” Statistikinformation 4(1): 9–11.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, L. B., and T. Pallesen. 2008. “Not Just for the Money? How Financial Incentives Affect the Number of Publications at Danish Research Institutions.” International Public Management Journal 11(1): 28–47. doi:10.1080/10967490801887889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, S. C., and S. C. Winter. 2011. Ledelse, Læring og Trivsel i Folkeskolerne, p. 47. Copenhagen: SFI 11.
   Google Scholar
• Avolio, B. J., and F. J. Yammarino. 2002. Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard, C. I. 1938. The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M. 1999. “Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 8(1): 9–32. doi:10.1080/135943299398410.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatti, Y., M. Gørtz, and L. H. Pedersen. 2015. “The Causal Effect of Profound Organizational Change When Job Insecurity is Low—A Quasi-Experiment Analyzing Municipal Mergers.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 26(4): 1185–220. doi:10.1093/jopart/muv006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, R. R., and J. S. Mouton. 1964. The Managerial Grid: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Borins, S. F. 1998. Innovating with Integrity: How Local Heroes are Transforming American Government. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borins, S. F. 2008. Innovations in Government: Research, Recognition, and Replication. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyne, G. A., and R. M. Walker. 2006. “Strategy Content and Public Service Organizations.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14(2): 231–52. doi:10.1093/jopart/muh015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, G. A. 2006. “All Measures of Performance are Subjective: More Evidence on US Federal Agencies.” Pp. 35–54 in Public Services Performance: Perspectives on Measurement and Management, edited by G. A. Boyne, K. J. Meier, L. J. O’Toole, Jr., and R. M. Walker. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, J. M. 1978. Leadership. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Calinski, T., and J. Harabasz. 1974. “A Dendrite Method for Cluster Analysis.” Communications in Statistics 3(1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/03610917408548446.
   Google Scholar
• DeCotiis, T. A., and A. Petit. 1978. “The Performance Appraisal Process: A Model and Some Testable Hypotheses.” Academy of Management Review 3(3): 635–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeNisi, A. S. 1996. Cognitive Approach to Performance Appraisal: A Program of Research. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• DeNisi, A. S., T. P. Cafferty, and B. M. Meglino. 1984. “A Cognitive View of the Performance Appraisal Process: A Model and Research Propositions.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 33(3): 360–96. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(84)90029-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donahue, A. K., W. S. Jacobson, M. D. Robbins, E. V. Rubin, and S. C. Selden. 2004. “Management and Performance Outcomes in State Government.” Pp. 123–51 in The Art of Governance: Analyzing Management and Administration, edited by P. W. Ingraham and L. E. Lynn, Jr. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Drucker, P. F. 1974. Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Elmore, R. F. 2000. Building a New Structure for School Leadership. Washington, DC: Albert Shanker Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Everitt, B. S. 1993. Cluster Analysis (3rd ed.). London, England: Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Everitt, B. S., S. Landau, M. Leese, and D. Stahl. 2011. Cluster Analysis (5th ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Favero, N., S. C. Andersen, K. J. Meier, L. J. O’Toole, and S. C. Winter. 2016. “How Should We Estimate the Performance Effect of Management? Comparing Impacts of Public Managers’ and Frontline Employees’ Perceptions of Management.” International Public Management Journal, published online, 1–26. doi:10.1080/10967494.2016.1236763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favero, N., and J. Bullock. 2015. “How (Not) to Solve the Problem: An Evaluation of Scholarly Responses to Common Source Bias.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 25(1): 285–308. doi:10.1093/jopart/muu020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favero, N., K. J. Meier, and L. J. O’Toole. 2016. “Goals, Trust, Participation, and Feedback: Linking Internal Management with Performance Outcomes.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 26(2): 327–43. doi:10.1093/jopart/muu044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, J. M. 1981. “Beyond Attribution Theory: Cognitive Processes in Performance Appraisal.” Journal of Applied Psychology 66(2): 127–48. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.66.2.127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlie, E. 1996. The New Public Management in Action. London, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez, S. 2005. “Developing and Testing an Integrated Framework of Public Sector Leadership.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15(2): 197–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleenor, J. W., J. W. Smither, L. E. Atwater, P. W. Braddy, and R. E. Sturm. 2010. “Self-Other Rating Agreement in Leadership: A Review.” The Leadership Quarterly 21(6): 1005–34. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. D. 1999. Classification (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Gulick, L., and L. F. Urwick. 1937. Papers on the Science of Administration. New York, NY: Institute of Public Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Hallinger, P. 2003. “Leading Educational Change: Reflections on the Practice of Instructional and Transformational Leadership.” Cambridge Journal of Education 33(3): 329–51. doi:10.1080/0305764032000122005.
   Google Scholar
• Halpin, A. W., and B. J. Weiner. 1957. “A Factorial Study of the Leader Behavior Descriptions.” Pp. 39–51 in Leader Behavior: Its Description and Measurement, edited by R. M. Stogdill and A. E. Coons. Columbus, OH: Bureau of Business Research.
   Google Scholar
• Hersey, P., and K. H. Blanchard. 1982. Management of Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hicklin, A., L. J. O’Toole, Jr., and K. J. Meier. 2008. “Serpents in the Sand: Managerial Networking and Nonlinear Influences on Organizational Performance.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18(2): 253–73. doi:10.1093/jopart/mum009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. 1980. “Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad?” Organizational Dynamics 9(1): 42–63. doi:10.1016/0090-2616(80)90013-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. 1983. “The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories.” Journal of International Business Studies 14(2): 75–89. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood, C. 1995. “The ‘New Public Management’ in the 1980s: Variations on a Theme.” Accounting, Organizations and Society 20(2): 93–109. doi:10.1016/0361-3682(93)e0001-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen, D. R., and J. M. Feldman. 1983. “Performance Appraisal: A Process Focus.” Research in Organizational Behavior 5(1): 141–97.
   Google Scholar
• Ingraham, P. W., P. G. Joyce, and A. K. Donahue. 2003. Government Performance: Why Management Matters. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jilke, S. 2016. “Job Satisfaction and Regime Change: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” International Public Management Journal 19(3): 370–96. doi:10.1080/10967494.2015.1043168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, D., and R. L. Kahn. 1952. “Some Recent Findings in Human Relations Research in Industry.” Pp. 650–65 in Readings in Social Psychology, edited by G. E. Swanson, T. M. Newcomb, and E. L. Hartley. New York, NY: Holt.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, D., N. Maccoby, and N. C. Morse. 1950. Productivity, Supervision, and Morale in an Office Situation. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, L., and P. J. Rousseeuw. 1990. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Kellough, J. E., and H. Lu. 1993. “The Paradox of Merit Pay in the Public Sector: Persistence of a Problematic Procedure.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 13(2): 45–64. doi:10.1177/0734371x9301300204.
   Google Scholar
• Langbein, L. 2010. “Economics, Public Service Motivation, and Pay for Performance: Complements or Substitutes?” International Public Management Journal 13(1): 9–23. doi:10.1080/10967490903547134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham, G. P., L. Borgogni, and L. Petitta. 2008. “Goal Setting and Performance Management in the Public Sector.” International Public Management 11(4): 385–403. doi:10.1080/10967490802491087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Grand, J. 2010. “Knights and Knaves Return: Public Service Motivation and the Delivery of Public Services.” International Public Management Journal 13(1): 56–71. doi:10.1080/10967490903547290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light, P. C. 1998. Sustaining Innovation: Creating Nonprofit and Government Organizations that Innovate Naturally. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Light, P. C. 2008. A Government Ill Executed: The Decline of the Federal Service and How to Reverse It. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Likert, R. 1961. New Patterns of Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Linden, R. M. 1990. From Vision to Reality: Strategies of Successful Innovators in Government. Charlottesville, VA: LEL Enterprise.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor, D. 1960. The Human Side of Enterprise. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, K. J., S. C. Andersen, L. J. O’Toole, Jr., N. Favero, and S. C. Winter. 2015. “Taking Managerial Context Seriously: Public Management and Performance in U.S., and Denmark Schools.” International Public Management Journal 18(1): 130–50. doi:10.1080/10967494.2014.972485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, K. J., and L. J. O’Toole, Jr. 2013. “Subjective Organizational Performance and Measurement Error: Common Source Bias and Spurious Relationships.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 23(2): 429–56. doi:10.1093/jopart/mus057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, K. J., L. J. O’Toole, Jr., G. A. Boyne, R. M. Walker, and R. Andrews. 2010. “Alignment and Results: Testing the Interaction Effects of Strategy, Structure, and Environment from Miles and Snow.” Administration & Society 42(2): 160–192. doi:10.1177/0095399710362717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, M. K., and V. L. Nielsen. 2012. “Street-Level Bureaucrats and the Implementation of Public Policy.” Pp. 305–18 in B. G. Peters and J. Pierre, eds., Handbook of Public Administration (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, R. E., and C. C. Snow. 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Mintzberg, H. 1973. The Nature of Managerial Work. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M. H. 1995. Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Toole, L. J., Jr., and K. J. Meier. 2011. Public Management. Organizations, Governance, and Performance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Toole, L. J., Jr., and K. J. Meier. 2015. “Public Management, Context, and Performance: In Quest of a More General Theory.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 25(1): 237–56. doi:10.1093/jopart/muu011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Toole, L. J., Jr., and M. J. Pedersen. 2011. “Skoleledelsens Eksterne Samarbejde.” Pp. 77–86 in Ledelse, Læring og Trivsel i Folkeskolerne, edited by S. C. Andersen and S. C. Winter. Copenhagen, Denmark: SFI 11.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, M. J. 2015. “A ‘Heart of Goal’ and the Will to Succeed: Goal Commitment and Task Performance among Teachers in Public Schools.” Public Administration 94(1): 75–88. doi:10.1111/padm.12201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J. L., T. Engbers, and S. Yun Jun. 2009. “Back to the Future? Performance-Related Pay, Empirical Research, and the Perils of Persistence.” Public Administration Review 68(1): 39–51. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01939_2.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey, H. G. 2009. Understanding and Managing Public Organizations (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Riccucci, N. M. 2005. How Management Matters: Street-Level Bureaucrats and Welfare Reform. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Terry, L. D. 2002. Leadership of Public Bureaucracies: The Administration as Conservator (2nd ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. D. 1967. Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. 2010. Leadership in Organizations (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar