1,355
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

How impressions of public employees’ warmth and competence influence trust in government

Pages 939-961 | Received 25 May 2020, Accepted 29 Jul 2021, Published online: 03 Sep 2021

References

  • Aronow, P. M., J. Baron, and L. Pinson. 2019. “A Note on Dropping Experimental Subjects Who Fail a Manipulation Check.” Political Analysis 7(4):572–589.
  • Berg, Monika, and T. Johansson. 2020. “Building Institutional Trust through Service Experiences—Private versus Public Provision Matter.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 30(2):290–306. doi: 10.1093/jopart/muz029.
  • Boer, Noortje. 2020. “How Do Citizens Assess Street-Level Bureaucrats’ Warmth and Competence? A Typology and Test.” Public Administration Review 80(4):532–42. doi: 10.1111/puar.13217.
  • Bor, A. 2017. “Spontaneous Categorization Along Competence in Partner and Leader Evaluations.” Evolution and Human Behavior 38(4):468–73. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.03.006.
  • Bouckaert, G. 2012. “Trust and Public Administration.” Administration 60(1):91–115.
  • Bovens, M., and A. Wille. 2011. “Falling or Fluctuating Trust Levels? The Case of The Netherlands.” Pp. 47–66. in Political Trust: Why Context Matter, edited by S. Zmerli and M. Hooghe. Colchester, UK: ECPR Press.
  • Brambilla, M., P. Rusconi, S. Sacchi, and P. Cherubini. 2011. “Looking for Honesty: The Primary Role of Morality (vs. Sociability and Competence) in Information Gathering.” European Journal of Social Psychology 41(2):135–43. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.744.
  • Burleigh, T., R. Kennedy, and S. Clifford. 2018. “How to Screen Out VPS and International Respondents Using Qualtrics: A Protocol.” https://ssrn.com/abstract=3265459.
  • Camões, P. J., and S. M. Mendes. 2019. “Do Citizens Trust the Civil Service Differently? Comparing the Determinants of Confidence in Political-Administrative Institutions.” International Journal of Public Administration 42(14):1234–44. doi: 10.1080/01900692.2019.1592187.
  • Christensen, T., and P. Laegreid. 2005. “Trust in Government: The Relative Importance of Service Satisfaction, Political Factors, and Demography.” Public Performance & Management Review 28(4):487–511.
  • Citrin, J., and L. Stoker. 2018. “Political Trust in a Cynical Age.” Annual Review of Political Science 21(1):49–70. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-050316-092550.
  • Cooper, C. A., H. G. Knotts, and K. M. Brennan. 2008. “The Importance of Trust in Government for Public Administration: The Case of Zoning.” Public Administration Review 68(3):459–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00882.x.
  • Cuddy, A. J. C., S. T. Fiske, and P. Glick. 2007. “The BIAS Map: Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92(4):631–48. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631.
  • Dafoe, A., B. Zhang, and D. Caughey. 2018. “Information Equivalence in Survey Experiments.” Political Analysis 26(4):399–416. doi: 10.1017/pan.2018.9.
  • Dalton, R. J. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Easton, D. 1965. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: John Wiley.
  • Easton, D. 1975. “A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5(4):435–57. doi: 10.1017/S0007123400008309.
  • Ejelöv, E., and T. J. Luke. 2020. “Rarely Safe to Assume: Evaluating the Use and Interpretation of Manipulation Checks in Experimental Social Psychology.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 87:103937. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103937.
  • Fisher, J., J. V. Heerde, and A. Tucker. 2010. “Does One Trust Judgement Fit All? Linking Theory and Empirics.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 12(2):161–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2009.00401.x.
  • Fiske, S. T., A. J. C. Cuddy, and P. Glick. 2007. “Universal Dimensions of Social Cognition: Warmth and Competence.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11(2):77–83. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005.
  • Fiske, S. T., A. J. C. Cuddy, P. Glick, and J. Xu. 2002. “A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82(6):878–902. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878.
  • Funk, C. L. 1999. “Bringing the Candidate into Models of Candidate Evaluation.” The Journal of Politics 61(3):700–20. doi: 10.2307/2647824.
  • Gadarian, S. K., and B. Albertson. 2014. “Anxiety, Immigration, and the Search for Information.” Political Psychology 35(2):133–64. doi: 10.1111/pops.12034.
  • Giddens, A. 1991. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Goodwin, G. P., J. Piazza, and P. Rozin. 2014. “Moral Character Predominates in Person Perception and Evaluation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106(1):148–68. doi: 10.1037/a0034726.
  • Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G., and E. Knies. 2017. “Validating a Scale for Citizen Trust in Government Organizations.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 83(3):583–601. doi: 10.1177/0020852315585950.
  • Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G., and A. J. Meijer. 2014. “Effects of Transparency on the Perceived Trustworthiness of a Government Organization: Evidence from an Online Experiment.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 24(1):137–57. doi: 10.1093/jopart/mus048.
  • Hamm, J. A., C. Smidt, and R. C. Mayer. 2019. “Understanding the Psychological Nature and Mechanisms of Political Trust.” Plos ONE 14(5):e0215835. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215835.
  • Hardin, R. 2000. “Do We Want Trust in Government?.” Pp. 22–41. in Democracy and Trust, edited by M. E. Warren. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Haugsgjerd, A., and S. Kumlin. 2020. “Downbound Spiral? Economic Grievances, Perceived Social Protection and Political Distrust.” West European Politics 43(4):969–90. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2019.1596733.
  • Hauser, D. J., P. C. Ellsworth, and R. Gonzalez. 2018. “Are Manipulation Checks Necessary?” Frontiers in Psychology (9): :998. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00998.
  • Hauser, D. J., and N. Schwarz. 2016. “Attentive Turkers: MTurk Participants Perform Better on Online Attention Checks than Do Subject Pool Participants.” Behavior Research Methods 48(1):400–7. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0578-z.
  • Hetherington, M. J. 2005. Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Hetherington, M. J., and T. J. Rudolph. 2008. “Priming, Performance, and the Dynamics of Political Trust.” The Journal of Politics 70(2):498–512. doi: 10.1017/S0022381608080468.
  • Hooghe, M. 2011. “Why There is Basically Only One Form of Political Trust.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 13(2):269–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00447.x.
  • Houston, D., N. Aitalieva, A. Morelock, and C. Shults. 2016. “Citizen Trust in Civil Servants: A Cross-National Examination.” International Journal of Public Administration 39(14):1203–12. doi: 10.1080/01900692.2016.1156696.
  • Hvidman, U., and S. C. Andersen. 2016. “Perceptions of Public and Private Performance: Evidence from a Survey Experiment.” Public Administration Review 76(1):111–20. doi: 10.1111/puar.12441.
  • Judd, C. M., L. James-Hawkins, V. Yzerbyt, and Y. Kashima. 2005. “Fundamental Dimensions of Social Judgment: Understanding the Relations between Judgments of Competence and Warmth.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89(6):899–913. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.899.
  • Keele, L. 2007. “Social Capital and the Dynamics of Trust in Government.” American Journal of Political Science 51(2):241–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00248.x.
  • Kennedy, R., S. Clifford, T. Burleigh, P. Waggoner, R. Jewell, and N. Winter. 2020. “The Shape and Solutions to the MTurk Quality Crisis.” Political Science Research and Methods 8(4):614–29. doi: 10.1017/psrm.2020.6.
  • Kervyn, N., S. T. Fiske, and C. Malone. 2012. “Brands as Intentional Agents Framework: How Perceived Intentions and Ability Can Map Brand Perception.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 22(2):166–76. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2011.09.006.
  • Kettl, D. F. 2017. Can Governments Earn Our Trust? New York: Polity Press.
  • Kim, M., G. A. Porumbescu, and M. I. Neshkova. 2019. “How Does Race Affect Perceptions of Police Trustworthiness?” International Public Management Journal 22(2):343–72. doi: 10.1080/10967494.2018.1486343.
  • Kumlin, S. 2004. The Personal and the Political: How Personal Welfare State Experiences Affect Political Trust and Ideology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Laustsen, L. 2017. “Choosing the Right Candidate: Observational and Experimental Evidence That Conservatives and Liberals Prefer Powerful and Warm Candidate Personalities, Respectively.” Political Behavior 39(4):883–908. doi: 10.1007/s11109-016-9384-2.
  • Laustsen, L., and A. Bor. 2017. “The Relative Weight of Character Traits in Political Candidate Evaluations: Warmth is More Important than Competence, Leadership and Integrity.” Electoral Studies 49:96–107. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2017.08.001.
  • Levi, M., and L. Stoker. 2000. “Political Trust and Trustworthiness.” Annual Review of Political Science 3(1):475–507. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.475.
  • Lipsky, M. 2010. Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Malone, C., and S. T. Fiske. 2013. The Human Brand: How We Relate to People, Products, and Companies. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Marien, S., and M. Hooghe. 2011. “Does Political Trust Matter? An Empirical Investigation into the Relation between Political Trust and Support for Law Compliance.” European Journal of Political Research 50(2):267–91. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01930.x.
  • Marlowe, J. 2004. “Part of the Solution or Cogs in the System?: the Origins and Consequences of Trust in Public Administrators.” Public Integrity 6(2):93–113.
  • Marvel, J. D. 2016. “Unconscious Bias in Citizens’ Evaluations of Public Sector Performance.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 26(1):143–58.
  • Mayer, R. C., J. H. Davis, and F. D. Schoorman. 1995. “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust.” Academy of Management Review 20(3):709–34. doi: 10.5465/amr.1995.9508080335.
  • McCurley, C., and J. J. Mondak. 1995. “Inspected by #1184063113: The Influence of Incumbents’ Competence and Integrity in U.S. House Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 39(4):864.
  • Miller, A. H. 1974. “Political Issues and Trust in Government: 1964–1970.” American Political Science Review 68(3):951–72. doi: 10.2307/1959140.
  • Mullinix, K. J., T. J. Leeper, J. N. Druckman, and J. Freese. 2015. “The Generalizability of Survey Experiments.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 2(2):109–38. doi: 10.1017/XPS.2015.19.
  • Mutz, D. C. 2011. Population-Based Survey Experiments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Norris, P. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • OECD. 2019. Goverment at a Glance 2019. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Oosterhof, N. N., and A. Todorov. 2008. “The Functional Basis of Face Evaluation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(32):11087–92. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805664105.
  • Oppenheimer, D. M., T. Meyvis, and N. Davidenko. 2009. “Instructional Manipulation Checks: Detecting Satisficing to Increase Statistical Power.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45(4):867–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009.
  • Pedersen, R. T. 2017. “Politicians Appear More Competent When Using Numerical Rhetoric.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 4(2):129–50. doi: 10.1017/XPS.2017.7.
  • PytlikZillig, L., and C. Kimbrough. 2016. “Consensus on Conceptualizations and Definitions of Trust: Are We There Yet?.” Pp. 17–47. in Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust, edited by E. Shockley, T. M. S. Neal, L. M. Pytlikzillig, and B. H. Bornstein. New York: Springer International Publishing.
  • Raaphorst, N., S. Groeneveld, and S. Van de Walle. 2018. “Do Tax Officials Use Double Standards in Evaluating Citizen-Clients? A Policy-Capturing Study among Dutch Frontline Tax Officials.” Public Administration 96(1):134–53. doi: 10.1111/padm.12374.
  • Schnaudt, C. 2019. Political Confidence and Democracy in Europe: Antecedents and Consequences of Citizens’ Confidence in Representative and Regulative Institutions and Authorities. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Soss, J. 1999. “Lessons of Welfare: Policy Design, Political Learning, and Political Action.” American Political Science Review 93(2):363–80. doi: 10.2307/2585401.
  • Stritch, J. M., M. J. Pedersen, and G. Taggart. 2017. “The Opportunities and Limitations of Using Mechanical Turk (MTURK) in Public Administration and Management Scholarship.” International Public Management Journal 20(3):489–511. doi: 10.1080/10967494.2016.1276493.
  • Van de Walle, S., and G. Bouckaert. 2003. “Public Service Performance and Trust in Government: The Problem of Causality.” International Journal of Public Administration 26(8-9):891–913. doi: 10.1081/PAD-120019352.
  • Van der Meer, T. W. G. 2010. “In What We Trust? A Multi-Level Study into Trust in Parliament as an Evaluation of State Characteristics.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 76(3):517–36. doi: 10.1177/0020852310372450.
  • Van der Meer, T. W. G., and A. Hakhverdian. 2017. “Political Trust as the Evaluation of Process and Performance: A Cross-National Study of 42 European Countries.” Political Studies 65(1):81–102. doi: 10.1177/0032321715607514.
  • Van Ryzin, G. G. 2007. “Pieces of a Puzzle: Linking Government Performance, Citizen Satisfaction, and Trust.” Public Performance & Management Review 30(4):521–35. doi: 10.2753/PMR1530-9576300403.
  • Van Ryzin, G. G. 2011. “Outcomes, Process, and Trust of Civil Servants.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21(4):745–60. doi: 10.1093/jopart/muq092.
  • Vigoda-Gadot, E. 2007. “Citizens’ Perceptions of Politics and Ethics in Public Administration: A Five-Year National Study of Their Relationship to Satisfaction with Services, Trust in Governance, and Voice Orientations.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17(2):285–305. doi: 10.1093/jopart/muj018.
  • Wojciszke, B. 2005. “Affective Concomitants of Information on Morality and Competence.” European Psychologist 10(1):60–70. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.10.1.60.
  • Wojciszke, B., R. Bazinska, and M. Jaworski. 1998. “On the Dominance of Moral Categories in Impression Formation.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24(12):1251–63. doi: 10.1177/01461672982412001.
  • Yang, K. 2005. “Public Administrators’ Trust in Citizens: A Missing Link in Citizen Involvement Efforts.” Public Administration Review 65(3):273–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00453.x.
  • Yang, K., and M. Holzer. 2006. “The Performance–Trust Link: Implications for Performance Measurement.” Public Administration Review 66(1):114–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00560.x.
  • Zmerli, S. and M. Hooghe, eds. 2011. Political Trust: Why Context Matters. Colchester, UK: ECPR Press.
  • Zmerli, S., and T. W. G. Van der Meer. 2017. Handbook on Political Trust. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.