Therapeutic Synergism: Optimal Pharmacotherapy and Psychiatric Rehabilitation to Enhance Functional Outcome in Schizophrenia

References

• Allen , J. S. 1995 . Relation between backward masking deficits and smooth pursuit dysfunction in schizophrenia? . Optometry & Vision Science , 72 : 493 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , L. and Tejera , C. 1994 . Treatment of clozapine‐inducedobsessive‐compulsive symptoms with sertraline . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1096 – 1097 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist , B , Peselow , E. , Rubinstein , M , Corwin , J. and Rotrosen , J. 1982 . Partial improvement in negative schizophrenic symptoms after amphetamine . Psychopharmacology , 78 : 128 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes , T. R. and McPhillips , M. A. 1995 . How to distinguish between the neuroleptic‐induced deficit syndrome, depression and disease‐related negative symptoms in schizophrenia . International Clinical Psycho‐pharmacology , 10 : 115 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellack , A. S. , Mueser , K. T. , Morrison , R. L. , Tierney , A. and Podell , K. 1990 . Remediation of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 1650 – 1655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman , K. R , Illowsky , B. P. and Weinberger , D. R. 1988 . Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. IV. Further evidence for regional and behavioral specificity . Archives of General Psychiatry , 45 : 616 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borison , R. L. 1997 . Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 4 : 255 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. A. , Schwarzkopf , S. B. , Olson , S. C. and Nasrallah , H. A. 1992 . Third‐ventricle enlargement and neuropsychological deficit in schizophrenia . Biological Psychiatry , 31 : 954 – 961 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard , S. , Vallieres , A. , Roy , M‐A. and Maziade , M. 1996 . Cognitive restructuring in the treatment of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: A critical analysis . Behavior Therapy , 27 : 257 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breier , A. , Buchanan , R. W. , Kirkpatrick , B. , Davis , O. R. , Irish , D. , Summerfelt , A. and Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1994 . Effects of clozapine on positive and negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 20 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook , R. H. 1989 . Practice guidelines and practicing medicine: Are they compatible? . Journal of American Medical Association , 262 : 3027 – 3030 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. W. and Gold , J. M. 1996a . Negative symptoms: Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis . International Clinical Psychopharmacology , 11 : 3 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. W. , Kirkpatrick , B. , Bryant , N , Ball , P. and Breier , A. 1996b . Fluoxetine augmentation of clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 1625 – 1627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. W. , Kirkpatrick , B. , Heinrichs , D. W and Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1990 . Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 290 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. W. , Strauss , M. E. , Breier , A. , Kirkpatrick , B. and Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1997 . Attentional impairments in deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 363 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustillo , J. R. , Thaker , G. , Buchanan , R. W. , Moran , M. , Kirkpatrick , B. and Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1997 . Visual information‐processing impairments in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 647 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , W. T. Jr. and Buchanan , R. W. 1994 . Schizophrenia . New England Journal of Medicine , 330 : 681 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , W. T. Jr. , Heinrichs , D. W. and Wagman , A. M. 1988 . Deficitand nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: The concept . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 578 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1996 . Maintenance therapy of persons with schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 57 : 10 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castellon , S. A. , Asarnow , R. F. , Goldstein , M. J. and Marder , S. R. 1994 . Persisting negative symptoms and information‐processing deficits in schizophrenia: Implications for subtyping . Psychiatry Research , 54 : 59 – 69 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cesarec , Z. and Nyman , A. K. 1985 . Differential response to amphetamine in schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 71 : 523 – 538 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chadwick , P. and Trower , P. 1996 . Cognitive therapy for punishment paranoia: A since case experiment . Behavior Research and Therapy , 34 : 351 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan , P. W. , Hirschbeck , J. N. and Wolfe , M. 1995a . Memory and vigilance training to improve social perception in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 17 : 257 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan , P. W. and Penn , D. L. 1995b . The effects of antipsychotic and antiparkinsonian medication on psychosocial skill learning . Clinical Psychology Science and Practice , 2 : 251 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan , P. W. , McCracken , S. G. , Edwards , M. , Kommana , S. and Simpatico , T. 1997 . Staff training to improve implementation and impact of behavioral rehabilitation programs . Psychiatric Services , 48 : 1336 – 1338 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crow , T. J. 1985 . The two‐syndrome concept: Origins and current status . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 11 : 471 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , D. G. , Weinberger , D. R. , Jones , D. W , Zigun , J. R. , Coppola , R. , Handel , S. , Bigelow , L. B. , Goldberg , T. E. , Berman , K. F. and Kleinman , J. E. 1991 . The effect of amphetamine on regional cerebral blood flow during cognitive activation in schizophrenia . Journal of Neuroscience , 11 : 1907 – 1917 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eddy , D. M. 1990a . Clinical decision making: From theory to practice, The challenge . Journal of American Medical Association , 263 : 287 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy , D. M. 1990b . Clinical decision making: From theory to practice, Practice policies: Where do they come from? . Journal of American Medical Association , 263 : 1265 – 1275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenbroek , B. A. , Lubbers , L. J. and Cools , A. R. 1996 . Activity of “seroquel” (ICI 204, 636) in animal models for atypical properties of antipsychotics: A comparison with clozapine . Neuropsychopharmacology , 15 : 406 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falloon , I. R. H. and Talbot , R. E. 1981 . Persistent auditory hallucinations: Coping mechanisms and implications for management . Psychological Medicine , 11 : 329 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giersch , A. , Boucart , M. and Danion , J‐M. 1997 . Lorazepam, a benzodiazepine, induces atypical distractor effects with compound stimuli: A role for line‐ends in the processing of compound letters . Visual Cognition , 4 : 337 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff , D. C , Midha , K. K. , Sarid‐Segal , O. , Hubbard , J. W. and Amico , E. 1995 . A placebo‐controlled trial of fluoxetine added to neuroleptic in patients with schizophrenia . Psychopharmacology , 117 : 417 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , T. E. , Bigelow , L. B. , Weinberger , D. R. , Daniel , D. G and Kleinman , J. E. 1991 . Cognitive and behavioral effects of the coadministration of dextroamphetamine and haloperidol in schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 78 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , M. F. 1996 . What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 321 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , M. F. 1998 . Schizophrenia from a neurocognitive perspective: Probing the impenetrable darkness , Needham Heights, MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Green , M. F , Marshall , B. D. J , Wirshing , W. C , Ames , D. , Marder , S. R. , McGurk , S. , Kern , R. S. and Mintz , J. 1997 . Does risperidone improve verbal working memory in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 799 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs , D. W , Hanlon , T. E. and Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1984 . The Quality of Life Scale: An instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 10 : 388 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himadi , B. and Curran , J. P. 1995 . The modification of auditory hallucinations . Behavioral Interventions , 10 : 33 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Janssen‐Cilag . 1995 . Preserving cognitive function: Optimising integration into the community . Schizophrenia Review , 3 : 3 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Javitt , D. C , Zylberman , I. , Zukin , S. R. , Heresco‐Levy , U. and Lindenmayer , J. P. 1994 . Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1234 – 1236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez , J. M. , Todman , M. , Perez , M. , Godoy , J. F. and Landon‐Jimenez , D. V. 1996 . The behavioral treatment of auditory hallucinatory responding of a schizophrenic patient . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 27 : 299 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , J. M. 1996 . Schizophrenia . New England Journal of Medicine , 334 : 34 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane , J. M. , Honigfeld , G. , Singer , J. and Meltzer , H. 1988 . Clozapine in treatment‐resistant schizophrenics . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 24 : 62 – 67 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kane , J. M. and McGlashan , T. H. 1995 . Treatment of schizophrenia . Lancet , 346 : 820 – 825 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern , R. S. , Green , M. R and Satz , P. 1992 . Neuropsychological predictors of skills training for chronic psychiatric patients . Psychiatry Research , 43 : 223 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , B. , Buchanan , R. W. , McKenney , P. D. , Alphs , L. D. and Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1989 . The Schedule for the Deficit syndrome: an instrument for research in schizophrenia . Psychiatry Research , 30 : 119 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , R. A. and Silverstein , S. M. 1998 . “ The role of cognitive psychology in guiding research on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia ” . In Origins and development of schizophrenia: Advances in experimentalpsychopathology , Edited by: Lenzenweger , M. and Dworkin , R. H. 247 – 295 . Washington, DC : APA Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lader , M. 1994 . Neuroleptic‐induced deficit syndrome. Historical introduction . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum , 380 : 6 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , E. D. , Wilson , W , Rose , J. E. and McEvoy , J. 1996 . Nicotine‐haloperidol interactions and cognitive performance in schizophrenics . Neuropsychopharmacology , 15 : 429 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman , R. P. , Falloon , I. R. and Wallace , C. J. 1984 . “ Drug‐psychosocial interactions in the treatment of schizophrenia ” . In The Chronically Mentally III: Research and Services , Edited by: Mirabi , M. New York : Spectrum .
   Google Scholar
• Liberman , R. P. , Van Putten , T , Marshall , B. D. J. , Mintz , J. , Bowen , L. , Kuehnel , T. G. , Aravagiri , M and Marder , S. R. 1994a . Optimal drug and behavior therapy for treatment‐refractory schizophrenic patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 756 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman , R. P. , Van Putten , T. , Marshall , B. D. J. , Mintz , J. , Bowen , L. , Kuehnel , T. G. , Aravagiri , M. and Marder , S. R. 1994b . Optimal drug and behavior therapy for treatment‐refractory schizophrenic patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 756 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer , J. P. 1995 . New pharmacotherapeutic modalities for negative symptoms in psychosis . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum , 388 : 15 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Maas , J. W , Miller , A. L. , Tekell , J. L. , Funderburg , L. , Silva , J. A. , True , J. , Velligan , C , Berman , N. and Bowden , C. L. 1995 . Clonidine plus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia/psychosis . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 15 : 361 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Marder , S. R. 1996a . Management of schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 57 : 9 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Marder , S. R. 1996b . Management of schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 57 : 9 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Marder , S. R. 1998 . Facilitating compliance with antipsychotic medication . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 : 21 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marder , S. R. , Davis , J. M. and Chouinard , G. 1997 . The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis: Combined results of the North American trials . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 58 : 538 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marder , S. R. , Van Putten , T. , Mintz , J. , Lebell , M. , McKenzie , J. and May , P. R. 1987a . Low‐ and conventional‐dose maintenance therapy with fluphenazine decanoate: Two‐year outcome . Archives of General Psychiatry , 44 : 518 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marder , S. R. , Van Putten , T , Mintz , J. , Lebell , M. , McKenzie , J. and May , P. R. 1987b . Low‐ and conventional‐dose maintenance therapy with fluphenazine decanoate: Two‐year outcome . Archives of General Psychiatry , 44 : 518 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer , H. Y. 1992 . Treatment of the neuroleptic‐nonresponsive schizophrenic patient . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 18 : 515 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menditto , A. A. , Beck , N. C. , Stuve , P. , Fisher , J. A. , Stacy , M. , Logue , M. B. and Baldwin , L. J. 1996 . Effectiveness of clozapine and a social learning program for severely disabled psychiatric inpatients . Psychiatric Services , 47 : 46 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Mueser , K. T , Bellack , A. S. , Douglas , M. S. and Wade , J. H. 1991a . Prediction of social skill acquisition in schizophrenic and major affective disorder patients from memory and symptomatology . Psychiatry Research , 37 : 281 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser , K. T. , Bellack , A. S. , Douglas , M. S. and Wade , J. H. 1991b . Prediction of social skill acquisition in schizophrenic and major affective disorder patients from memory and symptomatology . Psychiatry Research , 37 : 281 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser , K. T , Douglas , M. S. , Bellack , A. S. and Morrison , R. L. 1991c . Assessment of enduring deficit and negative symptom subtypes in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 17 : 565 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , B. L. , Roth , R. H. and Arnsten , A. F. 1997 . Clozapine reverses the spatial working memory deficits induced by FG7142 in monkeys . Neuropsychopharmacology , 16 : 433 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naber , D. 1995 . A self‐rating to measure subjective effects of neuroleptic drugs, relationships to objective psychopathology, quality of life, compliance and other clinical variables . International Clinical Psychopharmacology , 10 : 133 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestor , P. G. , Faux , S. F. , McCarley , R. W. , Sands , S. F. , Horvath , T. B. and Peterson , A. 1991 . Neuroleptics improve sustained attention in schizophrenia: A study using signal detection theory . Neuropsychopharmacology , 4 : 145 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , G. L. and Menditto , A. A. 1992 . Effectiveness of inpatient treatment programs for mentally ill adults in public psychiatric facilities . Applied and Preventative Psychology , 7 : 41 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Poyurovsky , M. , Hermesh , H. and Weizman , A. 1996 . Fluvoxamine treatment in clozapine‐induced obsessive‐compulsive symptoms in schizophrenic patients . Clinical Neuropharmacology , 19 : 305 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , G. , Taylor , M. J. and Minasian , G. J. 1997 . Normalizing the crossover effect: enhancement of cognitive attentional processing in schizophrenia . Psychiatry Research , 72 : 167 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Rossi , A. , Mancini , F. , Stratta , P. , Mattei , P. , Gismondi , R. , Pozzi , R and Casacchia , F. 1997 . Risperidone, negative symptoms and cognitive deficit in schizophrenia: An open study . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 95 : 40 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfilipo , M. , Wolkin , A. , Angrist , B. , van Kammen , D. P. , Duncan , E. , Wieland , S. , Cooper , T. B. , Peselow , E. D. and Rotrosen , J. 1996 . Amphetamine and negative symptoms of schizophrenia . Psychopharmacology , 123 : 211 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Saper , Z. , Blank , M. K. and Chapman , L. 1995 . Implosive therapy as an adjunctive treatment in a psychotic disorder: A case report . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 26 : 157 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Schade , M. L. , Corrigan , P. W. and Liberman , R. P. 1990 . Prescriptive rehabilitation for severely disabled psychiatric patients . New Directions for Mental Health Services , 45 : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Schooler , N. R. 1994 . Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: assessment of the effect of risperidone . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 55 : 22 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Serper , M. R. and Chou , J. C.‐Y. in press . Novel neuroleptics improve schizophrenic patients' attentional functioning . CNS Spectrums ,
   Google Scholar
• Serper , M. R. , Harvey , P. D. and Davidson , M. 1997 . Attentional and clinical neuroleptic response in schizophrenia: A study with the continuous performance test . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 2 : 241 – 249 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverstein , S. M , Hitzel , H. and Schenkel , L. 1998a . Identifying and addressing cognitive barriers to rehabilitation readiness . Psychiatric Services , 49 : 34 – 36 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverstein , S. M. , Schenkel , L. S. , Valone , C. and Nuernberger , S. 1998b . Cognitive deficits and psychiatric rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia . Psychiatric Quarterly , 69 : 169 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarsfeldt , T. 1996 . Differential effect of antipsychotics on place navigation of rats in the Morris water maze: A comparative study between novel and reference antipsychotics . Psychopharmacology , 124 : 126 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaulding , W. D. , Storms , L. , Goodrich , V. and Sullivan , M. 1986 . Applications of experimental psychopathology in psychiatric rehabilitation . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 12 : 560 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaulding , W. D. , Sullivan , M. , Weiler , M. , Reed , D. , Richardson and Storzbach , D. 1994a . Changing cognitive functioning in rehabilitation of schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum , 384 : 116 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Spaulding , W. D. , Sullivan , M. , Weiler , M. , Reed , D. , Richardson and Storzbach , D. 1994b . Changing cognitive functioning in rehabilitation of schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum , 384 : 116 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Spohn , H. E. , Coyne , L. , Lacoursiere , R. , Mazur , D. and Hayes , K. 1985 . Relation of neuroleptic dose and tardive dyskinesia to attention, information‐processing, and psychophysiology in medicated schizophrenics . Archives of General Psychiatry , 42 : 849 – 859 .
   Google Scholar
• Spohn , H. E. and Strauss , M. E. 1989 . Relation of neuroleptic and anticholinergic medication to cognitive functions in schizophrenia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 367 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratta , P. , Mancini , F. , Mattei , P. , Daneluzzo , E. , Bustini , M , Casacchia , M. and Rossi , A. 1997 . Remediation of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. A controlled study . Psychopathology , 30 : 59 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamminga , C. A. , Thaker , G. K. , Buchanan , R. , Kirkpatrick , B. , Alphs , L. D. , Chase , T. N. and Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1992 . Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome . Archives of General Psychiatry , 49 : 522 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejera , C. A. , Mayerhoff , D. J. , Safferman , A. Z. and Ramos‐Lorenzi , J. R. 1994 . Fluoxetine for obsessional symptoms in schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 149 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollefson , G. D. and Sanger , T. M. 1997 . Negative symptoms: a path analytic approach to a double‐blind, placebo‐ and haloperidol‐controlled clinical trial with olanzapine . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 466 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kammen , D. P. and Boronow , J. J. 1988 . Dextro‐amphetamine diminishes negative symptoms in schizophrenia . International Clinical Psychopharmacology , 3 : 111 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Putten , T. and Marder , S. R. 1987 . Behavioral toxicity of antipsychotic drugs . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 48 : 13 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollema , M. G. , Geurtsen , G. J. and van Voorst , A. J. 1995 . Durable improvements in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenic patients . Schizophrenia Research , 16 : 209 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagman , A. M , Heinrichs , D. W. and Carpenter , W. T. Jr. 1987 . Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: Neuropsychological evaluation . Psychiatry Research , 22 : 319 – 330 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberger , D. R. and Gallhofer , B. 1997 . Cognitive function in schizophrenia . International Clinical Psychopharmacology , 12 : S29 – S36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolkin , A. , Sanfilipo , M. , Duncan , E. , Angrist , B. , Wolf , A. P. , Cooper , T. B. , Brodie , J. D. , Laska , E. and Rotrosen , J. P. 1996 . Blunted change in cerebral glucose utilization after haloperidol treatment in schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 346 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Woolf , S. H. 1990 . Practice guidelines: A new reality in medicine. I. Recent developments . Archives Internal Medicine , 150 : 1811 – 1818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf , S. H. 1992 . Practice guidelines: A new reality in medicine. II. Methods for developing guidelines . Archives Internal Medicine , 152 : 946 – 952 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wykes , T. and Dunn , G. 1992 . Cognitive deficit and the prediction of rehabilitation success in a chronic psychiatric group . Psychological Medicine , 22 : 389 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar