1,096
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Making Violence Transparent: Ranking Police Departments in Major U.S. Cities to Make Black Lives Matter

References

  • Akerlof, G., & Yellen, J. L. (1994). Gang behavior, law enforcement, and community values. In H. J. Aaron, T. E. Mann & T. Taylor (Eds.), Values and public policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
  • Anderson, E. (1990). Streetwise: Race, class, and change. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Barzelay, M., & Armajani, B. J. (1992). Breaking through bureaucracy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Baum, H. S. (2010). Brown in Baltimore. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Bearfield, D. A. (2009). What is patronage? A critical reexamination. Public Administration Review, 69(1), 64–76. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01941.x
  • Behn, R. D. (2014). The performance state potential. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
  • Bier, D. (2014, August 26). By the numbers: How many cops are there in the USA? The Skeptical Libertarian. Retrieved from http://blog.skepticallibertarian.com/2014/08/26/by-the-numbers-how-many-cops-are-there-in-the-usa/.
  • Bratton, W. (2010, February 17). Crime by the numbers. New York Times, pp. A23.
  • Bratton, W., & Knobler, P. (1998). Turnaround. New York, NY: Random House.
  • Bui, A. L., Coates, M. M., & Matthay, E. C. (2018). Years of life lost due to encounters with law enforcement in the USA, 2015-2016. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(8), 715–718. doi:10.1136/jech-2017-210059
  • Butler, P. (2017). Chokehold: Policing black men. New York: The New Press.
  • Carter, S. (2014, December 4). Law puts us all in same danger as Eric Garner. BloombergView. Retrieved from http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-12-04/law-puts-us-all-in-same-danger-as-eric-garner.
  • Comey, J. B. (2015, February 12). Hard truths: Law enforcement and race. Speech at Georgetown University. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/hard-truths-law-enforcement-and-race.
  • DiIulio, J. (1994). Principled agents: The cultural bases of behavior in a federal government bureaucracy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 4(3), 277–318. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a037210
  • DiIulio, J., Garvey, G., & Kettl, D. F. (1993). Improving government performance: An owner’s manual. Washington, DC: Brookings.
  • Dwyer, J. (2017). Interrupting coverage of the apocalypse for a story told in lives not lost. New York Times, December 6, A23.
  • Epp, C. R., Maynard-Moody, S., & Haider-Markel, D. (2014). Pulled over: How police stops define race and citizenship. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Gitz, B. R., & Maranto, R. (1996). Underclass rationality and the street gang as alternative regime. Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement, 5(1), 87–98.
  • Goodman, J. D., & Baker, A. (2014, December 31). Murders in New York drop to a record low, but officers aren’t celebrating. New York Times, pp. A1.
  • Greene, J. P., & McShane, M. Q. (Eds.). (2018). Failure up close. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Haider-Markel, D. P., Epp, C., & Maynard-Moody, S. (2009, April). Constructing distrust: The aftermath of African-American encounters with police. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
  • Hansen, E. (2017). The forgotten minority in police shootings. CNN, November 13. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/10/us/native-lives-matter/index.html.
  • Harriot, M. (2019). Here’s how many people police killed in 2018. The Root, January 3. Retrieved from https://www.theroot.com/here-s-how-many-people-police-killed-in-2018-1831469528.
  • Hatry, H. P. (2006). Performance measurement: Getting results (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
  • Hobbes, T. & Shapiro, I. (Ed.). (2010). Leviathan. Revised edition. (originally published in 1651). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Hong, S. (2016). Representative bureaucracy, organizational integrity, and citizen coproduction: Does an increase in police ethnic representativeness reduce crime? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 35(1), 11–33. doi:10.1002/pam.21876
  • Kaufman, H. (1960). The forest ranger. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Kelly, R. (2015). Vigilance. New York, NY: Hachette Books.
  • Kelman, S. (2005). Unleashing change. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
  • Kennedy, R. (1998). Race, crime, and the law. New York, NY: Vintage.
  • Khademian, A. M. (2001). Working with culture. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  • Kindy, K., & Kelly, K. (2015, April 11). Thousands dead, few prosecuted. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/04/11/thousands-dead-few-prosecuted/.
  • Kindy, K., Fisher, M., Tate, J., & Jenkins, J. (2015, December 24). A year of reckoning: Police fatally shoot nearly 1,000. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/12/26/a-year-of-reckoning-police-fatally-shoot-nearly-1000/.
  • Knott, J. H., & Miller, G. J. (1987). Reforming bureaucracy: The politics of institutional choice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Kusmer, K. L. (1978). A ghetto takes shape: Black Cleveland, 1870–1930. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Leovy, J. (2015). Ghettoside: A true story of murder in America. New York, NY: Penguin Random House.
  • Light, P. C. (1997). The tides of reform: Making government work (pp. 1945–1995). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Lipsky, M. (1980). Street level bureaucracy. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Mac Donald, H. (2016). The war on cops. New York, NY: Encounter Books.
  • Mangum, M. (2012). Explaining African-American political trust: Examining psychological involvement, policy satisfaction, and reference group effects. International Social Science Review, 87(1–2), 3–18.
  • Maple, J. (2000). The crime fighter. New York, NY: Doubleday.
  • Maranto, R., & Wolf, P. J. (2013). Cops, teachers, and the art of the impossible: Explaining the lack of diffusion of innovations that make impossible jobs possible. Public Administration Review, 73(2), 230–240. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02626.x
  • Mehta, J., & Teles, S. (2014). Professionalism 2.0: The case for plural professionalism in education. In F. M. Hess & M. Q. McShane (Eds.), Teacher Quality 2.0: Today’s policies, tomorrow’s schools. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
  • Moore, M. W. (1995). Creating public value. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Moskos, P. (2008). Cop in the hood. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Mullainathan, S. (2015, October 16). Police killings of blacks: Here is what the data say. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/upshot/police-killings-of-blacks-what-the-data-says.html?_r=1.
  • Murray, C. (1984). Losing ground. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Myrdal, G. (2008). An American dilemma. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
  • Orfield, G., & Ashkinaze, C. (1991). The closing door. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. New York, NY: Penguin.
  • Osborne, D., & Plastrik, P. (1998). Banishing bureaucracy: The five strategies of reinventing government. New York, NY: Penguin.
  • Peffley, M., & Hurwitz, J. (2010). Justice in America: The separate realities of blacks and whites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Police Executive Research Forum. (2016). Guiding principles on use of force. Washington: Police Executive Research Forum, March, at https://www.policeforum.org/assets/30%20guiding%20principles.pdf.
  • Puzzanchera, C. G., & Chamberlin, W. K, (2015). Easy success to the FBI's supplementary homicide reports: 1980–2013. National Center for Juvenile Justice. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezashr/.
  • Reeves, R. V., & Holmes, S. (2015, December 15). Guns and race: The different worlds of black and white Americans. Brookings Institution Social Mobility Memos. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2015/12/15-guns-race-different-worlds-reeves.
  • Robin, G. D. (1963). Justifiable homicide by police officers. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 54(2), 225–231. doi:10.2307/1141171
  • Silverman, E. B. (1999). NYPD battles crime. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Somers, M.-A., Zhu, P., & Wong, E. (2011). Tests to measure student achievement in a multi-state randomized experiment: An empirical assessment based on four recent evaluations. NCEE 2012-4015. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, October, Washington, DC.
  • Sparrow, M. (2016). Handcuffed: What holds policing back, and the keys to reform. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Spear, A. H. (1967). Black Chicago: The making of a Negro ghetto. 1890–1920. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Teodoro, M. P. (2011). Bureaucratic ambition: Careers, motives, and the innovative administrator. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Timoney, J. E. (2010). Beat cop to top cop: A tale of three cities. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Webster, D. W. & Vernick, J. S. (Eds). (2013). Reducing gun violence in America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Williamson, V., Trump, K., & Einstein, K. (2018). Black lives matter: Evidence that police-caused deaths predict protest activity. Perspectives on Politics, 16(2), 400–415. doi:10.1017/S1537592717004273
  • Wilson, J. Q. (1968). Varieties of police behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Wilson, J. Q. (1978). Varieties of police behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Wilson, J. Q. (1989). Bureaucracy. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Wilson, W. J. (2015, December 14). The other side of Black Lives Matter. Brookings Institution Social Mobility Memos. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2015/12/14-other-side-black-lives-matter-wilson.
  • Witte, J. F., Wolf, P. J., Cowen, J. M., Fleming, D. J., & Lucas-McLean, J. (2009). The MPCP longitudinal education growth study second year report. School Choice Demonstration Project, University of Arkansas, SCDP Milwaukee Evaluation Report #10, March.
  • Wolf, P. J. (1993). A case survey of bureaucratic effectiveness in U.S. cabinet agencies: Preliminary results. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 3(2), 161–181. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a037165
  • Wolf, P. J. (1999, March 1). Neutral and responsive competence: The U.S. Bureau of the Budget, 1939-48, re-visited. Administration & Society, 31(1), 142–167. doi:10.1177/009539999400935529
  • Zimring, F. (2017). When police kill. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Zimring, F. (2011). The city that became safe. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.