Spiritual Leadership and Unit Productivity: Does Psychological Need Mediate the Relationship between Spiritual Leadership and Unit Productivity?

References

• Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Kiani, U. S. (2016). Linking spiritual leadership and employee pro-environmental behavior: The influence of workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, and environmental passion. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessandri, G., Borgogni, L., & Latham, G. P. (2017). A dynamic model of the longitudinal relationship between job satisfaction and supervisor-rated job performance. Applied Psychology, 66(2), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, C. L. (1972). The miracle of love. Fleming H. Revell Company.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. H., & Sun, P. Y. (2017). Reviewing leadership styles: Overlaps and the need for a new ‘full‐range’ theory. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora, R. (2018). A study on stress management with respect to level and background of education of employees in IT–ITeS companies. International Journal of Information Technology, 11, 869–874.
   Google Scholar
• Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and Weil‐Being in two work settings 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(10), 2045–2068. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02690.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babakus, E., Yavas, U., & Karatepe, O. M. (2008). The effects of job demands, job resources and intrinsic motivation on emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions: A study in the Turkish hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 9(4), 384–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480802427339
   Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, R. (2003). Measuring spirituality in the workplace by mapping values. In R. A. Giacalone & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (p. 345). M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Witte, H., Soenens, B., & Lens, W. (2010). Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work‐related Basic Need Satisfaction scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 981–1002. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X481382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Champoux, J. E. (2000). Organizational behavior: Essential tenets for a new millennium. Cincinatti7 South-Western College Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, P.-C., Xiaoxiao, G., & Wu, T. (2021). Sense of calling, job crafting, spiritual leadership and work meaningfulness: A moderated mediation model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(5), 690–704. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-09-2020-0392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.-Y., Chen, C.-H V., & Li, C.-I. (2013). The influence of leader’s spiritual values of servant leadership on employee motivational autonomy and eudaemonic well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(2), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9479-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.-Y., & Yang, C.-F. (2012). The impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: A multi-sample analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0953-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. Y., Yang, C. Y., & Li, C. I. (2012). Spiritual leadership, follower mediators, and organizational outcomes: Evidence from three industries across two major Chinese societies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(4), 890–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00834.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dantley, M. E. (2005). African American spirituality and Cornel West’s notions of prophetic pragmatism: Restructuring educational leadership in American urban schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(4), 651–674. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X04274274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent, E. B., Higgins, M. E., & Wharff, D. M. (2005). Spirituality and leadership: An empirical review of definitions, distinctions, and embedded assumptions. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 625–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmadağ, A. B., & Ellinger, A. E. (2018). Alleviating job stress to improve service employee work affect: The influence of rewarding. Service Business, 12(1), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-017-0340-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, M., Xiong, X.-Y., & Li, J. J. (2017). Spiritual Intelligence Scale–Chinese form: Construction and initial validation. Current Psychology, 38, 1318–1327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick, D. M. (2004). Robert K. Greenleaf: A life of servant leadership. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry, L. W. (2005a). Introduction to the leadership quarterly special issue: Toward a paradigm of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 619–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry, L. W. (2005b). Toward a theory of ethical and spiritual well-being, and corporate social responsibility through spiritual leadership. In R. A. Giacalone, C. L. Jurkiewicz, & C. Dunn (Eds.), Positive psychology in business ethics and corporate responsibility (pp. 47–83). IAP.
   Google Scholar
• Fry, L. W., & Cohen, M. P. (2009). Spiritual leadership as a paradigm for organizational transformation and recovery from extended work hours cultures. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(S2), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9695-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry, L. W., Latham, J. R., Clinebell, S. K., & Krahnke, K. (2017). Spiritual leadership as a model for performance excellence: A study of Baldrige award recipients. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 14(1), 22–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1202130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry, L. W., & Slocum, J. W. Jr. (2008). Maximizing the triple bottom line through spiritual leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 37(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2007.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 835–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatling, A., Kim, J. S., & Milliman, J. (2016). The relationship between workplace spirituality and hospitality supervisors’ work attitudes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(3), 471–489. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2014-0404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotsis, G., & Grimani, K. (2017). The role of spiritual leadership in fostering inclusive workplaces. Personnel Review, 46(5), 908–935. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2015-0286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 5). Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, K. J., Kacmar, K. M., & Zivnuska, S. (2007). An investigation of abusive supervision as a predictor of performance and the meaning of work as a moderator of the relationship. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, A. J. (2003). Reconciling professional and personal value systems. In C. L. Jurkiewicz & R. A. Giacalone (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 193–208). M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal on Business Research Methods, 6(1), 2.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., Kim, S. L., & Yun, S. (2018). A moderated mediation model of the relationship between abusive supervision and knowledge sharing. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(3), 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W., Wang, X., Haque, M. J., Shafique, M. N., & Nawaz, M. Z. (2020). Impact of workforce diversity management on employees’ outcomes: Testing the mediating role of a person’s job match. SAGE Open, 10(1), 215824402090340. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020903402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C. H., & Robertson, P. J. (2011). Spirituality in the workplace: Theory and measurement. Journal of Management Inquiry, 20(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492610374648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabey, C., Conroy, M., Blakeley, K., & de Marco, S. (2017). Having burned the straw man of Christian spiritual leadership, what can we learn from Jesus about leading ethically? Journal of Business Ethics, 145(4), 757–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3054-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, Y. (2016). Spiritual leadership at the workplace: Perspectives and theories. Biomedical Reports, 5(4), 408–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitroff, I. I., Mitroff, I., & Denton, E. A. (1999). A spiritual audit of corporate America: A hard look at spirituality, religion, and values in the workplace (Vol. 140). Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Nafei, W. A. (2018). The role of spiritual leadership in reducing bullying behavior: A study on the industrial companies in Egypt. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(2), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n2p167
   Google Scholar
• Onatr, M. (2008). Gretmenlerde Özgecilik ile Deer Tercihleri Arasndaki øliúki. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
   Google Scholar
• Ouchi, W. G., & Cuchi, W. G. (1981). Theory Z: How American business can meet the Japanese challenge (Vol. 13). Addison-Wesley Reading.
   Google Scholar
• Pavenkov, O., Pavenkov, V., & Rubtcova, M. (2015). The altruistic behavior: Characteristic of future teachers of inclusive education in Russia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 187, 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.003
   Google Scholar
• Reave, L. (2005). Spiritual values and practices related to leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 655–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 26(4), 419–435.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, K. (1991). Rights, Intervention, and Self-Determination. Denv. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y, 20, 55.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2019). Reflections on self-determination theory as an organizing framework for personality psychology: Interfaces, integrations, issues, and unfinished business. Journal of Personality, 87(1), 115–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, L. S. (2002). Toward a psychology of religion, spirituality, meaning-search, and aging: Past research and a practical application. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013829318213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sink, D. S. (1985). Productivity management: Planning, measurement and evaluation, control, and improvement. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Úbeda-García, M., Cortés, E. C., Marco-Lajara, B., & Zaragoza-Sáez, P. (2014). Strategy, training and performance fit. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 42, 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usman, M., Ali, M., Ogbonnaya, C., & Babalola, M. T. (2021). Fueling the intrapreneurial spirit: A closer look at how spiritual leadership motivates employee intrapreneurial behaviors. Tourism Management, 83, 104227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberghe, C. (2011). Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: An integrative model. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 8(3), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2011.599146
   Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste, M., Neyrinck, B., Niemiec, C. P., Soenens, B., Witte, H., & Broeck, A. (2007). On the relations among work value orientations, psychological need satisfaction and job outcomes: A self‐determination theory approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(2), 251–277. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317906X111024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasconcelos, A. F. (2021). Individual spiritual capital: Meaning, a conceptual framework and implications. Journal of Work-Applied Management, 13(1), 117–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWAM-08-2020-0038
   Google Scholar