References
- Ahluwalia, P. (2007). Afterlives of post-colonialism: Reflections on theory post-9/11. Postcolonial Studies, 10(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790701488148
- Alexander, J. (1997). Avoiding the issue: Racism and administrative responsibility in public administration. The American Review of Public Administration, 27(4), 343–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/027507409702700403
- Alexander, J., & Stivers, C. (2010). An ethic of race for public administration. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 32(4), 578–597. https://doi.org/10.2753/ATP1084-1806320405
- Anti-Defamation League. (2020). Reports of Anti-Asian assaults, harassment and hate crimes rise as Coronavirus spreads. https://www.adl.org/blog/reports-of-anti-asian-assaults-harassment-and-hate-crimes-rise-as-coronavirus-spreads.
- Bae, K. B., Sabharwal, M., Smith, A. E., & Berman, E. (2017). Does demographic dissimilarity matter for perceived inclusion? Evidence from public sector employees. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 37(1), 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X16671367
- Bishu, S. G. (2022). Women’s representation in public sector organizations: Persistent challenges and potential for change. In P. M. Shields & N. M. Elias (Eds.), Handbook on gender and public administration (pp. 182–194). Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Bishu, S. G., & Kennedy, A. R. (2020). Trends and gaps: A meta-review of representative bureaucracy. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 40(4), 559–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X19830154
- Blessett, B., Dodge, J., Edmond, B., Goerdel, H. T., Gooden, S. T., Headley, A. M., Riccucci, N. M., & Williams, B. N. (2019). Social equity in public administration: A call to action. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 2(4), 283–299.
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States (5th edition). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Bonnett, A. (2000). Anti-Racism. Routledge.
- Boxelaar, L., Paine, M., & Beilin, R. (2006). Community engagement and public administration: Of silos, overlays and technologies of government. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 65(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2006.00476.x
- Brudney, J. L., & Russell, A. R. (2016). Hours aren’t enough: New methodologies for the valuation of community-engaged learning. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 26(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21193
- Budiman, A., Ruiz, N. G. (2021a). Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial or ethnic group in the U.S. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/09/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s/.
- Budiman, A., Ruiz, N. G. (2021b). Key facts about Asian origin groups in the U.S. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-origin-groups-in-the-u-s/.
- Cham, A. (2012). Negotiating (in)visibility in the Cham American diaspora [Master’s thesis]. University of California, Los Angeles.
- Chan, S. (1989). This bittersweet soil: The Chinese in California agriculture, 1860–1910. University of California Press.
- Cheng, L., & Bonacich, E. (Eds.). (1984). Labor immigration under capitalism: Asian workers in the United States before World War II. University of California Press.
- Cheung, A. B. (2013). Can there be an Asian model of public administration? Public Administration and Development, 33(4), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1660
- Chin, J. J. (2018). Service-providing nonprofits working in coalition to advocate for policy change. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764017721060
- Choi, S., & Rainey, H. G. (2010). Managing diversity in U.S. federal agencies: Effects of diversity and diversity management on employee perceptions of organizational performance. Public Administration Review, 70(1), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02115.x
- Considine, C. (2017). The racialization of Islam in the United States: Islamophobia, hate crimes, and “flying while Brown.” Religions, 8(9), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8090165
- Craddock, S. (1995). Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco. Social Science & Medicine, 41(7), 957–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)00409-m
- Crenshaw, K. W. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
- Crenshaw, K. W. (1996). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. New Press.
- DeHart-Davis, L., Marlowe, J., & Pandey, S. K. (2006). Gender dimensions of public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 66(6), 873–887. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00655.x
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (1993). Critical race theory: An annotated bibliography. Virginia Law Review, 79(2), 461–516. https://doi.org/10.2307/1073418
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory. New York University Press.
- Ding, F., Lu, J., & Riccucci, N. M. (2021). How bureaucratic representation affects public organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Public Administration Review, 81(6), 1003–1018. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13361
- Dugyala, R., Jin, B. (2021, October 3). Trauma and Trump make Asian American voters a more cohesive bloc, new poll reveals. Politico. https://www.politico.com/interactives/2021/asian-american-community-voting-trends-polling/.
- Errico, S. (2017). The rights of indigenous peoples in Asia. Gender, Equality and Diversity Branch, International Labour Office.
- Espiritu, Y. L. (1992). Asian American panethnicity: Bridging institutions and identities. Temple University Press.
- Feagin, J. R. (2013). The White racial frame: Centuries of racial framing and counter-framing. Routledge Press.
- Foldy, E. G., & Buckley, T. R. (2014). The color bind: Talking (and not talking) about race at work. Russell Sage Press.
- Frederickson, H. G. (1990). Public administration and social equity. Public Administration Review, 50(2), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/976870
- Frederickson, H. G. (2015). Social equity and public administration: Origins, developments, and applications. Routledge Press.
- Fujino, D. C. (2008). Who studies the Asian American Movement? A historiographical analysis. Journal of Asian American Studies, 11(2), 127–169.
- Furutani, W. (2013). We freed Chol Soo Lee, now what? Amerasia Journal, 39(3), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.17953/amer.39.3.m981164686427562
- Gilhooly, D., & Lee, E. (2017). The Karen resettlement story: A participatory action research project on refugee educational experiences in the United States. Action Research, 15(2), 132–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750315625338
- Gillborn, D. (2005). Education policy as an act of white supremacy: Whiteness, critical race theory and education reform. Journal of Education Policy, 20(4), 485–505.
- Gooden, S. T. (2014). Race and social equity: A nervous area of government. Routledge Press.
- Gooden, S., & Portillo, S. (2011). Advancing social equity in the Minnowbrook tradition. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(Supplement 1), i61–i76. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq067
- Grissom, J. A., Kern, E. C., & Rodriguez, L. A. (2015). The “representative bureaucracy” in education: Educator workforce diversity, policy outputs, and outcomes for disadvantaged students. Educational Researcher, 44(3), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X15580102
- Guo, C., & Acar, M. (2005). Understanding collaboration among nonprofit organizations: combining resource dependency, institutional, and network perspectives. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 34(3), 340–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764005275411
- Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2014). Tweeting social change: How social media are changing nonprofit advocacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012471585
- Guy, M. E. (2010). When diversity makes a difference. Public Integrity, 12(2), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.2753/PIN1099-9922120205
- Guy, M. E., & McCandless, S. A. (2012). Social equity: Its legacy, its promise. Public Administration Review, 72(s1), S5–S13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02635.x
- Hajnal, Z., Lajevardi, N., & Nielson, L. (2017). Voter identification laws and the suppression of minority votes. The Journal of Politics, 79(2), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1086/688343
- Headley, A. M., Wright, J. E., & Meier, K. J. (2021). Bureaucracy, democracy, and race: The limits of symbolic representation. Public Administration Review, 81(6), 1033–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13358
- Heckler, N. (2017). Publicly desired color-blindness: Whiteness as a realized public value. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 39(3), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2017.1345510
- Hong, S. (2017). Black in blue: Racial profiling and representative bureaucracy in policing revisited. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 27(4), 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux012
- House-Niamke, S., & Eckerd, A. (2021). Institutional injustice: How public administration has fostered and can ameliorate racial disparities. Administration & Society, 53(2), 305–324.
- Hung, C.-K R. (2007). Immigrant nonprofit organizations in U.S. metropolitan areas. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(4), 707–729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006298962
- Hurtado, S., Milem, J., Clayton-Pedersen, A., & Allen, W. (1999). Enacting diverse learning environments: Improving the climate for racial/ethnic diversity in higher education. ASHE ERIC Higher Education Report, 26(8). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED430514
- Ishizuka, K. L. (2016). Serve the people: Making Asian America in the long sixties. Verso.
- Kambhampaty, A. P. (2020, October 20). Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial group in the electorate–but many face additional obstacles to voting by mail. Time. https://time.com/5901094/asian-americans-vote-by-mail/.
- Kaur, H. (2020). Making citizenship, becoming citizens: How Sikh Punjabis shaped the exclusionary politics of belonging. Amerasia Journal, 46(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00447471.2020.1772186
- Kawai, Y. (2005). Stereotyping Asian Americans: The dialectic of the model minority and the yellow peril. The. Howard Journal of Communications, 16(2), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170590948974
- Kim, C. J. (1999). The racial triangulation of Asian Americans. Politics & Society, 27(1), 105–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329299027001005
- Kim, C.-K. (2004). Asian American employment in the federal civil service. Public Administration Quarterly, 28(3/4), 430–459.
- Kim, P. S. (1993). Racial integration in the American federal government: With special reference to Asian-Americans. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 13(1), 52–66.
- Kim, P. S., & Lewis, G. B. (2018). Asian Americans in the public service: Success, diversity, and discrimination. In Diversity and Affirmative Action in Public Service (pp.179–192). Routledge.
- Ko, K. (2013). Knowledge accumulation in Asian public administration research: A critical review. Public Administration and Development, 33(4), 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1662
- Kuo, A., Malhotra, N., & Mo, C. H. (2017). Social exclusion and political identity: The case of Asian American partisanship. The Journal of Politics, 79(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/687570
- Kurashige, S. (2002). Detroit and the legacy of Vincent Chin. Amerasia Journal, 28(3), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.17953/amer.28.3.f1356xv7hqwx2024
- Kurian, P. A. (2003). To be or not to be South Asian: Contemporary Indian American politics. Journal of Asian American Studies, 6(3), 261–288.
- Ledezma, G. (2019). NASPAA 2018–2019 self-study diversity insights. NASPAA.
- Lee, C. A. (2020). Evolving activism in an anti-immigrant administration: Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander nonprofit experiences after the 2016 election. Amerasia Journal, 46(3), 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00447471.2021.1920292
- Lee, C. A., Wong, K., & Pfeiffer, D. (2017). On the frontlines of immigrant homeownership: Asian American nonprofits during the Great Recession. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 46(6), 1209–1230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764017713726
- Lee, E. (2009). Asian American studies in the Midwest: New questions, approaches, and communities. Journal of Asian American Studies, 12(3), 247–273.
- Lee, E. (2015). The making of Asian America: A history. Simon & Schuster.
- Leong, K. J., Airriess, C. A., Li, W., Chen, A. C.-C., & Keith, V. M. (2007). Resilient history and the rebuilding of a community: The Vietnamese American community in New Orleans East. Journal of American History, 94(3), 770–779. https://doi.org/10.2307/25095138
- Li, B. (2011). We are already back: The post-Katrina struggle for survival and community control in New Orleans East’s Vietnamese community of Versailles. Asian American Law Journal, 18(1), 25–55.
- Liang, J. (2018). Latinos and environmental justice: Examining the link between degenerative policy, political representation, and environmental policy implementation. Policy Studies Journal, 46(1), 60–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12240
- Liang, J., Park, S., & Zhao, T. (2020). Representative bureaucracy, distributional equity, and environmental justice. Public Administration Review, 80(3), 402–414.
- Lichtveld, M., & Dao, V. T. (2012). The Versailles social movement and implications for Asian American environmental health in post-Katrina New Orleans. In G. Yoo, M. N. Le, & A. Oda (Eds.), Handbook of Asian American Health (pp. 411–419). Springer.
- Lim, H.-H. (2006). Representative bureaucracy: Rethinking substantive effects and active representation. Public Administration Review, 66(2), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00572.x
- Liu, M., Geron, K., & Lai, T. A. M. (2008). The snake dance of Asian American activism: Community, vision, and power. Lexington Books.
- Louie, S., & Omatsu, G. K. (Eds). (2001). Asian Americans: The movement and the moment. UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press.
- Macalpine, M., & Marsh, S. (2005). “On being white: There’s nothing I can say”: Exploring whiteness and power in organizations. Management Learning, 36(4), 429–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507605058138
- Maeda, D. J. (2012). Rethinking the Asian American movement. Routledge.
- Maira, S., & Shihade, M. (2006). Meeting Asian/Arab American Studies: Thinking race, empire, and Zionism in the US. Journal of Asian American Studies, 9(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2006.0015
- Medina, P. S., & Azevedo, L. (2021). Latinx COVID-19 outcomes: Expanding the role of representative bureaucracy. Administrative Theory & Praxis., 43(4), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2021.1910411.
- Meier, K. J. (1993). Latinos and representative bureaucracy testing the Thompson and Henderson hypotheses. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 3(4), 393–414.
- Meier, K. J., & Nicholson-Crotty, J. (2006). Gender, representative bureaucracy, and law enforcement: The case of sexual assault. Public Administration Review, 66(6), 850–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00653.x
- Meier, K. J., & Stewart, J. (1992). The impact of representative bureaucracies: Educational systems and public policies. The American Review of Public Administration, 22(3), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/027507409202200301
- Morton, T. S. (2015). Improving educational outcomes for Latinos: A study of the interactive policy effects of representative bureaucracy and personnel stability. Journal of Latinos and Education, 14(4), 301–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348431.2015.1091316
- Mosher, F. C. (1968). Democracy and the public service. Oxford University Press.
- Mudambi, A. (2019). South Asian American discourses: Engaging the yellow peril-model minority dialectic. Howard Journal of Communications, 30(3), 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2018.1491431
- Nadal, K. L. (2018–2019). The Brown Asian American movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American communities. Asian American Policy Review, 29 https://aapr.hkspublications.org/2020/02/02/the-brown-asian-american-movement-advocating-for-south-asian-southeast-asian-and-filipino-american-communities/.
- Neely, S. R., Coggburn, J. D., & Phelps-Hillen, J. (2018). Measuring the practice of engagement in public administration. Teaching Public Administration, 36(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144739418775783
- Ngai, M. M. (2002). The legacy of Vincent Chin: A twentieth anniversary commemoration. Amerasia Journal, 28(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.17953/amer.28.3.am6642766781502h
- Okamoto, D. G. (2014). Redefining race: Asian American panethnicity and shifting ethnic boundaries. Russell Sage Foundation.
- Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. Routledge.
- Orelus, P. W. (2020). The cost of being professors and administrators of color in predominantly white institutions: Unpacking microaggression, isolation, exclusion, and unfairness through a critical race lens. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 14(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2020.1719063
- Pandey, S. K., Wright, B. E., & Moynihan, D. P. (2008). Public service motivation and interpersonal citizenship behavior in public organizations: Testing a preliminary model. International Public Management Journal, 11(1), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887947
- Poon, O. A., Dizon, J. P. M., & Squire, D. (2017). Count me In!: Ethnic data disaggregation advocacy, racial mattering, and lessons for racial justice coalitions. Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity, 3(1), 92–124.
- Poon, O., Squire, D., Kodama, C., Byrd, A., Chan, J., Manzano, L., Furr, S., & Bishundat, D. (2016). A critical review of the model minority myth in selected literature on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in higher education. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), 469–502. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315612205
- Quah, J. S. (1999). Corruption in Asian countries: Can it be minimized? Public Administration Review, 59(6), 483–494. https://doi.org/10.2307/3110297
- Riccucci, N. M. (2021). Applying critical race theory to public administration scholarship. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 4(4), 324–338. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvab016
- Riccucci, N. M., & Saidel, J. R. (1997). The representativeness of state-level bureaucratic leaders: A missing piece of the representative bureaucracy puzzle. Public Administration Review, 57(5), 423–430. https://doi.org/10.2307/3109988
- Riccucci, N. M., & Van Ryzin, G. G. V. (2017). Representative bureaucracy: A lever to enhance social equity, coproduction, and democracy. Public Administration Review, 77(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12649
- Robinson, R. S. (2016). Hijab in the American workplace: Visibility and discrimination. Culture and Religion, 17(3), 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2016.1211543
- Ruiz, N. G. (2017). Key facts about the U.S. H-1B visa program. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/key-facts-about-the-u-s-h-1b-visa-program/.
- Sabharwal, M. (2015). From glass ceiling to glass cliff: Women in senior executive service. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(2), 399–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut030
- Sabharwal, M. (2014). Is diversity management sufficient? Organizational inclusion to further performance. Public Personnel Management, 43(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026014522202
- Sabharwal, M., Levine, H., & D’Agostino, M. (2018). A conceptual content analysis of 75 years of diversity research in public administration. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(2), 248–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X16671368
- Scharlin, C., & Villanueva, L. V. (1992). Philip Vera Cruz: A personal history of Filipino immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. UCLA Asian American Studies Center and UCLA Labor Center.
- Selden, S. C. (1997). Representative bureaucracy: Examining the linkage between passive and active representation in the farmers home administration. The American Review of Public Administration, 27(1), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/027507409702700103
- Shah, N. (2001). Contagious divides: Epidemics and race in San Francisco’s Chinatown. University of California Press.
- Song, M. (2018). Gender representation and student performance: Representative bureaucracy goes to Korea. The American Review of Public Administration, 48(4), 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074016676888
- Stivers, C. (2007). “So poor and so Black”: Hurricane Katrina, public administration, and the issue of race. Public Administration Review, 67, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00812.x
- Tai, S. (1999). Environmental hazards and the Richmond Laotian American community: A case study of environmental justice. Asian Law Journal, 6, 189–208.
- Theobald, N. A., & Haider-Markel, D. P. (2008). Race, bureaucracy, and symbolic representation: Interactions between citizens and police. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(2), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun006
- Thomson, R. A., Jr, Salazar, E. S., & Ecklund, E. H. (2021). The very ivory tower: pathways reproducing racial-ethnic stratification in US academic science. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44(7), 1250–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1786144
- U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2021). Annual reports on the federal workforce fiscal year 2019. https://www.eeoc.gov/sites/default/files/2021-07/2019%20Annual%20Report%20Workforce%20Tables.zip.
- Umemoto, K. (1989). “On strike!”: San Francisco state college strike, 1968–69: The role of Asian American students. Amerasia Journal, 15(1), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.17953/amer.15.1.7213030j5644rx25
- Wilkins, V. M., & Keiser, L. R. (2004). Linking passive and active representation by gender: The case of child support agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 16(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui023
- Witt, M. T. (2011). A noteworthy absence: How and why race and racism is ignored by public administration scholarship. History Compass, 9(7), 549–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00784.x
- Wong, D., & Fink, N. (2013). 18 Million and rising: The fight against Asian American voter suppression. Asian American Policy Review, 23, 57–71 (Original work published 2012).
- Wright, J. E., & Merritt, C. C. (2020). Social equity and COVID-19: The case of African Americans. Public Administration Review, 80(5), 820–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13251
- Wu, E. D. (2013). The color of success: Asian Americans and the origins of the model minority. Princeton University Press.
- Yee, A. (2020, December 10). How a Boston suburb corrected voter rights violations against Asian Americans. NBCNews. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/how-boston-suburb-corrected-voter-rights-violations-against-asian-americans-n1250454.
- Yellow Horse, A., Jeung, R., Lim, R., Tang, B., Im, M., Higashiyama, L., Schweng, L., Chen, M. (2021). Stop AAPI hate national report 3/19/20-6/30/21. Stop AAPI Hate. https://stopaapihate.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Stop-AAPI-Hate-Report-National-v2-210830.pdf.
- Zimmerman, R. (1993). Social equity and environmental risk. Risk Analysis, 13(6), 649–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01327.x
- Zouridis, S., & Thaens, M. (2003). E-government: towards a public administration approach. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 25(2), 159–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/02598272.2003.10800413