Equifinality in glacial geomorphology: instability theory examined via ribbed moraine and drumlins in Sweden

References

• Aario, R., 1977: Classification and terminology of morainic landforms in Finland. Boreas 6, 87–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aber, J.S., Croot, D.G. & Fenton, M.M., 1989: Glaciotectonic Landforms and Structures. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dortrecht. 200 p.10.1007/978-94-015-6841-8
   Google Scholar
• Aylworth, J.M. & Shilts, W.W., 1989: Bedforms of the Keewatin Ice Sheet, Canada. Sedimentary Geology 62, 407–428.10.1016/0037-0738(89)90129-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benn, D.I., 1994: Fabric shape and interpretation of sedimentary fabric data. Journal of Sedimentary Research A64, 910–915.
   Google Scholar
• Benn, D.I. & Evans, J.A., 1996: The interpretation and classification of subglacially-deformed materials. Quaternary Science Reviews 15, 23–52.10.1016/0277-3791(95)00082-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund, B., 1979: The deglaciation of southern Sweden 13500–10000 B.P. Boreas 10, 323–362.
   Google Scholar
• Beskow, G., 1935: Praktiska och kvartärgeologiska resultat av grusinventeringen i Norrbotten. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 57, 120–123.
   Google Scholar
• Björck, S. & Möller, P., 1987: Late Weichselian environmental history in southeastern Sweden during the deglaciation of the Scandinavian ice sheet. Quaternary Research 28, 1–37.10.1016/0033-5894(87)90030-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton, G.S., 1982: Subglacial processes and the development of glacial bedforms. In N.W. Davidson-Arnott & B.D. Fahey (eds.): Research in Glacial, Glacio-fluvial and Glacio-lacustrine Systems, 1–32. Proceedings of the 6th Guelph Symposium on Geomorphology, 1980. Geo Books, Norwich.
   Google Scholar
• Boulton, G.S., 1987: A theory of drumlin formation by subglacial sediment deformation. In J. Menzies & J. Rose (eds.): Drumlin Symposium, 25–80. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Boulton, G.S. & Hindmarsh, R.C.A., 1987: Sediment deformation beneath glaciers – rheology and geological consequences. Journal of Geophysical Research 92(B9), 9059–9082.10.1029/JB092iB09p09059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapwanya, M., Clark, C.D. & Fowler, A.C., 2011: Numerical computations of a theoretical model of ribbed moraine formation. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36, 1105–1112.10.1002/esp.v36.8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, C.D., 2010: Emergent drumlins and their clones: from dilatancy to flow instabilities. Journal of Glaciology 56, 1011–1025.10.3189/002214311796406068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, C.D. & Meehan, R.T., 2001: Subglacial bedform geomorphology of the Irish Ice Sheet reveals major configuration changes during growth and decay. Journal of Quaternary Science 16, 483–496.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, C.D., Hughes, A.L.C., Greenwood, S.L., Spagnolo, M. & Ng, F.S.L., 2009: Size and shape characteristics of drumlins, derived from a large sample, and associated scaling laws. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 677–692.10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland, C.E., 2013: Common cause explanation and search for a smoking gun. Geological Society of America Special Papers 502, 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, W.R., 1968: Ribbed moraine: till-fabric analysis and origin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 5, 1145–1159.10.1139/e68-112
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, E., 1989: Beskrivning till jordartskartan 5E Växjö SV. Sveriges geologiska undersökning Ae 101, 77 p.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, E., 1994: Beskrivning till jordartskartan 5E Växjö SO. Sveriges geologiska undersökning Ae 119, 77 p.
   Google Scholar
• Doane, D.P., 1976: Aesthetic frequency classifications. American Statistician 30, 181–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling, T.P.F., 2016: The drumlin problem. Streamlined subglacial bedforms in southern Sweden. LUNDQUA thesis 180. Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 172 p.
   Google Scholar
• Dowling, T.P.F., Alexanderson, H. & Möller, P., 2013: The new high resolution LiDAR digital height model (‘Ny Nationell Höjdmodell’) and its application to Swedish Quaternary geomorphology. GFF 135, 145–151.10.1080/11035897.2012.759269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling, T.P.F., Möller, P. & Spagnolo, M., 2016: Rapid subglacial streamlined bedform formation at a calving bay margin. Journal of Quaternary Science 31, 879–892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling, T.P.F., Spagnolo, M. & Möller, P., 2015: Morphometry and core type of streamlined bedforms in southern Sweden from high resolution LiDAR. Geomorphology 236, 54–63.10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop, P. & Clark, C.D., 2006: The morphological characteristics of ribbed moraine. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 1668–1691.10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop, P., Clark, C.D. & Hindmarsh, C.A., 2008: Bed ribbing instability explanation. Testing a numerical model of ribbed moraine formation arising from coupled flow of ice and subglacial sediment. Journal of Geophysical Research 113(F3), 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekbia, H., Mattioli, M., Kouper, I., Arave, G., Ghazinejad, A., Bowman, T., Suri, V.R., Tsou, A., Weingart, S. & Sugimoto, C.R., 2015: Big data, bigger dilemmas: a critical review. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 66, 1523–1545.10.1002/asi.2015.66.issue-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ely, J.C., Clark, C.D., Spagnolo, M., Stokes, C.R., Greenwood, S.L., Hughes, A.C.L., Dunlop, P. & Hess, D., 2016: Do subglacial bedforms comprise a size and shape continuum? Geomorphology 257, 108–119.10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, D.J.A., Philips, E.R., Hiemstra, J.F. & Auton, C.A., 2006: Subglacial till: formation, sedimentary characteristics and classification. Earth-Science Reviews 78, 115–176.10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everest, J., Bradwell, T. & Golledge, N., 2005: Subglacial landforms of the tweed palaeo-ice stream. The Scottish Geographical Magazine 121(2), 163–173.10.1080/00369220518737229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyles, N., Eyles, C.H. & Miall, A.D., 1983: Lithofacies types and vertical profile models; an alternative approach to the description and environmental interpretation of glacial diamict and diamictite sequences. Sedimentology 30, 393–410.10.1111/sed.1983.30.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyles, N., Putkinen, N. & Arbelaez-Moreno, L., 2016: Erosional origin of drumlins and megaridges. Sedimentary Geology 238, 2–23.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.006
   Google Scholar
• Fannon, J.S., Fowler, A.C. & Moyles, I.R., 2017: Numerical simulations of drumlin formation. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 473, 20170220.10.1098/rspa.2017.0220
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, T.G. & Shaw, J., 1991: A depositional model for Rogen moraine, with examples from the Avlon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, 669–686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, A., 2000: An instability mechanism for drumlin formation. In A. Maltman, M.J. Hambrey & B. Hubbard (eds.): Deformation of Glacial Materials. Special Publication from the Geological Society 176, 307–319. The Geological Society, London.
   Google Scholar
• Fredholm, K.A., 1875: Några iakttagelser öfver skiktade gruslager bland krosstensgrus i Småland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 2, 522–525.
   Google Scholar
• Fromm, E., 1965: Beskrivning av jordartskarta över Norrbottens län nedan lappmarksgränsen. Sveriges geologiska undersökning Ca 39, 232 p.
   Google Scholar
• Gillberg, G., 1976: Drumlins in southern Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the Uppsala University NS 6, 125–189.
   Google Scholar
• Glückert, G., 1973: Two large drumlin fields in central Finland. Fennia 120. 37 p.
   Google Scholar
• Gravenor, C.P. & Kupsch, W.O., 1959: Ice disintegration features in western Canada. Journal of Geology 67, 48–64.10.1086/626557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen, R.L., 1997: In praise of the null hypothesis statistical test. American Psychologist 52, 15–24.10.1037/0003-066X.52.1.15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, J.K., 1997: The relationship between drumlins and other forms of subglacial glaciotectonic deformation. Quaternary Science Reviews 16, 93–107.10.1016/S0277-3791(96)00023-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, J.K., Hindmarsch, R.C.A. & Boulton, G.S., 1990: Different styles of subglacial glaciotectonic deformation in the context of the Anglian Ice Sheet. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 15, 227–241.10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hättestrand, C., 1997a: Ribbed moraines in Sweden – distribution pattern and palaeoglaciological implications. Sedimentary Geology 111, 41–56.10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00005-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hättestrand, C., 1997b: The glacial geomorphology of central and northern Sweden. Sveriges geologiska undersökning Ca 85, 47 p.
   Google Scholar
• Hättestrand, M., 2008: Vegetation and climate during Weichselian ice free intervals in northern Sweden – Interpretation from fossil and modern pollen records. Dissertation from the Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology no 15. Stockholm University. 35 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hillefors, Å., 1975: Contribution to the knowledge of the chronology of the deglaciation of western Sweden with special reference to the Gothenburg moraine. Svensk Geografisk Årsbok 51, 70–81.
   Google Scholar
• Hillefors, Å., 1979: Deglaciation models from the Swedish west coast. Boreas 8, 153–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier, J.K., Smith, M.J., Clark, C., Stokes, C. & Spagnolo, M., 2013: Subglacial bedforms reveal an exponential size–frequency distribution. Geomorphology 190, 82–91.10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindmarsh, R.C.A., 1998a: Drumlinization and drumlin-forming instabilities: viscous till mechanisms. Journal of Glaciology 44, 293–314.10.1017/S002214300000263X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindmarsh, R.C.A., 1998b: The stability of a viscous till sheet coupled with ice flow, considered at wavelengths less than the ice thickness. Journal of Glaciology 44, 285–292.10.1017/S0022143000002628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindmarsh, R.C.A., 1999: Coupled ice-till dynamics and the seeding of drumlins and bedrock forms. Annals of Glaciology 28, 221–230.10.3189/172756499781821931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooke, R.LeB & Medford, A. 2013: Are drumlins a product of a thermos-mechanical instability? Quaternary Research 79, 458–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjort, J. & Marmion, M., 2008: Effects of sample size on the accuracy of geomorphological models. Geomorphology 102, 341–350.10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe, G., 1948: Isressessionen från Norrbottens kustland. Geographica 20, 1–112.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppe, G., 1959: Glacial morphology and inland ice recession in northern Sweden. Geografiska Annaler 41, 193–212.10.1080/20014422.1959.11907951
   Google Scholar
• Houmark-Nielsen, M., 2010: Extent, age and dynamics of marine Isotope Stage 3 glaciations in the southwestern Baltic Basin. Boreas 39, 343–359.10.1111/bor.2010.39.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, O.L., 1964: Surficial geology, Nichicun-Kaniapiskau map-area, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 106, 20 p.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, A.C.L., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, Ø.S., Mangerud, J. & Svendsen, J.I., 2015: The last Eurasian ice sheet – a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas 45, 1–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel, D., 1877: Beskrifning till kartbladet “Huseby”. Sveriges geologiska undersökning Ab 1, 23 p.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, J.D., 2007: Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Computing in Science & Engineering 9, 90–95.10.1109/MCSE.2007.55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, N.R., McCracken, R.G., Zoet, L.Z., Benediktsson, Í.Ö., Schomacker, A., Johnson, M.D. & Woodard, J., 2017: A theoretical model of drumlin formation based on observations at Múlajökul, Iceland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 122, 2302–2323. doi:10.1002/2017JF004354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M.D., Fredin, O., Ojala, A.E.K. & Peterson, G., 2015: Unraveling Scandinavian geomorphology: the LiDAR revolution. GFF 137, 245–251.10.1080/11035897.2015.1111410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleman, J., 1990: On the use of glacial striae for reconstruction of paleo-ice sheet flow patterns – with application to the Scandinavian ice sheet. Geografiska Annaler 72A, 217–236.
   Google Scholar
• Kleman, J. & Hättestrand, C., 1999: Frozen-bed Fennoscandian and Laurentide ice sheets during the Last Glacial maximum. Nature 402, 63–66.10.1038/47005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleman, J., Hättestrand, C., Borgström, L. & Stroeven, A., 1997: Fennoscandian palaeoglaciology reconstructed using a glacial geological inversion model. Journal of Glaciology 43, 283–299.10.1017/S0022143000003233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, J. & McCabe, A.M., 1997: Identification and significance of ice-flow-transverse subglacial ridges (Rogen moraines) in northern central Ireland. Journal of Quaternary Science 12, 519–524.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronmal, R.A., 1993: Spurious correlation and the fallacy of the ratio standard revisited. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 156, 379–392.10.2307/2983064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerlund, E., Knutsson, G., Åmark, M., Hebrand, M., Jönsson, L.-O., Karlgren, B., Kristiansson, J., Möller, P., Robison, J.M., Sandgren, P., Terne, T. & Waldemarsson, D., 1983: The deglaciation pattern and dynamics in south Sweden, a preliminary report. LUNDQUA report 24, 1–7. Department of Geology, Lund University, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Lantz, B., 2013: The large sample size fallacy. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 27, 487–492.10.1111/scs.2013.27.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindén, M. & Möller, P., 2005: Marginal formation of De Geer moraines and their implication on the dynamics of grounding-line recession. Journal of Quaternary Science 20, 113–133.10.1002/jqs.v20:2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindén, M., Möller, P. & Adrielsson, L., 2008: Ribbed moraine formed by subglacial folding, thrust stacking and lee-side cavity infill. Boreas 37, 102–131.10.1111/bor.2008.37.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindén, M., Möller, P., Björck, S. & Sandgren, P., 2006: Holocene shore displacement and deglaciation chronology in Norrbotten, Sweden. Boreas 35, 1–22.10.1080/03009480500359160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, D.R., 1982: Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 52, 279–297.
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, J., 1969: Problems of the so-called Rogen moraine. Sveriges geologiska undersökning C 648, 32 p.
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, J., 1970: Studies of drumlin tracts in central Sweden. Acta Geographica Lodzientia 24, 317–326.
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, J., 1981: Moraine morphology. Terminological remarks and regional aspects. Geografiska Annaler 63A, 127–137.
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, J., 1989: Rogen (ribbed) moraine – identification and possible origin. Sedimentary Geology 62, 127–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, J., 1997: Rogen moraine – an example of two-step formation of glacial landscapes. Sedimentary Geology 111, 27–40.10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00004-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangerud, J., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, Ö. & Svendsen, J.I., 2011: Glacial history of Norway. In J. Ehlers, P. L. Gibbard & P. H. Hughes (eds.): Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology – A Closer Look, Vol. 15, chap. 22, 279–298. Developments in Quaternary Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam.10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00022-2
   Google Scholar
• Mark, D.M., 1973: Analysis of axial orientation data, including till fabrics. Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 1369–1374.10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1369:AOAODI>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken, R.G., Iverson, N.R., Benediktsson, Í.Ö., Schomacker, A., Zoet, L.Z., Johnson, M.D., Hooyer, T.S. & Ingólfsson, Ò., 2016: Origin of the active drumlin field at Múlajökul, Iceland: new insights from shear and consolidation patters. Quaternary Science Reviews 148, 243–260.10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney, W., 2010: Data structures for statistical computing in python. Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference, 51–56.
   Google Scholar
• Menzies, J., 1979: A review on the literature on the formation and location of drumlins. Earth Science Reviews 14, 315–359.10.1016/0012-8252(79)90093-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, P., 1987: Moraine morphology, till genesis, and deglaciation pattern in the Åsnen area, south-western Småland, Sweden. LUNDQUA thesis 20. Department of Geology, Lund University, Sweden. 146 p.
   Google Scholar
• Möller, P., 2006: Rogen moraine: an example of glacial reshaping of pre-existing landforms. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 362–389.10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, P., 2010: Melt-out till and ribbed moraine formation, a case study from south Sweden. Sedimentary Geology 232, 161–180.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, P., Anjar, J. & Murray, A.S. 2013: An OSL-dated sediment sequence at Idre, west-central Sweden, indicates ice-free conditions in MIS 3. Boreas 42, 25–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, P. & Dowling, T.P.F., 2015: The importance of thermal boundary transitions on glacial geomorphology; mapping of ribbed/hummocky moraine and streamlined terrain from LiDAR, over Småland, south Sweden. GFF 137(4), 252–283.10.1080/11035897.2015.1051736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, P. & Dowling, T.P.F., 2016: Streamlined subglacial bedforms on the Närke plain, south-central Sweden – areal distribution, morphometrics, internal architecture and formation. Quaternary Science Reviews 146, 182–215.10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, P. & Murray, A.S., 2015: Drumlinised glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments on the Småland peneplain, South Sweden – new evidence on the growth and decay history of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheets during MIS 3. Quaternary Science Reviews 122, 1–29.10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro-Stasiuk, M.J., 2000: Rhythmic till sedimentation: evidence for repeated hydraulic lifting of a stagnant ice mass. Journal of Sedimentary Research 70, 94–106.10.1306/2DC40901-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagler, J. & Tucker, J.A., 2015: Drawing inferences and testing theories with big data. PS. Political Science & Politics 48, 84–88.10.1017/S1049096514001796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, T., 1996: Process- och miljötolkning av sedimentationen i en subglacial läsideskavitet, Järnavik, Blekinge. Bachelor’s thesis at the Department of Geology, no. 66, Lund University. 43 p. (http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func¼downloadFile&recordOId¼2369920&fileOId¼3131858).
   Google Scholar
• Ojala, A.E.K. & Sarala, P., 2017: LiDAR – rapid developments in remote sensing of geological features. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Finland 89, 61–63.10.17741/bgsf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliphant, T.E., 2007: Python for scientific computing. Computing in Science & Engineering 9, 10–20.10.1109/MCSE.2007.58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, G., Johnson, M.D., Dahlgren, S., Påsse, T. & Alexanderson, H., 2018: Genesis of hummocks found in tunnel valleys: an example from Hörda, southern Sweden. GFF, this issue.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, G., Johnson, M.D. & Smith, C.A., 2017: Glacial geomorphology of the south Swedish uplands – focus on the spatial distribution of hummock tracts. Journal of Maps 13(2), 534–544.10.1080/17445647.2017.1336121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma, G., Nemec, W. & Kleinspehn, K.L., 1988: Large floating clasts in turbidites: a mechanism for their emplacement. Sedimentary Geology 58, 47–61.10.1016/0037-0738(88)90005-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prest, V.K., 1968: Nomenclature of moraines and ice-flow features as applied to the glacial map of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 67–57, 32 p.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, J. & Letzer, J., 1977: Superimposed drumlins. Journal of Glaciology 18, 471–480.10.1017/S0022143000021146
   Google Scholar
• Rydström, R., 1965: Kvartärgeologiska studier inom Värend, Kronobergs län. Unpublished licentiate thesis, Department of Quaternary Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 104 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Rydström, R., 1971: The Värend district during the last deglaciation. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 93, 537–552.
   Google Scholar
• Schoof, C., 2007: Pressure-dependent viscosity and interfacial instability in coupled ice-sediment flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 570, 407–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., 1979: Genesis of the Sveg till and Rogen moraines of central Sweden: a model of basal melt out. Boreas 8, 409–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., 1982: Melt out till in the Edmonton area, Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19, 1548–1569.10.1139/e82-134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., 1983a: Drumlin formation related to inverted melt-water erosional marks. Journal of Glaciology 29, 461–479.10.1017/S0022143000030367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., 1983b: Forms associated with boulders in melt-out till. In E.B. Evenson, C. Schluchter & J. Rabassa (eds.): Tills and Related Deposits, 141–142. Balkema, Rotterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., 1994: Hairpin erosional marks, horseshoe vortices and subglacial erosion. Sedimentary Geology 91, 269–283.10.1016/0037-0738(94)90134-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J. & Kvill, D., 1984: A glaciofluvial origin for drumlins of the Livingstone Lake area, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 1442–1459.10.1139/e84-150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J. & Sharp, D.R., 1987: Drumlin formation by subglacial meltwater erosion. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, 2316–2322.10.1139/e87-216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., Kvill, D. & Rains, B., 1989: Drumlins and catastrophic subglacial floods. Sedimentary Geology 62, 177–202.10.1016/0037-0738(89)90114-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., Faragini, D.M., Kvill, D.R. & Rains, R.R., 2000: The Athabasca fluting field, Alberta, Canada: implications for the formation of large-scale fluting (erosional lineations). Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 959–980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., Pugin, A. & Young, R.R., 2008: A meltwater origin for Antarctic shelf bedforms with special attention to megalineations. Geomorphology 102, 364–375.10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M.J. & Clark, C.D., 2005: Methods for the visualization of digital elevation models for landform mapping. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30, 885–900.10.1002/esp.v30:7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spagnolo, M., Clark, C.D. & Hughes, A.L.C., 2012: Drumlin relief. Geomorphology 153(154), 179–191.10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.023
   Google Scholar
• Spagnolo, M., Clark, C.D., Hughes, A.L., Dunlop, P. & Stokes, C.R., 2010: The planar shape of drumlins. Sedimentary Geology 232(3), 119–129.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spagnolo, M., Clark, C.D., Ely, J.C., Stokes, C.R., Anderson, J.B., Andreassen, K., Alastair, G., Graham, C. & King, E.C., 2014: Size, shape and spatial arrangement of mega-scale glacial lineations from a large and diverse dataset. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39, 1432–1448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R., Spagnolo, M. & Clark, C.D., 2011: The composition and internal structure of drumlins. Complexity, commonality, and implications for a unifying theory of their formation. Earth-Science Reviews 107, 398–422.10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R., Fowler, A.C., Clark, C.D., Hindmarsh, R.C. & Spagnolo, M., 2013: The instability theory of drumlin formation and its explanation of their varied composition and internal structure. Quaternary Science Reviews 62, 77–96.10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandmark, J. E., 1956: Den stora Värendsfornsjön. In Värendsbygder, 26–42. Norra Allbo Hembygdsförening, Alvesta.
   Google Scholar
• Strandmark, J. E., 1957: Åsnen-fornsjön och Ströby-Grimslövåsen. Skatelövs Hembygdsförening Årsskrift 1957, 40–60. Växjö.
   Google Scholar
• Stroeven, A.P., Hättestrand, C., Kleman, J., Heyman, J., Fabel, D., Fredin, O., Goodfellow, B.W., Harbor, J.M., Jansen, J.D., Olsen, L., Caffee, M., Fink, D., Lundqvist, J., Rosqvist, G.C., Strömberg, B. & Jansson, K.N., 2016: Deglaciation of Scandinavia. Quaternary Science Reviews 147, 91–121.10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugden, D.E. & John, B.S., 1976: Glaciers and landscape. Edwards Arnold, London. 376 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Toussaint, G.T. & Avis, D., 1982: On a convex hull algorithm for polygons and its application to triangulation problems. Pattern Recognition 15, 23–29.10.1016/0031-3203(82)90057-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Walt, S., Colbert, S.C. & Varoquaux, G., 2011: The NumPy Array: a structure for efficient numerical computation. Computing in Science & Engineering 13, 22–30.10.1109/MCSE.2011.37
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., 1992: Sense and nonsense of statistical inference: controversy, misuse, and subtlety. Statistical Causality and Law-Like Relationships, 40–63, CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wedel, P., 1971: The Gothenburg moraine. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 93, 525–536.
   Google Scholar
• Wenner, C.-G., 1951: Fjärås bräcka. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 77, 478–480.
   Google Scholar