LiDAR-based mapping of paleo-ice streams in the eastern Great Lakes sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and a model for the evolution of drumlins and MSGLs

References

• Alden, W.C., 1905: The drumlins of Southeastern Wisconsin. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1905, 273 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, T.W. & Lewis, C.F.M., 1985: Postglacial water-level history of the Lake Ontario basin. In P.F. Karrow & P.E. Calkin (eds.): Quaternary evolution of the Great Lakes. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 30, 231–253.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, J.E. & Tipper, H.W., 1948: Glaciation in north-central British Columbia. American Journal of Science 246, 283–310.10.2475/ajs.246.5.283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barchyn, T.E., Dowling, T.P.F., Stokes, C.R. & Hugenholtz, C.G., 2016: Subglacial bedform morphology controlled by ice speed and sediment thickness. Geophysical Research Letters 43, 7572–7580.10.1002/2016GL069558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, P.J., 1979: Glacial Lake Whittlesey: the probable ice frontal position in the eastern end of the Erie Basin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 568–574.10.1139/e79-051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, P.J., 1992: Quaternary geology of Ontario. In Geology of Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, 1011–1088.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, R.E., Studinger, M., Shuman, C.A., Fahnestock, M.A. & Joughin, I., 2007: Large subglacial lakes in East Antarctica at the onset of fast-flowing ice streams. Nature 445, 900–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blewett, W.L., Winters, H.A. & Rieck, R., 1993: New age control on the Port Huron moraine in northern Michigan. Physical Geography 14, 131–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce, J.I. & Eyles, N., 1991: Drumlins carved by deforming till streams below the Laurentide ice sheet. Geology 19, 787–790.10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0787:DCBDTS>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, D.D., 1988: Wisconsinan deglacial history of the Genesee Valley from the Terminal Moraine to the Valley Heads Moraine. In W.J. Brennan (ed.): Late Wisconsin deglaciation of the Genesee Valley. 51st Annual Meeting Friends of the Pleistocene, 29–56. State University College, Geneseo, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, D.D., 2004: Glaciation of Pennsylvania, USA. In J. Ehlers & P.L. Gibbard (eds.): Quaternary glaciations – extent and chronology, Part II, 237–242. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Briner, J.P., 2007: Supporting evidence from the New York drumlin field that elongate subglacial bedforms indicate fast ice flow. Boreas 36, 143–147.10.1111/bor.2007.36.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadwell, D.H. & Muller, E.H., 2004: New York glacial geology, U.S.A. In J. Ehlers & P.L. Gibbard (eds.): Quaternary glaciations –extent and chronology, part II, 201–205. Elsevier, Amsterdam.10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80197-0
   Google Scholar
• Calkin, P.R. & MCANDREWS, J.H., 1980: Geology and paleontology of two late Wisconsin sites in western New York State. Geological Society of America Bulletin 91, 295–306.10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<295:GAPOTL>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin, P.E., Muller, E.H. & Barnes, J.H., 1982: The Gowanda Hospital interstadial site, New York. American Journal of Science 282, 1110–1142.10.2475/ajs.282.7.1110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin, P.E. & Muller, E.H., 1992: Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Erie and Ontario bluffs in New York. In C.H. Fletcher & J.F. Wehmiller (eds.): Quaternary coasts of the United States: marine and lacustrine systems 48, 385–396. Society Economic Paleontologists Mineralogists, Special Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Candela, T. & Renard, F., 2012: Segment linkage process at the origin of slip surface roughness: Evidence from the Dixie Valley fault. Journal of Structural Geology 45, 87–100.10.1016/j.jsg.2012.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carl, J.D., 1978: Ribbed moraine-drumlin transition belt, St. Lawrence Valley, New York. Geology 6, 562–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, S.D., Easton, R.M., Jamieson, R.A. & Culshaw, N.G., 2000: Geologic transect across the Grenville orogen of Ontario and New York. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, 193–216.10.1139/e99-074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvill Lewis, H., 1883: The great terminal moraine across Pennsylvania. Science 2, 163–167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark, C.D., 2010: Emergent drumlins and their clones: from till dilatancy to flow instabilities. Journal of Glaciology 51, 1011–1025.10.3189/002214311796406068
   Google Scholar
• Clark, P.U., 1994: Unstable behaviour of the Laurentide Ice Sheet over deforming sediment and its implications for climate change. Quaternary Research 41, 19–25.10.1006/qres.1994.1002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, P.U., Alley, R.B., Keigwin, L.D., Licciardi, J.M., Johnsen, S. & Wang, H., 1996: Origin of the first global meltwater pulse following the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 11, 563–577.10.1029/96PA01419
   Google Scholar
• Coates, D.R., 1974: Reappraisal of the glaciated Appalachian Plateau. In D.R. Coates (ed.): Glacial Geomorphology, 205–244. Publications In Geomorphology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Cogley, J.G., Aikman, M. & Stokes, D.J.A., 1997: Allochthonous sediment in till near a lithological boundary in central Ontario. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 51, 17–27.10.7202/004781ar
   Google Scholar
• Crozier, M.J., 1975: On the origin of the Peterborough drumlin field: testing the dilatancy theory. Canadian Geographer 19, 181–195.10.1111/j.1541-0064.1975.tb01860.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschamps, P., Durand, N., Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Camoin, G., Thomas, A.L., Henderson, G.M., Okuno, J. & Yokoyama, Y. 2012: Ice-sheet collapse and sea-level rise at the Bølling warming 14,600 years ago. Nature 483, 559–564.10.1038/nature10902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, J.P., Driscoll, N.W., Uchupi, E., Keigwin, L.D., Schwab, W.C., Thieler, E.R. & Swift, S.A., 2005: Catastrophic meltwater discharge down the Hudson Valley: A potential trigger for the Intra-Allerød cold period. Geology 33, 89–92.10.1130/G21043.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdeswell, J.A. & Fugelli, E.M.G., 2012: The seismic architecture and geometry of grounding- zone wedges formed at the marine margins of past ice sheets. Bulletin Geological Society of America 124, 1750–1761.10.1130/B30628.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdeswell, J.A., Hogan, K.A., Arnold, N.S., Mugford, R.I., Wells, M., Hirst, J.P. & Decalf, C., 2015: Sediment rich meltwater plumes and ice proximal fans at the margins of modern and ancient tidewater glaciers: observations and modelling. Sedimentology 62, 1665–1692.10.1111/sed.2015.62.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdeswell, J.A., Canals, M., Jakobsson, M., Todd, B.J., Dowdeswell, E.K. & Hogan, K.A., (eds.): 2016. Atlas of submarine Glacial Landforms, Modern, Quaternary and Ancient, 316 pp. Geological Society of London Memoir 46.
   Google Scholar
• Draganits, E., Schlaf, J., Grasemann, B. & Argles, T., 2008: Giant submarine landslide grooves in the Neoproterozoic/Lower Cambrian Phe Formation, northwest Himalaya: mechanisms of formation and palaeogeographic implications. Sedimentary Geology 205, 126–141.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyke, A.S., 2004: An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada. In J. Ehlers & P.L. Gibbard (eds.): Quaternary glaciations – extent and chronology, part II, 373–424. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Dyke, A.S. & Prest, V.K., 1987: Late Wisconsinan and Holocene retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet. Geographie physique et Quaternaire XLI 237–264.10.7202/032681ar
   Google Scholar
• Dyke, A.S., Andrews, J.T., Clark, P.U., England, J.H., Miller, G.H., Shaw, J. & Veillette, J.J., 2002: The laurentide and innuitian ice sheets during the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 9–31.10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00095-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J.H., Kluesner, J.W., Silver, E.A., Brodsky, E.E., Brothers, D.S., Bangs, N., Kirkpatrick, J.D., Wood, R. & Okamoto, K., 2018: Corrugated megathrust revealed offshore from Costa Rica. Nature Geoscience 11, 197–202. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0061-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, G.K., Mullins, H.T. & Patterson, W.P., 2004: Deglacial to middle Holocene (16,000 to 6,000 calendar Cal BP) climate change in the northeastern United States inferred from multi-proxy stable isotope data, Seneca Lake, New York. Journal of Paleolimnology 31, 343–361.10.1023/B:JOPL.0000021853.03476.95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ely, J.C., Clark, C.D., Spagnolo, M., Stokes, C.R., Greenwood, S.L., Hughes, A.L.C., Dunlop, P. & Hess, D., 2016: Do subglacial bedforms comprise a size and shape continuum? Geomorphology 257, 108–119.10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschman, D.F., 1985: Summary of the quaternary history of Michigan, Ohio and Indiana. Journal of Geological Education 33, 161–167.10.5408/0022-1368-33.3.161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyles, N., 2012: Glacially-cut rock drumlins and megagrooves of the Niagara Escarpment, Ontario, Canada cut below the Saginaw-Huron Ice Stream. Quaternary Science Reviews 55, 34–49.10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.09.001
   Google Scholar
• Eyles, N. & Westgate, J.A., 1987: Restricted regional extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in the Great Lakes basins during early Wisconsin glaciation. Geology 15, 537–540.10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<537:RREOTL>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyles, N. & Doughty, M., 2016: Glacially-streamlined hard and soft beds of the paleo-Ontario Ice Stream in central Canada. Sedimentary Geology 338, 51–71.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyles, N., Eyles, C.H., Woodworth-Lynas, C. & Randall, T., 2005: The sedimentary record of drifting ice (early Wisconsin Sunnybrook deposit) in an ancestral ice-dammed Lake Ontario. Quaternary Research 63, 171–181.10.1016/j.yqres.2004.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyles, N., Putkinen, N., Sookhan, S. & Arbelaez-Moreno, L., 2016: Erosional origin of drumlins and megaridges. Sedimentary Geology 338, 2–23.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyles, N., Arbelaez-Moreno, L. & Sookhan, S., 2018: Ice streams within the last Cordilleran Ice Sheet of western North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 179, 87–122.10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild, H.L., 1900: A channeled drumlin (Abstract). Science XI (264), 104.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild, H.L., 1907: Drumlins of central western New York. New York State Museum Bulletin 3, 391–443.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild, H.L., 1911: Radiation of glacial flow as a factor in drumlin formation (Abstract). Geological Society of America Bulletin 22, 734.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild, H.L., 1929: New York drumlins. Rochester Academy of Science Proceedings 7, 1–37.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild, H.L., 1932: New York moraines. Geological Society of America Bulletin 43, 627–662.10.1130/GSAB-43-627
   Google Scholar
• Fillot, N., Lordanoff, I. & Berthier, Y., 2007: Wear modeling and the third body concept. Wear 262, 949–957.10.1016/j.wear.2006.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, D.W., Isachsen, Y.W. & Rickard, L.V., 1970. Geologic map of New York State consisting of 5 sheets: Niagara, Finger Lakes, Hudson-Mohawk, Adirondack, and Lower Hudson 1: 250 000. Map and Chart Series No. 15, New York State Museum and Science Service.
   Google Scholar
• Francek, M.A., 1991: A spatial perspective on the New York drumlin field. Physical Geography 12, 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzi, D.A., Ridge, J.C., Pair, D.L., Desimone, D., Ratburn, J.A. & Barclay, D.J., 2016: Post Valley Heads deglaciation of the Adirondack Mountains and adjacent lowlands. Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies 21, 119–146.
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton, D.S., 1986: Stratigraphy and correlation of glacial deposits from Indiana to New York and New Jersey. In Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q. & Richmond, G.M. (eds.): Quaternary Glaciations of the Northern Hemisphere, Quaternary Science Reviews 5, 23–37
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton, D.S., Bush, C.A. & Pennell, J.N., 2003: Map of surficial deposits and materials in the eastern and central United States (east of 102° west longitude). United States Geological Survey, 46 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gadd, N., 1988: The basin, the ice, the Champlain Sea. In N. Gadd (ed.): The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin, 15–24. Geological association of Canada Special Paper 35.
   Google Scholar
• Garver, J.I. & Smith, J.A., 1995: Field Trips for the 67th annual meeting of the New York State Geological Association, 357–375. Union College, Schenectady, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Gentoso, M.J., Evenson, E.B., Kodama, K.P., Iverson, N.R., Alley, R.B., Berti C. & Kozlowski A., 2012: Exploring till bed kinematics using AMS magnetic fabrics and pebble fabrics: the Weedsport drumlin field, New York State, USA. Boreas 41, 31–41.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, G.K., 1899: Glacial sculpture in western New York. Bulletin Geological Society of America 10, 121–130.10.1130/GSAB-10-121
   Google Scholar
• Gillette, T., 1940: Geology of the Clyde and Sodus Bay quadrangles. New York State Museum Bulletin 320, 187 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Glückert, G., 1973: Two large drumlin fields in central Finland. Fennia 120, 1–37.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthwait, J.W., 1922: Map illustrating recession of the last ice sheet from New England and New York. In E. Antevs (ed.): The recession of the last ice sheet in New England, American Geographical Research Series 11. 120 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthwait, R.P., Dreimanis, A., Forsyth, J.L., Karrow, P.F. & White, G.W., 1965: Pleistocene deposits of the Erie Lobe. In H.E. Wright & D.G. Frey (eds.): The Quaternary of the United States, 85–98. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Gravenor, C.P., 1953: The origin of drumlins. American Journal of Science 251, 674–681.10.2475/ajs.251.9.674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravenor, C.P., 1957: Surficial geology of the Lindsay-Peterborough area. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 288. 121 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, J.K., 1999: Identifying fast ice flow from landform assemblages in the geological record: a discussion. Annals of Glaciology 28, 59–66.10.3189/172756499781821887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemming, S.R., 2004: Heinrich Events: massive Late Pleistocene detritus layers of the North Atlantic and the global climate imprint. Review of Geophysics 42, 43 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, D.P. & Briner, J.P., 2009: Geospatial analysis of controls on subglacial bedform morphometry in the New York Drumlin Field - implications for Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics. Earth Surfaces Processes and Landforms 34, 1126–1135.10.1002/esp.v34:8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, J.M., 2015: The Deglacial Chronology of the Sturgis Moraine in South-Central Michigan and Northeast Indiana. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Toledo, Toledo.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard, G.D., 1906: Drumlinoids of the Catatonk Folio. American Geogical Society Bulletin 38, 355–365.10.2307/198900
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, T., 1987: Ice dynamics and deglaciation models when ice sheets collapsed. In W.F. Ruddiman & H.E. Wright (eds.): North America and Adjacent Oceans during the last Deglaciation, 183–221, Geological Society of America volume K-3.
   Google Scholar
• Isachsen, Y.W., Landing, E., Lauber, J.M., Rickard, L.V. & Rogers, W.B., 2000: Geology of New York, 2nd ed., 294 pp. New York State Museum, Albany, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Jorge, M.G. & Brennand, T.A., 2017: Semi-automated extraction of longitudinal subglacial bedforms from digital terrain models–Two new methods. Geomorphology 288, 148–163.10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappel, W.M., Mark, A. & Teece, M.A., 2007: Paleoenvironmental Assessment and Deglacial Chronology of the Onondaga Trough, Onondaga County, New York. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007–1060.
   Google Scholar
• Karig, D.E. & Miller, N.G., 2013: Middle Wisconsin glacial advance into the Appalachian Plateau, Sixmile Creek, Tompkins Co., New York. Quaternary Research 80, 522–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karrow, P.F., 1984: Quaternary stratigraphy and history, Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Region. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 84–10, 137–153.
   Google Scholar
• Karrow, P.F., Dreimanis, A. & Barnett, P., 2000: A proposed diachronic revision of Late Quaternary time-stratigraphic changes in the eastern and northern Great Lakes area. Quaternary Research 54, 1–12.10.1006/qres.2000.2144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karrow, P.F., Bloom, A.L., Haas, J.N., Heiss, A.G., McAndrews, J.H., Miller, B.B. & Seymour, K.L., 2009: The Fernbank interglacial site near Ithaca, New York, USA. Quaternary Research 72, 132–142.10.1016/j.yqres.2009.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehew, A., Beukema, S.P., Bird, B.C. & Kozlowski, A., 2005: Fast flow of the Lake Michigan Lobe: evidence from sediment-landform assemblages in southwestern Michigan, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 2335–2353.10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehew, A.E., Lord, M.L., Kozlowski, A.L. & Fisher, T.G., 2009: Proglacial megaflooding along the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In D.M. Burr, P.A. Carling & V.R. Baker (eds.): Megaflooding on Earth and Mars, 104–127. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kehew, A.E., Esch, J.M. & Karki, S., 2017: Sediment-landform assemblages in southern Michigan: Implications for basal processes of the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet. In A.E. Kehew & B.B. Curry (eds.): Quaternary Glaciation of the Great Lakes Region: Process, Landforms, Sediments, and Chronology. Geological Society of America Special Paper 530.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, M. & Eyles, N., 2007: Origin of drumlins on the floor of Lake Ontario and Upper New York State. Sedimentary Geology 193, 7–20.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, A.L., Bird, B.C., Lowell, T.V., Smith, C.A., Feranec, R. & Graham, B.L., 2018. Minimum age of the Mapleton, Tully, and Labrador Hollow moraines indicates correlation with the Port Huron Phase in central New York State. In A.E. Kehew & B.B. Curry (eds.): Quaternary Glaciation of the Great Lakes Region: Process, Landforms, Sediments, and Chronology, 191–216. Geological Society of America Special Paper 530.
   Google Scholar
• Krabbendam, M., Eyles, N., Putkinen, N., Bradwell, T. & Arbelaez-Moreno, L., 2016: Streamlined “hard beds” cut by paleo-ice streams: a preliminary review. Sedimentary Geology 338, 24–50.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krall, D.B., 1977: Late Wisconsian ice recession in east-central New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88, 1697–1710.10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<1697:LWIRIE>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyrke-Smith, T.M., Katz, R.F. & Fowler, A.C., 2013: Stress balances of ice streams in a vertically integrated, higher-order formulation. Journal of Glaciology 59, 449–466.10.3189/2013JoG12J140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leverett, F., 1902: Glacial formations and drainage features of the Erie and Ohio Basins. United States Geological Survey Monograph XLI, 781 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S.J., Ó Cofaigh, C.O., Stokes, C.R., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Vieli, A. & Jamieson, S.S.R., 2012: Antarctic paleo-ice streams. Earth Science Reviews 111, 90–128.10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S.J., Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C.R., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Vieli, A. & Jamieson, S.S.R., 2013: Glacial geomorphology of Marguerite Bay Palaeo-Ice stream, western Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Maps 9, 558–572.10.1080/17445647.2013.829411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclachlan, J.C. & Eyles, C.H., 2013: Quantitative geomorphological analysis of drumlins in the peterborough drumlin field, ontario, canada. Geografiska Annaler Series A, Physical Geography 95, 125–144.10.1111/geoa.12005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margold, M., Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D. & Kleman, J., 2015a: Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: a new mapping inventory. Journal of Maps 11, 380–395.10.1080/17445647.2014.912036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margold, M., Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D., 2015b: Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets. Earth Science Reviews 143, 117–146.10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margold, M., Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D., 2018: Reconciling records of ice streaming and ice margin retreat to produce a paleogeographic reconstruction of the deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 189, 1–30.10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLelland, J.M., Selleck, B.W. & Bickford, M.E., 2010: Review of the Proterozoic evolution of the Grenville Province, its Adirondack outlier, and the Mesoproterozoic inliers of the Appalachians. Geological Society of America Memoir 206, 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Menzies, J., Zaniewski, K. & Dreger, D., 1997: Evidence from microstructures of deformable bed conditions within the drumlin at Chimney Bluffs, New York State. Sedimentary Geology 111, 161–175.10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00013-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies, J., Hess, D., Rice, J.M., Wagner, K.G. & Ravier, E., 2016: A case study in the New York Drumlin Field, an investigation using micro sedimentology, resulting in the refinement of a theory of drumlin formation. Sedimentary Geology 338, 84–96.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar, S.W., 2004: Identification of mapped ice margin positions in western New York State from digital terrain-analysis and soil databases. Physical Geography 25, 347–359.10.2747/0272-3646.25.4.347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J.W., 1971: Variation in New York drumlins. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 62, 418–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J.W., 1974: A discontinuous surface on the Central New York drumlin field. Transactions New York Academy of Sciences 36, 391–395.10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01591.x
   Google Scholar
• Muller, E.H., 1965a: Quaternary geology of New York. In H.E. Wright & G.D. Frey (eds.): The Quaternary of the United States, 99–112. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, E.H., 1965b: Bibliography of New York Quaternary Geology. N.Y. State Museum Bulletin 398, 116 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, E.H., 1974: Origin of drumlins. In D.R. Coates (ed.): Glacial Geomorphology, Publications in Geomorphology, 187–204. State University of New York, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, E.H. & Cadwell, D.H., 1986: Surficial geologic map of the New York Finger Lakes Sheet 1:250 000. New York State Museum, Albany, Geological Survey Map and Chart Series #40.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, E.H. & Calkin, P.E., 1993: Timing of Pleistocene glacial events in New York State. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 1829–1845.10.1139/e93-161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, E.H., Braun, D.D., Young, R.A. & Wilson, M.P., 1988: Morphogenesis of the Genesee Valley. Northeastern Geology 10, 112–133.
   Google Scholar
• Mulligan, R.P.M. & Bajc, A.F., 2017: The pre-Late Wisconsin stratigraphy of southern Simcoe County, Ontario: implications for ice sheet buildup, decay, and Great Lakes drainage evolution. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1–21.10.1139/cjes-2016-0160
   Google Scholar
• Mullins, H.T. & Hinchey, E.J., 1989: Erosion and infill of New York Finger Lakes: Implications for Laurentide ice sheet deglaciation. Geology 17, 622–625.10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0622:EAIONY>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins, H.T. & Eyles, N. (eds.), 1996: Subsurface Geologic Investigations of New York Finger Lakes: Implications for late Quaternary Deglaciation and Environmental Change, 1–77. Geological Society of America Special Paper 311.
   Google Scholar
• Mullins, H.T., Hinchey, E.J., Wellner, R.W., Stephens, D.B., Anderson, W.T., Dwyer, T.R. & Hine, A.C., 1996: Seismic stratigraphy of the Finger Lakes: A continental record of Heinrich Event H-1 and Laurentide Ice Sheet instability. In Mullins, H.T. & Eyles, N. (eds.): Subsurface Geologic Investigations of New York Finger Lakes: Implications for late Quaternary Deglaciation and Environmental Change, 1–36. Geological Society of America Special Paper 311.
   Google Scholar
• Möller, P. & Dowling, T.P.F., 2015: The importance of thermal boundary transitions on glacial geomorphology; mapping of ribbed/hummocky moraine and streamlined terrain from LiDAR, over Småland, South Sweden. GFF 137, 252–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, K.B. & Lanier, A.J., 2008: Subglacial landforms of the Erie uplands, Northwest Pennsylvania: Implications for Early Wisconsian glacial chronology of the Erie lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 81, 81–85.
   Google Scholar
• Occhietti, S., Parent, M., Shilts, W.W., Dionne, J.-C., Govare, E. & Harmand, D., 2001: Late Wisconsinan glacial dynamics, deglaciation, and marine invasion in southern Quebec. In T.K. Weddle & M.J. Retelle (eds.): Deglacial History and Relative Sea-Level Changes, Northern New England and Adjacent Canada: Boulder, Colorado, 243–270. Geological Society of America Special Paper 351.
   Google Scholar
• Occhietti, S., Parent, M. & Lajeunesse, P., 2011: Late pleistocene-early holocene decay of the laurentide Ice Sheet in Quepec-Labrador. Developments in Quaternary Science 15, 601–630.10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00047-7
   Google Scholar
• Ohio Division of Geologic Survey, 2005. Glacial map of Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1: 2 000 000.
   Google Scholar
• Ó Cofaigh, C., Pudsey, C.J., Dowdeswell, J.A. & Morris, P., 2002: Evolution of subglacial bedforms along a paleo-ice stream: Antarctic continental shelf. Geophysical Research Letters 29, 1199, doi:10.1029/2001GL014488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ó Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C.R., Lian, O.B., Clark, C.D. & Tulaczyk, S., 2013: Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations on the Dubawnt Lake Ice Stream bed: 2. Sedimentology and stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 77, 210–227.
   Google Scholar
• Parent, M. & Occhietti, S., 1999: Late Wisconsinan deglaciation and glacial lake development in the Appalachians of southeastern Québec. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 53, 117–135.10.7202/004859ar
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, C.J., 1997: Southern Laurentide ice lobes were created by ice streams: Des Moines Lobe in Minnesota, USA. Sedimentary Geology 111, 249–261.10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00018-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, A.J., Vieli, A., Shepherd, A.P., Wingham, D.J. & Rignot, E., 2004: Recent dramatic thinning of largest West Antarctic ice stream triggered by oceans. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L23401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, W.T., 2007. A simple mechanism for irreversible tidewater glacier retreat. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, F03S25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, L.E., Anandakrishnan, S., Alley, R.B., Winberry, J.P., Voigt, D.E., Smith, A.M. & Morse, D.L., 2006: Subglacial sediments as a control on the onset and location of two Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, B01302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, D.B. & Potter, E.C., 1971: Seismic study of bedrock topography beneath drumlins, central New York. Geological Society of America Abstracts 3, 48–49.
   Google Scholar
• Price, S.F., Conway, H., Waddington, E.D. & Bindschadler, R.A., 2008: Model investigations of inland migration of fast-flowing outlet glaciers and ice streams. Journal of Glaciology 54, 49–60.10.3189/002214308784409143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putkinen, N., Eyles, N., Putkinen, S., Ojala, A.E.K., Palmu, J.-P., Sarala, P., Väänänen, T., Räisänen, J., Saarelainen, J., Ahtonen, N., Rönty, H., Kiiskinen, A., Rauhaniemi, T. & Tervo, T., 2017: High-resolution LiDAR mapping of glacial landforms and ice stream lobes in Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 89, 64–81.10.17741/bgsf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, D.F. & Chapman, L.J., 1943: The drumlins of southern Ontario. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 37, 75–88.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, S.O., Andersen, K.K., Svensson, A.M., Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Johnsen, S.J., Larsen, L.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Bigler, M., Röthlisberger, R., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M.E. & Ruth, U., 2006: A New Greenland Ice Core Chronology for the Last Glacial Termination. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridge, J.C., 2003: The last deglaciation of the Northeastern United States: a combined varve, paleomagnetic, and calibrated 14C chronology. In D.L. Cremeens & J.P. Hart (eds.): Geoarchaeology of Landscapes in the Glaciated Northeast, New York State Museum Bulletin 497, 15–48.
   Google Scholar
• Ridge, J.C., 2004: The Quaternary glaciation of western New England with correlations to surrounding areas. In J. Ehlers & P.L. Gibbard (eds.): Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, Part II: North America, Developments in Quaternary Science, 2B, 163–193. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Ridge, J., Franzi, D.A. & Muller, E.H., 1991: Late Wisconsinan, pre-Valley Heads glaciation in the western Mohawk Valley, central New York, and its regional implications. Bulletin Geological Society of America 103, 1032–1048.10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1032:LWPVHG>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridge, J.C., Balco, G., Bayless, R.L., Beck, C.C., Carter, L.B., Dean, J.L., Voytek, E.B. & Wei, J.H., 2012: The new North American varve chronology: A precise record of southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation and climate, 18.2-12.5 kyr BP, and correlations with Greenland ice core records. American Journal of Science 312, 685–722.10.2475/07.2012.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridky, R.W. & Bindschadler, R.A., 1990: Reconstruction and dynamics of the late Wisconsin Ontario icedome in the Finger Lakes region, New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin 102, 1055–1064.10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1055:RADOTL>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M., Parent, M., Benjumea, B. & Hunter, J., 2006: The late Quaternary stratigraphic record northwest of Montréal: regional ice-sheet dynamics, ice-stream activity, and early deglacial events. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, 461–485.10.1139/e05-118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M., Campbell, J.E., Parent, M. & Adams, R.S., 2009: Paleo-ice streams and the subglacial landscape mosaic of the North American mid-continental prairies. Boreas 38, 421–439.10.1111/bor.2009.38.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M., Lajeunesse, P. & Kosar, K.G.A., 2011: The subglacial record of Hudson Bay: Insights into the Hudson Strait Ice Stream catchment. Boreas 40, 73–91.10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00176.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepps, V.C., White, G.W., Droste, J.B. & Sitler, R.F., 1959: Glacial geology of northwestern Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., 59 pp. General Geology Report 32.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, G., 1929: The structure of the drumlins exposed on the south shore of Lake Ontario. New York State Museum Bulletin 281, 3–19.
   Google Scholar
• Smalley, I.J. & Unwin, D.J., 1968: The formation and shape of drumlins and their distribution and orientation in drumlin fields. Journal of Glaciology 7, 377–390.10.1017/S0022143000020591
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M.J., Rose, J. & Booth, S., 2006: Geomorphological mapping of glacial landforms from remotely sensed data: an evaluation of the principal data sources and an assessment of their quality. Geomorphology 76, 148–165.10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A.M., Bentley, C.R., Bingham, R.G. & Jordan, T.A., 2012: Rapid subglacial erosion beneath Pine Island Glacier. West Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters 39, L12501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sookhan, S., Eyles, N. & Arbelaez-Moreno, L., 2018: Converging ice streams: a new paradigm for reconstructions of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in southern Ontario and deposition of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sookhan, S., Eyles, N. & Putkinen, N., 2016: LiDAR-based volume assessment of the origin of the Wadena drumlin field, Minnesota, USA. Sedimentary Geology 338, 72–83.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spagnolo, M., Clark, C.D., Ely, J.C., Stokes, C.R., Anderson, J.B., Andreassen, K., Graham, A.G. & King, E.C., 2014: Size, shape and spatial arrangement of mega-scale glacial lineations from a large and diverse dataset. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39, 1432–1448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spagnolo, M., Phillips, E., Piotrowski, J.A., Rea, B.R., Clark, C.D., Stokes, C.R., Carr, S.J., Ely, J.C., Ribolini, A., Wysota, W. & Szuman, I., 2016: Ice stream motion facilitated by a shallow deforming and accreting bed. Nature Communications 7, 10723.10.1038/ncomms10723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford, J.D., Rohling, E.J., Bacon, S., Roberts, A.P., Grousset, F.E. & Bolshaw, M., 2011: A new concept for the paleo-oceanographic evolution of Heinrich event 1 in the North Atlantic. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1047–1066.10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R., 2011: Palaeo-Ice Stream. In Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers, 127–128. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R., 2017: Deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 43, 377–428.10.18172/cig.vol43iss2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D., 1999: Geomorphological criteria for identifying Pleistocene ice streams. Annals of Glaciology 28, 67–74.10.3189/172756499781821625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D., 2002a: Are long subglacial bedforms indicative of fast ice flow? Boreas 31, 239–249.10.1080/030094802760260355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D., 2002b: Ice stream shear margin moraines. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 547–558.10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D., 2003: The Dubawnt Lake palaeo-ice stream: evidence for dynamic ice sheet behaviour on the Canadian Shield and insights regarding the controls on ice-stream location and vigour. Boreas 32, 263–279.10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01442.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D. & Storrar, R., 2009: Major changes in ice stream dynamics during deglaciation of the north-western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 721–738.10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.07.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R., Tarasov, L. & Dyke, A.S., 2012: Dynamics of the North American Ice Sheet Complex during its inception and build-up to the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 50, 86–104.10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R., Fowler, A.C., Clark, C.D., Hindmarsh, R.C.A. & Spagnolo, M., 2013: The instability theory of drumlin formation and its explanation of their varied composition and internal structure. Quaternary Science Reviews 62, 77–96.10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, C.R., Margold, M., Clark, C.D. & Tarasov, L., 2016: Ice stream activity scale to ice sheet volume during Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation. Nature 530, 322–326.10.1038/nature16947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo, J.P. & Bruno, P.W., 1997: Interpretation of lithofacies of the Ashtabula Till along the south shore of Lake Erie, northeastern Ohio. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, 66–75.10.1139/e17-006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, F.B., 1913: Moraine systems of southwestern Ontario. Royal Canadian Institute Transactions 10, 57–79.
   Google Scholar
• Toy, V.G., Niemeijer, A., Renard, F., Morales, L. & Wirth, R., 2017: Striation and slickenline development on quartz fault surfaces at crustal conditions: Origin and effect on friction. Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth 122, 3497–3512.10.1002/2016JB013498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenhaile, A.S., 1975: The morphology of a drumlin field. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 65, 297–312.10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01038.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter, L., Spero, H.J., Eggins, S.M., Williams, C. & Flower, B.P., 2017: Oxygen isotope geochemistry of Laurentide ice-sheet meltwater across Termination I. Quaternary Science Reviews 178, 102–117.10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallach, J.I. & Rheault, M., 2010: Uplift of the Tug Hill Plateau in northern New York State. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, 1055–1077.10.1139/E10-031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, A.J., Saenko, O.A., Clark, P.U. & Mitrovica, J., 2003: Meltwater pulse 1A from Antarctica as a trigger of the Bølling-Allerød warm interval. Science 299, 1709–1713.10.1126/science.1081002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellner, R.W., Petruccione, J.L. & Sheridan, R.E., 1996: Correlation of drill core and geophysical results from Canandaigua Lake Valley, New York: Evidence for rapid late-glacial sediment infill. In H.T. Mullins & N. Eyles (eds.): Subsurface Geologic Investigations of the New York Finger Lakes: Implications for Late Quaternary Deglaciation and Environmental Change, 37–49. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 311. Geological Society of America Special Paper 311.
   Google Scholar
• White, W.A., 1985: Drumlins carved by rapid water-rich surges. Northeastern Geology 7, 161–166.
   Google Scholar
• Winsborrow, M.C.M., Andreassen, K., Corner, G.D. & Laberg, J.S., 2010: Deglaciation of a marine-based ice sheet: Late Weichselian palaeo-ice dynamics and retreat in the southern Barents Sea reconstructed from onshore and offshore glacial geomorphology. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 424–442.10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, R.A. & Burr, G.S., 2006: Middle Wisconsin glaciation in the Genesee Valley, N.Y.: a stratigraphic record contemporaneous with Heinrich Event H4. Geomorphology 75, 226–247.10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, R.A. & Briner, J.P., 2006: Quaternary geology and landforms between Buffalo and the Genesee Valley, Field trip guidbook, New York State Geological Association, 78th Annual Meeting, 21 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Zumberge, J.H., 1955: Glacial Erosion in tilted rock layers. The Journal of Geology 63, 149–158.10.1086/626241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar