85
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Early Silurian (Llandoverian) K-bentonites discovered in the southern Appalachian thrust belts, eastern USA: Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and tectonomagmatic and paleogeographic implications

, &
Pages 149-158 | Received 22 Sep 1997, Published online: 06 Aug 2009

References

  • Altaner , S.P. , Hower , J. , Whitney , G. and Aronson , J.L. 1984 . Model for K-bentonite formation; evidence from zoned K-bentonites in the Disturbed Belt, Montana . Geology , 12 : 412 – 415 .
  • André , L. , Hertogen , J. and Deutsch , S. 1986 . Ordovician-Silurian magmatic provinces in Belgium and the Caldonian orogeny in middle Europe . Geology , 14 : 879 – 882 .
  • Anwiller , D.N. 1993 . Illite/smectite formation and potassium mass transfer during burial diagenesis of mudrocks: A study from the Texas Gulf Coast Paleocene-Eocene . Journal of Sedimentary Petrology , 63 : 501 – 512 .
  • Baarli , B.G. , Brande , S. and Johnson , M.E. 1992 . Proximality trends in the Red Mountain Formation (Lower Silurian) of Birmingham, Alabama . Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin , 145 : 1 – 17 .
  • Bambach , R.K. 1987 . The Ordovician-Silurian unconformity in western Virginia and adjacent West Virginia . Appalachian Basin Industrial Associates Fall volume , 1987 : 2 – 12 .
  • Batchelor , R.A. and Clarkson , E.N.K. 1993 . Geochemistry of a Silurian meta-bentonite and associated apatite from the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills . Scottish Journal of Geology , 29 : 123 – 130 .
  • Batchelor , R.A. and Jeppsson , L. 1994 . Late Llandovery bentonites from Gotland, Sweden, as chemostratigraphic markers . Journal of the Geological Society, London , 151 : 741 – 746 .
  • Batchelor , R.A. , Weir , J.A. and Spjeldnæs , N. 1995 . Geochemistry of Telychian metabentonites from Vik, Ringerike District, Oslo region . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 75 : 219 – 228 .
  • Bergström , S.M , Huff , W.D. , Kolata , D.R. and Kaljo , D. 1992 . Silurian K-bentonites in the Iapetus Region: A preliminary event-stratigraphic and tectonomag-matic assessment . Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar , 114 : 327 – 334 .
  • Bergström , S.M. , Huff , W.D. , Kolata , D.R. and Melchin , M.J. 1997 . Occurrence and significance of Silurian K-bentonite beds at Arisaig, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 34 : 1630 – 1643 .
  • Bergström , S.M. , Huff , W.D. and Kolata , D.R. 1998 . The Lower Silurian Osmundsberg K-bentonite. Part I. Stratigraphic position, distribution, and palaeogeographic significance . Geological Magazine , 135 : 1 – 13 .
  • Berry , W.B.N. and Boucot , A.J. 1970 . Correlation of North American Silurian rocks 1 – 289 . Geological Society of America Special Paper 102
  • Bethke , C.M. , Vergo , N. and Altaner , S.P. 1986 . Pathways of smectite illitization . Clays and Clay Minerals , 34 : 125 – 135 .
  • Brusewitz , A.-M. 1988 . Asymmetric zonation of a thick Ordovician K-bentonite bed at Kinnekulle, Sweden . Clays and Clay Minerals , 36 : 349 – 353 .
  • Butts , C. 1940 . Geology of the Appalachian Valley in Virginia . Virginia Geological Survey Bulletin , 52 : 568 part 1: Geologic text and illustrations.
  • Byerly , D.W. , Walker , K.R. , Diehl , W.W. , Ghazizadeh , M. , Johnson , R.E. , Lutz , C.T. , Schoner , A.K. , Simmons , W.A. , Simonson , J.C.B. , Weber , L.J. and Wedekind , J.E. 1986 . Thorn Hill: A classic Paleozoic stratigraphic section in Tennessee . Geological Society of America Centennial field guide , 6 : 131 – 136 .
  • Chowns , T.M. and McKinney , F.K. Depositional facies in Middle-Upper Ordovician and Silurian rocks of Alabama and Georgia . Excursions in southeastern geology (Geological Society of America Annual Meeting) . 1980 , Atlanta. Edited by: Frey , R.W. Vol. 2 , pp. 323 – 348 . American Geological Institute .
  • Colbath , G.K. 1986 . Abrupt terminal Ordovician extinction in phytoplankton associations, southern Appalachians . Geology , 14 : 943 – 946 .
  • Dennison , J.M. and Boucot , A.J. 1974 . Little War Gap at Clinch Mountain provides a standard reference section for Silurian Clinch Sandstone and most nearly complete Devonian section in eastern Tennessee . Southeastern Geology , 16 : 79 – 101 .
  • Dorsch , J. and Driese , S.G. 1995 . The Taconic foredeep as sediment sink and sediment exporter: Implications for the origin of the white quartzarenite blanket (Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian) of the central and southern Appalachians . American Journal of Science , 295 : 201 – 243 .
  • Driese , S.G. , Schoner , A.E. and McDonald , C.J. 1984 . Sedimentology of the Poor Valley Ridge Member of the Clinch Sandstone (Lower Silurian), northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia . Appalachian Basin Industrial Associates Volume , 6 : 47 – 75 .
  • Elliot , C.W. and Aronson , J.L. 1987 . Alleghanian episode of K-bentonite illitization in the southern Appalachian Basin . Geology , 15 : 735 – 739 .
  • Helfrich , C.T. 1980 . Late Llandovery-Early Wenlock conodonts from the upper part of the Rose Hill and the basal part of the Mifflintown formations, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland . Journal of Paleontology , 54 : 557 – 569 .
  • Hildreth , W. , Halliday , A.N. and Christiansen , R.L. 1991 . Isotopic and chemical evidence concerning the genesis and contamination of basaltic and rhyolitic magma beneath the Yellow Plateau volcanic field . Journal of Petrology , 32 : 63 – 138 .
  • Huff , W.D. , Bergström , S.M. , Kolata , D.R. , Cingolani , C. and Davis , D.W. 1995 . “ Middle Ordovician K-bentonites discovered in the Precordillera of Argentina: Geochemical and paleogeographical implications ” . In Ordovician Odyssey: Short papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System Edited by: Cooper , J.D. , Droser , M.L. and Finney , S.C. 343 – 349 . The Pacific Section for Sedimentary Geology 77
  • Huff , W.D. , Kolata , D.R. , Bergström , S.M. and Zhang , Y-S. 1996 . Large-magnitude Middle Ordovician volcanic ash falls in North America and Europe: dimensions, emplacement and post- emplacement characteristics . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , 73 : 285 – 301 .
  • Huff , W.D. , Bergström , S.M. , Kolata , D.R. and Sun , H. 1998 . The Lower Silurian Osmundsberg K-bentonite. Part II. Mineralogy, geochemistry, chemostratigraphy, and tectonomagmatic significance . Geological Magazine , 135 : 15 – 26 .
  • Izett , G.A. 1981 . Volcanic ash beds: Recorders of Upper Cenozoic silicic pyro-clastic volcanism in the western United States . Journal of Geophysical Research , 86 : 10200 – 10222 .
  • Krekeler , M.P.S. and Huff , W.D. 1993 . Occurrence of corrensite and ordered (R3) illite/smectite (I/S) in a VLGM Middle Ordovician K-bentonite from the Hamburg Klippe, central Pennsylvania . Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , 25 : 30
  • Lanson , B. and Meunier , A. 1995 . The transformation of ordered (S>1) mixed layers illite-smectite (I/S) to illite in a diagenetic series. State of the art and prospects . Céntres Recherche Exploration-Production Elf Aquitaine , 19 : 149 – 165 .
  • Merriman , R.J. and Roberts , B. 1990 . Metabentonites in the Moffat Shale Group, Southern Uplands of Scotland: Geochemical evidence of ensialic marginal basin volcanism . Geological Magazine , 127 : 259 – 271 .
  • Miller , M.A. and Eames , L.E. 1982 . Palynomorphs from the Silurian Medina Group (Lower Llandovery) of the Niagara Gorge . Lewiston, New York, U.S.A. Palynology , 6 : 221 – 254 .
  • Miller , R.L. 1976 . Silurian nomenclature and correlations in southwest Virginia and northeast Tennessee 1 – 23 . United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1405-H
  • Miller , R.L. and Fuller , J.O. 1954 . Geology and oil resources of the Rose Hill district—the fenster area of the Cumberland overthrust block—Lee County, Virginia . Virginia Geological Survey Bulletin , 71 : 1 – 383 .
  • Moore , D.M. and Reynolds , R.C. Jr. 1997 . X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals , 378 Oxford University Press .
  • Pearce , J.A. , Harris , N.B.W. and Tindle , A.G. 1984 . Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks . Journal of Petrology , 25 : 956 – 983 .
  • Pollock , C.R. , Rexroad , C.B. and Nicoll , R.S. 1970 . Lower Silurian conodonts from northern Michigan and Ontario . Journal of Paleontology , 44 : 743 – 764 .
  • Reynolds , R.C. Jr. 1985 . NEWMOD: A computer program for calculation of one-dimensional diffraction patterns of mixed-layer clays , Hanover New Hampshire : R.C. Reynolds . 8 Brook Road
  • Rindsberg , A.K. and Chowns , T.M. 1986 . Ringgold Gap: Progradational sequences in the Ordovician and Silurian of northwest Georgia . Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide , 6 : 159 – 162 .
  • Roberts , M.P. and Clemens , J.D. 1993 . Origin of high-potassium, calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids . Geology , 21 : 825 – 828 .
  • Romano , M. and Spears , D.A. 1991 . Bentonites from the Horton Formation (Upper Silurian) of Ribblesdale, Yorkshire . Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society , 48 : 277 – 285 .
  • Schoner , A.E. 1985 . “ The Clinch Sandstone (Lower Silurian) along Highway 25E at Beans Gap ” . In The geologic history of the Thorn Hill Paleozoic section (Cambrian-Mississippian), eastern Tennessee Edited by: Walker , K.R. 100 – 110 . University of Tennessee, Department of Geological Sciences, Studies in Geology 10
  • Swartz , C.K. 1923 . “ Silurian ” . In Maryland Geological Survey 794
  • Thomas , W.A. and Bearce , D.N. 1986 . Birmingham anticlinorium in the Appalachian fold-thrust belt, basement fault system, synsedimentary structure, and thrust ramp . Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide , 6 : 191 – 200 .
  • Winchester , J.A. and Floyd , P.A. 1977 . Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements . Chemical Geology , 20 : 325 – 343 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.